قائمة الأيديولوجيات السياسية

التعديلات والإضافات المدعومة بمراجع مرحب بها.

In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. An ideology's popularity is partly due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions: (1) goals: how society should be organized; and (2) methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. autocracy or democracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). The same word is sometimes used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, socialism may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology that supports that economic system. The same term may also refer to multiple ideologies, which is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. For example, while the terms have been conflated at times, communism has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist–Leninist ideologies, whereas socialism has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies which are most often distinct from Marxism–Leninism.[1]

Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[2] While ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), they can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism as it is commonly defined) and from single issues around which a party may be built (e.g. civil libertarianism and support or opposition to European integration), although either of these may or may not be central to a particular ideology. Several studies show that political ideology is heritable within families.[3][4][5][6][7]

The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into several groups, with each group containing ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to the names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. Instead, they are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically, and ideologically related to each other. As such, one ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and political parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.

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Anarchism

Anarchy symbol
Political internationals


Classical

Post-classical

Contemporary

Opposition

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

American


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Asian

European

Oceanian

Authoritarianism

General

Other


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Opposition

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Communitarianism

قالب:Communitarianism sidebar

General

Other

Regional variants

Communism

من سلسلة سياسة

شيوعية

Kolkhoznitsa.jpg

تاريخ الشيوعية
'

مدارس الشيوعية
ماركسية · لينينية
شيوعية يسارية
تروتسكية · ماركسية تلقائية
شيوعية أوروبية · ماوية

'
الاتحاد السوفييتي ; الصين
كوبا ; فيتنام
لاوس · كوريا الشمالية
اليمن الجنوبي

مواضيع متعلقة
اشتراكية
رأسمالية · الحرب الباردة
يسار جديد · اقتصاد مخطط
مادية تاريخية
فلسفة ماركسية
مركزية ديمقراطية
معاداة الشيوعية

شيوعيون مشهورون
كارل ماركس · فريدريك إنگلز
فلاديمير لنين · ليون تروتسكي
روزا لكسمبورگ · أنطونيو گرامشي
يوسف ستالين · ماو تسي تونگ
جوزيف بروز تيتو · تشي گيڤارا
فيدل كاسترو · خالد بكداش

بوابة السياسة
 ع  ن  ت
Political internationals

Leninism

Marxism–Leninism

Libertarian

An Anarchist A laid over a Communist Hammer and sickle.

Marxism

Other

Opposition

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Oceanian

Conservatism

Political internationals

General

Reactionary

Opposition

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

American

قالب:Conservatism in Canada

United States

Asian

European

Oceanian

قالب:Conservatism in Australia

Corporatism

قالب:Corporatism

General

Other

Religious variants

Regional variants

Western Europe

Democracy

General

Other

Direct democracy movements

Pirate politics

Pirate politics
الأيديولوجيةAnti-corruption
Civil libertarianism
Civil rights
Direct democracy
E-democracy
Participatory democracy
Social liberalism
Political internationals

Opposition

Religious variants

Christian democracy

قالب:Christian democracy sidebar

Political internationals
General
Other

Other

Regional variants

African

Asian

American

European

Oceanian

Environmentalism

Political internationals

Bright green environmentalism

Deep green environmentalism

Light green environmentalism

Other

Opposition

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Oceanian

Fascism and Nazism

General

Other

Opposition

By country

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Oceanian

Identity politics

Political internationals

Age-related rights movements

Animal-related rights movements

Disability-related rights movements

Feminism

قالب:Feminist philosophy sidebar

General

Opposition

Chronological variants

Ethnic and social variants

Religious variants

Regional variants

African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian

LGBT social movements

Men's movement

Regional variants

Self-determination movements

African-American

Indigenous peoples

Latin American

Separatist and supremacist movements

Ethnic

Black
White
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceania

Gender

Religious variants

Student movements

قالب:Students' rights sidebar

General

Regional variants

Liberalism

سلسلة الليبرالية
جزء من سلسلة السياسة
تنمية
تاريخ الفكر الليبرالي
الاسهامات للنظرية الليبرالية
المدارس
ليبرالية كلاسيكية
ليبرالية محافظة
ليبرالية ثقافية
الليبرالية الاقتصادية
ليبرتارية
الليبرالية الحديثة
Ordoliberalism
الليبرالية العتيقة
ليبرالية اجتماعية
الأفكار
الحرية
الحقوق الفردية
الفردانية
عدم التدخل
ديمقراطية ليبرالية
الحياد الليبرالي
الحرية السلبية والإيجابية
سوق حرة/رأسمالية
اقتصاد مختلط
المجتمع المنفتح
الحقوق
التنويعات
الليبرالية في اوروبا
الليبرالية في الولايات المتحدة
المنظمات
الأحزاب الليبرالية حول العالم
الليبرالية الدولية · Iflry
ELDR/ALDE · Lymec
CALD · ALN · Relial
بوابة السياسة
 ع  ن  ت
Political internationals

General

Other

Opposition

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

قالب:Liberalism in the United Kingdom

Oceanian

Libertarianism

Political internationals

Left-libertarianism

Right-libertarianism

Other

Opposition

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

American

United States

Asian

European

Oceanian

Nationalism

Political internationals

General

Other

Opposition

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Oceanian

Unification movements

Populism

Political internationals

General

Left-wing populism

Right-wing populism

Other

Regional variants

African

Asian

American

European

Oceanian

Progressivism

Political internationals

General

Other

Opposition

Religious variants

Regional variants

Religio-political ideologies

Political internationals

General

جزء من سلسلة مقالات فلسفية عن
الإنسانية
(فلسفات إنسانية)

HumanismSymbol.svg
إنسان سعيد

الإنسانيون الدوليون
والاتحاد الأخلاقي (IHEU)

اتحاد الإنسانيين الأمريكان
اتحاد الإنسانيين البريطانيين
الجمعية العلمانية الوطنية

إنسانية علمانية

مجلس الإنسانية العلمانية
الإعلان الإنساني العلماني
إعلان أمستردام

إنسانية دينية

إنسانية مسيحية
إنسانية يهودية
إنسانية بوذية

مقالات متعلقة

ثقافة أخلاقية
إنسانية ماركسية
Deistic humanism
إنسانية كونية
إنسانية وجودية
Integral humanism
Transhumanism
Personism
ما بعد الإنسانية
مناهضة الإنسانية
موضوعات عن الإنسانية
قائمة الإنسانيين

تاريخ الإنسانية

إنسانية النهضة
الإنسانية في ألمانيا
الإنسانية في فرنسا
Humanist Manifesto

بوابة فلسفة ·

Political atheism and agnosticism

Political Baháʼí Faith

Political Buddhism

Political Christianity

قالب:Integralism

Political Confucianism

Political Hinduism

Political indigenous religions

Political Islam

Political Judaism

Political Neopaganism

Political Shinto

Political Sikhism

Political Taoism

Political Zoroastrianism

Satirical and anti-politics

General

Other

Religious variants

Regional variants

Social democracy

Documentation[create]

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Political internationals

General

Other

Opposition

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Oceanian

Socialism

Political internationals

General

Authoritarian

Libertarian

Other

Opposition

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Oceanian

Syndicalism

Political internationals

General

Other

Opposition

Regional variants

Transhumanism

Political internationals

General

Other

Regional variants


عقائد إنتماء عرقي

عقائد القومية

عقائد الصراع الطبقي

عقائد الفردية

عقائد الروح الجماعية

عقائد التي تُؤكّدُ على الأرض

عقائد مستندة على الدينِ

محافظية

عقائد أخرى




One-issue themes


See also

References

  1. ^ Roberts, Andrew (2004). The State of Socialism: A Note on Terminology. Cambridge University Press. 63 (2). 349–366.
  2. ^ D. McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, p. 1.
  3. ^ Bouchard, T. J.; McGue, M. (2003). "Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences". Journal of Neurobiology. 54 (1). 44–45.
  4. ^ Eaves, L. J.; Eysenck, H. J. (1974). "Genetics and the development of social attitudes". Nature. 249, 288–289.
  5. ^ Hatemi, P. K.; Medland, S. E.; Morley, K. I.; Heath, A. C.; Martin, N. G. (2007). "The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study". Behavior Genetics. 37 (3). 435–448.
  6. ^ Hatemi, P. K.; Hibbing, J.; Alford, J.; Martin, N.; Eaves, L. (2009). "Is there a 'party' in your genes?". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 584–600.
  7. ^ Settle, J. E.; Dawes, C. T.; Fowler, J. H. (2009). "The heritability of partisan attachment". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 601–613.

External links