التيار المحافظ في الولايات المتحدة

(تم التحويل من Conservatism in the United States)

"American conservative" redirects here. For the magazine, see The American Conservative.
لمعلومات عن استخدامات أخرى، انظر التيار المحافظ (توضيح).
جزء من سلسلة عن
التيار المحافظ
في الولايات المتحدة
رونالد ريگانكالڤن كولدجباري گولدواتروليام ف. بكلي، الابنجاك كمپملتون فريدمانأنتونين سكالياكلارنس توماسصاموِل أليتوكولاج من تسع محافظين أمريكان: رونالد ريگان، كالڤن كولدج، باري گولدواتر، وليام ف. بكلي، الابن، جاك كمپ، ملتون فريدمان، أنتونين سكاليا، كلارنس توماس، صاموِل أليتو
عن هذه الصورة
مدارس
المبادئ
التاريخ
شخصيات
أحزاب
مراكز تفكـُّر
منظمات أخرى
الإعلام
تنويعات وحركات
انظر أيضاً
جزء من سلسلة مقالات سلسلة مقالات عن
محافظة
Blue flag
مدارس
مفاهيم
أشخاص
منظمات
دينية
حسب البلد
موضوعات متعلقة
بوابة السياسة

التيار المحافظ الأمريكي American Conservatism، هو نظام واسع النطاق لمجموعة من الاعتقادات السياسية في الولايات المتحدة والذي يتميز باحترام التقاليد الأمريكية، دعم القيم اليهودية-المسيحية، حرية الخطاب، النظرية السياسية الأخلاقية، مناهضة الشيوعية، الدفاع عن الخصوصية الأمريكية، والدفاع عن الثقافة الغربية ضد التهديدات "الاشتراكية الزاحفة"، الحرية لاأخلاقية كقيمة محورية، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على تعضيد السوق الحرة، الحد من حجم ونفوذ الحكومة في الاقتصاد، ومعارضة الضرائب المرتفعة والانتهاك من قبل الحكومة أو النقابات العمالية تجاه ريادة الأعمال.[1][2]

American conservatives tend to support Christian values,[3] moral absolutism,[4] traditional family values,[5] and American exceptionalism,[6] while opposing abortion, euthanasia, same-sex marriage, and transgender rights.[7] They tend to favor economic liberalism and neoliberalism,[8][9] and are generally pro-business and pro-capitalism,[10][11] while opposing communism and labor unions.[12][13][14] They often advocate for a strong national defense, gun rights, capital punishment, and a defense of Western culture from perceived threats posed by communism and moral relativism.[15][16] 21st-century American conservatives tend to question epidemiology, climate change, and evolution more frequently than moderates or liberals.[17][18][19] قالب:TOC Limit

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

نظرة عامة

In the United States today, conservative is often used very differently from the way it is used in Europe and Asia. Following the American Revolution, Americans rejected the core ideals of European conservatism; those ideals were based on the landed aristocracy, hereditary monarchy, established churches, and powerful armies.

American conservatives generally consider individual liberty within the bounds of conservative values as the fundamental trait of democracy.[20][21] They typically believe in a balance between federal government and states' rights. Apart from some right-libertarians, American conservatives tend to favor strong action in areas they believe to be within government's legitimate jurisdiction, particularly national defense and law enforcement. Social conservatives—many of them religious—often oppose abortion and same-sex marriage. They often favor prayer in public schools and government funding for private religious schools.[22][23][5][24]

Like most political ideologies in the United States, conservatism originates from republicanism, which rejects aristocratic and monarchical government and upholds the principles of the 1776 U.S. Declaration of Independence ("that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness") and of the U.S. Constitution, which established a federal republic under the rule of law. Conservative philosophy also derives in part from the classical liberal tradition of the 18th and 19th centuries, which advocated laissez-faire economics (i.e. economic freedom and deregulation).[25][26] However, in the twenty-first century, two-thirds of Southern Republicans favor seceding from the United States.[27]

While historians such as Patrick Allitt (born 1956) and political theorists such as Russell Kirk (1918–1994) assert that conservative principles have played a major role in U.S. politics and culture since 1776, they also argue that an organized conservative movement with beliefs that differ from those of other American political parties did not emerge in the U.S. at least until the 1950s.[28][29][30] The recent movement conservatism has its base in the Republican Party, which has adopted conservative policies since the 1950s; Southern Democrats also became important early figures in the movement's history.[31][32][33][34] In 1937, conservative Republicans and Southern Democrats formed the congressional conservative coalition, which played an influential role in Congress from the late 1930s to the mid-1960s. In recent decades, Southern conservatives voted heavily Republican.


الأنواع

انظر أيضاً: Factions in the Republican Party (United States)

Conservatism in the United States is not a single school of thought.[35] Barry Goldwater in the 1960s spoke for a "free enterprise" conservatism. Jerry Falwell in the 1980s preached traditional moral and religious social values.

The history of American conservatism has been marked by tensions and competing ideologies, but at least during the era of Ronald Reagan,[36] a coalition of ideologies was formed that was known as "the Three Leg Stool" — the three legs being social conservatives (consisting of the Christian right and paleo-conservatives), war hawks (consisting of interventionists and neoconservatives), and fiscal conservatives (consisting of right-libertarians and free-market capitalists), with overlap between the sides.[37][38][39]

In the 21st century United States, types of conservatism include:


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الأيديولوجيا والفلسفة السياسية

التيار المحافظ الاجتماعي والتقاليد

مقال رئيسي: التيار المحافظ الاجتماعي في الولايات المتحدة
photograph of a throng of people holding signs
YES on 8 rally in Fresno, California


التيار المحافظ المالي والليبرالية الاقتصادية

مقال رئيسيs: التيار المحافظ المالي and ليبرالية اقتصادية


Ronald Reagan gives a televised address from the Oval Office, outlining his plan for tax reductions in July 1981 (excerpt)


الأنواع

انظر أيضاً: فصائل في الحزب الجمهوري (الولايات المتحدة)


التاريخ

مقال رئيسي: تاريخ التيار المحافظ في الولايات المتحدة

السياسات المؤخرة

رسل كرك، منظر محافظ.



قضايا اجتماعية

السياسات الانتخابية

الجغرافيا

النسبة المئوية لمن يعرفون نفسهم كمحافظين في عام 2010.[71]
  49% and above
  45%–48%
  41%–44%
  37%–40%
  33%–36%
  32% and under


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

موضوعات أخرى

Rush Limbaugh, 2009




تأريخ

مفكرون وقادة

انظر أيضاً: قائمة المحافظين الأمريكان
جون كالون


انظر أيضاً

أيديولوجيات منافسة

المصادر

  1. ^ Gregory L. Schneider, The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution "The label (conservatism) is in frequent use and has come to stand for a skepticism, at times an outright hostility, toward government social policies; a muscular foreign policy combined with a patriotic nationalism; a defense of traditional Christian religious values; and support for the free market economic system.", "Within the conservative disposition in America, there are inherent contradictions between supporters of social order and tradition and supporters of individual freedom.", (2009) pp. 4–9, 136
  2. ^ Sherwood Thompson, Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. p. 7: "Historically...social justice became associated with liberalism in which equality is the ideal.", Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, ISBN 978-1442216044.
  3. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Oxford UP
  4. ^ Farmer, Brian (2005). American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-1904303541. To traditional conservatives, there most definitely are moral absolutes and they can most definitely and definitively identify those moral absolutes.
  5. ^ أ ب Wilcox, Clyde (2018). Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics. Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 9780429974533.
  6. ^ Langdale, John (2012). Superfluous Southerners: Cultural Conservatism and the South, 1920–1990. University of Missouri Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780826272850.
  7. ^ أ ب Cal Jillson (2011). Texas Politics: Governing the Lone Star State. Taylor & Francis. p. 87. ISBN 9780203829417. Social conservatives focus on moral or values issues, such as abortion, marriage, school prayer, and judicial appointments.
  8. ^ Davenport, David; Lloyd, Gordon (2013). The New Deal & Modern American Conservatism: A Defining Rivalry (eBook ed.). Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 9780817916862.
  9. ^ O'Neill, Johnathan; Postell, Joseph W., eds. (2013). Toward an American Conservatism: Constitutional Conservatism During the Progressive Era (eBook ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137300966.
  10. ^ Hoover, Kenneth R. (April 1987). "The Rise of Conservative Capitalism: Ideological Tensions within the Reagan and Thatcher Governments". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 29 (2): 245–268. doi:10.1017/S0010417500014493. ISSN 1475-2999. S2CID 145076916. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  11. ^ Paul, Murschetz (2013). State Aid for Newspapers: Theories. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 64. ISBN 978-3642356902.
  12. ^ Howison, Jeffrey D. (February 2018). "The Historical Origins and Contemporary Dynamics of Conservatism in the United States: Anticommunism, the New Class Critique, and the Environment". Political Studies Review. 16 (1): 13–24. doi:10.1177/1478929915611918. ISSN 1478-9299. S2CID 148367886.
  13. ^ Heineman, Kenneth J. (2018). The Rise of Contemporary Conservatism in the United States (eBook ed.). New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429456442. ISBN 9780429456442. S2CID 159281982.
  14. ^ Sexton, Patricia Cayo (2019) [1991]. The War on Labor and the Left: Understanding America's Unique Conservatism (eBook ed.). New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429492716. ISBN 9780429492716.
  15. ^ Pilbeam, Bruce (2003). Anglo-American Conservative Ideology After the Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 100. ISBN 978-0333997659. For most conservatives, if there is a common culprit in explaining society's descent into moral chaos, then it is relativism—the notion that there are no absolute values or standards, merely different interpretations, and perspectives.
  16. ^ Critchlow, Donald (2009). Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 978-0742548244. Conservatives had a fear of Communism shared by most Americans. During this time a popular anti-Communist culture emerged in America, evident in movies, television programs, community activities, and grassroots organizations. This popular anti-Communist culture generated patriotic rallies, parades, city resolutions, and an array of anti—Communist groups concerned about Communist influence in the schools, textbooks, churches, labor unions, industry, and universities.
  17. ^ Oreskes, Naomi (June 1, 2021). "The Reason Some Republicans Mistrust Science: Their Leaders Tell Them To". Scientific American. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  18. ^ Hofer, Barbara; Sinatra, Gale (August 19, 2021). Science Denial: Why It Happens and What to Do About It. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190944681.001.0001. ISBN 9780190944711. Archived from the original on October 16, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  19. ^ Jones, Jeffrey (August 20, 2021). "Study: Evolution now accepted by majority of Americans". University of Michigan News. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  20. ^ Gregory L. Schneider, The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution "The label (conservatism) is in frequent use and has come to stand for a skepticism, at times an outright hostility, toward government social policies; a muscular foreign policy combined with a patriotic nationalism; a defense of traditional Christian religious values; and support for the free-market economic system.", "Within the conservative disposition in America, there are inherent contradictions between supporters of social order and tradition and supporters of individual freedom." (2009) pp. 4–9, 136
  21. ^ Sherwood Thompson, Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. p. 7: "Historically...social justice became associated with liberalism in which equality is the ideal.", Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, ISBN 978-1442216044.
  22. ^ Busch, Andrew E. (December 1, 2011). "Social Conservatives and Economic Conservatives". Society. 49 (1): 13–23. doi:10.1007/s12115-011-9498-4.
  23. ^ Lasser, William (1988). "V. The Modern Supreme Court: Crisis as Usual?". The Limits of Judicial Power: The Supreme Court in American Politics. UNC Press Books. pp. 186–188. ISBN 9781469632469. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  24. ^ Glenn H. Utter; James L. True (2004). Conservative Christians and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 51–53. ISBN 9781851095131.
  25. ^ أ ب Hudelson, Richard (1999). Modern Political Philosophy. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765600219 – via Google Books.
  26. ^ أ ب M. O. Dickerson et al., An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach (2009) p. 129.
  27. ^ "Two-thirds of Southern Republicans say they support breaking away from the U.S. and forming their own country with nearby states...", https://www.newsweek.com/47-west-coast-dems-66-southern-republicans-want-secede-us-1609875
  28. ^ Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History, "before the 1950s there was no such thing as a conservative movement in the United States.", p. 2, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-16418-3
  29. ^ Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot (1953) traced a continuous tradition since the 1790s.
  30. ^ Nicol C. Rae (1994). Southern Democrats. Oxford U.P. p. 66. ISBN 9780198024774. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  31. ^ Vesla M. Weaver, "Frontlash: Race and the development of punitive crime policy." Studies in American political development 21.2 (2007): 230–265.
  32. ^ Black, Merle (2004). "The Transformation of the Southern Democratic Party". The Journal of Politics. 66 (4): 1001–1017. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2004.00287.x. S2CID 154506701.
  33. ^ Katznelson, Ira; Geiger, Kim; Kryder, Daniel (Summer 1993). "Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933–1950" (PDF). Political Science Quarterly. 108 (2): 283. doi:10.2307/2152013. JSTOR 2152013. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
  34. ^ Glen Feldman, The Irony of the Solid South, "The worshipful allegiance white southerners gave to that party emanated most fundamentally from the deep-seated, pervasive, almost indelible cultural conservatism of the region...", University Alabama Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0817317935.
  35. ^ Nash, George H (April 26, 2016). "The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America: Then and Now". National Review. New York. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2017. Modern American conservatism is not, and has never been, monolithic. It is a coalition with many points of origin and diverse tendencies that are not always easy to reconcile.
  36. ^ Paul S. Boyer; et al. (2007). The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People. Cengage Learning. p. 934. ISBN 978-0618801596.
  37. ^ Barber, J Matt (29 October 2010). "BARBER Republicans must 'hang together or there won't be much time before Tea Party backers bail". The Washington Times.
  38. ^ Longman, Martin (7 April 2016). "The Republicans' Four-Legged Stool". Washington Monthly.
  39. ^ Academy, _Grassroots Leadership (2019-02-25). "What Made Reagan's Coalition?". Americans for Prosperity (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  40. ^ see Steven Brint and Jean Reith Schroedel, eds., Evangelicals and Democracy in America, Volume II: Religion and Politics (Russell Sage Foundation, 2009) for scholarly studies
  41. ^ Prudence Flowers, "'A Prolife Disaster': The Reagan Administration and the Nomination of Sandra Day O'Connor." Journal of Contemporary History 53.2 (2018): 391–414.
  42. ^ Safire, William (January 25, 2004). "The Way We Live Now: On Language; Guns, God And Gays". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
  43. ^ "Ahoura Afshar, "The Anti-gay Rights Movement in the United States: The Framing of Religion," Essex Human Rights Review (2006) 3#1 pp. 64–79" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
  44. ^ Glenn Utter and Robert J. Spitzer, Encyclopedia of Gun Control & Gun Rights (2nd ed. 2011)
  45. ^ John Anderson; University of North Carolina John Anderson (2014). Conservative Christian Politics in Russia and the United States: Dreaming of Christian Nations. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-317-60663-5.
    Amy Lind; Stephanie Brzuzy (2008). Battleground: M-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 508. ISBN 978-0-313-34039-0.
    Kenneth M. Cosgrove (2007). Branded Conservatives: How the Brand Brought the Right from the Fringes to the Center of American Politics. Peter Lang. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8204-7465-6.
    Steven L. Danver (2013). Encyclopedia of Politics of the American West. Sage Publications. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-4522-7606-9.
  46. ^ J. Postell; J. O'Neill (2013). Toward an American Conservatism: Constitutional Conservatism during the Progressive Era. Springer. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-137-30096-6.
    Ken Blackwell; Ken Klukowski (May 31, 2011). Resurgent: How Constitutional Conservatism Can Save America. Simon and Schuster. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-1-4516-2928-6.
  47. ^ Peter Berkowitz (2013). Constitutional Conservatism. Hoover Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8179-1604-6.
  48. ^ Schambra, William A. (August 20, 2012). "The Origins and Revival of Constitutional Conservatism: 1912 and 2012". Political Process. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on June 12, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  49. ^ Lienesch, Michael (July 2016). "Creating Constitutional Conservatism". Polity. 48 (3): 387–413. doi:10.1057/pol.2016.10. S2CID 147743074. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  50. ^ Mark A. Graber (2015). A New Introduction to American Constitutionalism. Oxford University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-19-024523-8. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  51. ^ Bradley C. S. Watson (2009). Ourselves and Our Posterity: Essays in Constitutional Originalism. Lexington Books. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-7391-2789-6.
    Daniel T. Rodgers (2011). Age of Fracture. Harvard University Press. pp. 241–242. ISBN 978-0-674-05952-8. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  52. ^ Nancy Maveety (2016). Picking Judges. Transaction Publishers. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4128-6224-0.
  53. ^ Ronald Hamowy (2008). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Sage Publications. ISBN 9781412965804. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2015.[صفحة مطلوبة]
  54. ^ Mandal, V.C. (2007). Dictionary Of Public Administration. Sarup & Sons. p. 306. ISBN 978-81-7625-784-8.
  55. ^ أ ب Nwanevu, Osita (July 21, 2019). "Conservative Nationalism Is Trumpism for Intellectuals". New Yorker. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  56. ^ "What's behind Trump's 'law and order' strategy and will it work?". TheGuardian.com. September 2020. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  57. ^ Boot, Max (July 22, 2019). "What comes after Trump may be even worse". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  58. ^ "National Conservatism, a conference in Washington DC, July 14–16". nationalconservatism.org. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  59. ^ Schuessler, Jennifer (July 19, 2019). "Polishing the Nationalist Brand in the Trump Era". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  60. ^ "Conservative Nationalism is Trumpism for Intellectuals". The New Yorker. July 21, 2019. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  61. ^ Justin Vaïsse (2010). Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement. Harvard UP. pp. 244ff. ISBN 9780674050518.
  62. ^ Jean Edward Smith, Bush, "Bush precipitated the deterioration of America's position abroad, led the United States in a $3 trillion dollar war in Iraq that cost more than four thousand American lives, ... and inspired young Muslims throughout the world to join the jihad.", Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition (2017), ISBN 978-1476741208.
  63. ^ Bruce Frohnen, ed. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006) pp. ix–xiv
  64. ^ Michael Foley (2007). American credo: the place of ideas in US politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191528330. Against accusations of being pre-modern or even anti-modern in outlook, paleoconservatives press for restrictions on immigration, a rollback of multicultural programmes, the decentralization of the federal polity, the restoration of controls upon free trade, a greater emphasis upon economic nationalism and isolationism in the conduct of American foreign policy, and a generally revanchist outlook upon a social order in need of recovering old lines of distinction and in particular the assignment of roles in accordance with traditional categories of gender, ethnicity, and race.
  65. ^ Paul Gottfried, Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right, p. 9, "Postwar conservatives set about creating their own synthesis of free-market capitalism, Christian morality, and the global struggle against Communism." (2009); Gottfried, Theologies and moral concern (1995) p. 12.
  66. ^ Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations," Foreign Affairs Summer 1993, v72, n3, pp. 22–50, online version Archived مايو 5, 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  67. ^ Joseph Scotchie. The Paleoconservatives: New Voices of the Old Right. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412838184.
  68. ^ Peter Berkowitz (2004). Varieties of Conservatism in America. Hoover Press. pp. 19ff. ISBN 9780817945732.
  69. ^ Edward G. Carmines, and Michael Berkman, "Ethos, ideology, and partisanship: Exploring the paradox of conservative Democrats." Political Behavior 16 (1994): 203-218. online
  70. ^ Adam J. Schiffer, "I'm not that liberal: Explaining conservative democratic identification." Political Behavior 22 (2000): 293-310.
  71. ^ Jones, Jeffrey. "Wyoming, Mississippi, Utah Rank as Most Conservative States". Gallup. Retrieved 6 October 2016.

قراءات إضافية

مقال رئيسي: Bibliography of conservatism in the United States
  • Aberbach, Joel D. "Understanding American Political Conservatism." in Robert A. Scott and Stephen M. Kosslyn, eds. Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource (2015). DOI: 10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0373
  • Adams, Ian (2001). Political Ideology Today. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-719-06020-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Allitt, Patrick. The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History (2010) excerpt and text search
  • Clark, Barry Stewart (1998). Political Economy: A Comparative Approach. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-95869-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Critchlow, Donald T. The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America (2nd ed. 2011)
  • Critchlow, Donald T. and Nancy MacLean. Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present (2009)
  • Filler, Louis. Dictionary of American Conservatism (Philosophical Library, 1987)
  • Frohnen, Bruce et al. eds. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006); the most detailed reference
  • Gottfried, Paul. The Conservative Movement (Twayne, 1993.)
  • Gross, Neil, Thomas Medvetz, and Rupert Russell. "The Contemporary American Conservative Movement," Annual Review of Sociology (2011) 37 pp. 325–54
  • Guttman, Allan. The Conservative Tradition in America (Oxford University Press, 1967).
  • Hayward, Steven F. The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order: 1964–1980 (2009) excerpt v 1; The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution 1980–1989 (2009) excerpt and text search v2
  • Hemmer, Nicole. Messengers of the Right: Conservative Media and the Transformation of American Politics (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). xvi, 320 pp.
  • Kabaservice, Geoffrey. Rule and Ruin: The Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party, From Eisenhower to the Tea Party (2012) scholarly history favorable to moderates excerpt and text search;
  • Lora, Ronald.; The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America Greenwood Press, 1999 online edition
  • Lyons, Paul. American Conservatism: Thinking It, Teaching It. (Vanderbilt University Press, 2009). 202 pp. ISBN 978-0-8265-1626-8
  • Nash, George. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (2006; 1st ed. 1978) influential history
  • Phillips-Fein, Kim. "Conservatism: A State of the Field," Journal of American History, (Dec. 2011) 98#3 pp. 723–43 in JSTOR
  • Rosen, Eliot A. The Republican Party in the Age of Roosevelt: Sources of Anti-Government Conservatism in the United States (2014)
  • Schneider, Gregory. The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution (2009)
  • Thorne, Melvin J. American Conservative Thought since World War II: The Core Ideas (1990) online edition

وصلات خارجية

الكلمات الدالة:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=التيار_المحافظ_في_الولايات_المتحدة&oldid=3950886"