هانغتشو

هذا المقال هو عن المدينة الحديثة. إذا كنت تريد المحافظة التاريخية، انظر محافظة هانگ.

يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Changzhou, Cangzhou, Guangzhou, or Yangzhou.

هانگ‌ژو 杭州市 Hangzhou, Hangchow, Hang Tsei, Hangchou Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city من أعلى، من اليمين إلى اليسار: Qianjiang New City; the Chenghuang Pavilion; Lingyin Temple; Changqiao Park on the West Lake; aerial view of the Leifeng Pagoda; Xixi National Wetland Park; the Yue Fei Temple الشعار Location of Hangzhou City jurisdiction in Zhejiang هانگ‌ژو موقع وسط المدينة في ژى‌جيانگ هانگ‌ژو موقع وسط المدينة في الصين الإحداثيات (Zhejiang Municipal People's Government): 30°16′01″N 120°09′11″E البلد الصين المقاطعة ژى‌جيانگ المقر البلدي Shangcheng District الحكومة  • النوع Sub-provincial city  • الكيان Hangzhou Municipal People's Congress  • CCP Secretary Liu Jie  • Congress Chairman Li Huolin  • العمدة Yao Gaoyuan  • CPPCC Chairman Ma Weiguang المساحة  • Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city 16٬821٫1 كم² (6٬494٫7 ميل²)  • الحضر 8٬259٫9 كم² (3٬189٫2 ميل²)  • العمران 8٬107٫9 كم² (3٬130٫5 ميل²) التعداد  (2020 census)  • Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city 11٬936٬010  • الكثافة 710/km2 (1٬800/sq mi)  • Urban 10٬711٬238  • الكثافة الحضرية 1٬300/km2 (3٬400/sq mi)  • العمرانية 13٬035٬329  • الكثافة العمرانية 1٬600/km2 (4٬200/sq mi)  • National rank 5th صفة المواطن Hangzhouians منطقة التوقيت UTC+8 (China Standard) Postal code 310000 ISO 3166 code CN-ZJ-01 GDP (Nominal) 2021  - Total CN¥1.811 trillion (US$280.76 billion)  - Per capita CN¥151,717 (US$23,522)  - Growth ▲ 8.5%  - Metro (2018) CN¥2.6517 trillion (US$400.7 billion) Licence plate prefixes 浙A Regional variety Wu: Hangzhou dialect الموقع الإلكتروني Hangzhou.gov.cn City tree Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) City flower Sweet Osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans)

هانغتشو "Hangzhou" in Chinese characters الصينية 杭州 Wu ɦaŋ-tsei (Hangzhou dialect) البريد Hangchow المعنى الحرفي "Hang Prefecture" النسخ Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Hángzhōu Wade–Giles Hang2-chou1 IPA [xɑ̌ŋ.tʂóʊ] Wu Romanization ɦaŋ-tsei (Hangzhou dialect) Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Hong4-zau1 IPA قالب:IPAc-yue Southern Min Hokkien POJ Hâng-chiu Qiantang الصينية المبسطة 钱塘 الصينية التقليدية 錢塘 النسخ Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Qiántáng Wade–Giles Ch'ien-t'ang IPA [tɕʰjǎn.tʰɑ̌ŋ]

هانغتشو أو هانگ‌ژو (صينية تقليدية: 杭州; پن‌ين: Hángzhōu; تهجي خريطة البريد: Hangchow) إحدى مدن مقاطعة ژى‌جيانگ وهي العاصمة السياسية والاقتصادية للمقاطعة ومن المدن السياحية الصينية ، تشتهر بجمالها الطبيعي وتراثها الثقافي، وتصنف في النظام الصيني للتقسيم الإداري على أنها مدينة مقاطعة فرعية ،

تقع في أقصى الجنوب الصيني على نهر چيان‌تانگ. وفيها بحيرة شيهو( البحيرة الغربية), ويمر بها جدول شيشي وقناة بكين – هانگ‌ژو الكبرى و نهر تشيانتانغ و بحر الصين الشرقي. وقد بذلت هانگ‌ژو جهودا كبيرة في معالجة مياه البحيرة والنهر والقناة والبحر والجدول حتى صارت مدينة ماؤها نظيف وأنهارها صافية وهواؤها نقي ومناظرها خضراء جميلة. لذا، لم يكن غريبا على هذه المدينة أن تحظى بلقب "المدينة النموذجية في معالجة البيئة المائية بالصين" وأن يقال إن أهلها "أكثر السكان سعادة في الصين".

وقناة بكين – هانگ‌ژو الكبرى التي تصب في نهر تشيانتانغ عند جسر قونغتشن. بدأ العمل في قناة بكين – هانغتشو الكبرى في عصر الربيع والخريف (711ق. م-221ق.م)، وتواصل في أسرة سوي (581-618م) وأسرة يوان (1271-1368م)، ومن ثم بقيت على ضفتي القناة في هانغتشو آثار حضارية تاريخية لمختلف الأسر الصينية.

"الجنة في السماء، وسوتشو وهانغتشو على الأرض". هكذا قال الصينيون منذ قديم الزمان، اعتقادا منهم بأن هاتين المدينتين هما أجمل مدن العالم كله. يكمن جمال هانغشو في مائها الذي يشكل 8% من مساحتها.

بفضل مفهوم معالجة مياه البحيرة والنهر والقناة والبحر والجدول معا، وقع الاختيار على هانغتشو لتكون ضمن منطقة "أفضل ممارسة حضرية" في إكسبو شانغهاي.

وتعد هانگ‌ژو من المدن الرئيسية في دلتا شانغ يانغ، مناخ المدينة شبه استوائي وتمر عليها الفصول الأربعة, تتكون المدينة من 6 مناطق وحيين و 5 بلديات تغطي 16596 كيلومتر مربع يقطنها ما يقارب الستة ملايين نسمة.

الجزء الغربي لمدينة هانگ‌ژو أقل ارتفاعا عن سطح البحر من جزئها الشرقي، فتم توظيف هذا الوضع الطبوغرافي لجعل المياه تتدفق من الأماكن العالية إلى غربي المدينة، وتصفيتها خلال جريانها لمسافة طويلة فارتفعت جودة المياه بشكل ملموس. كما طبقت المدينة تكنولوجيا المعالجة البيولوجية لحماية ومعالجة وتحسين النظام الإيكولوجي، فارتفعت جودة المياه وتحسنت البيئة في نفس الوقت، وصارت بحيرة شيهو ونهر شيشي أكثر جذبا للأحياء المائية. إن تكنولوجيا المعالجة البيولوجية ونظام التصفية الطبيعية المنخفض التكلفة والعالي الفعالية يستحقان أن يعمما في العالم.

بعد الحماية الشاملة والمعالجة، توسعت مساحة بحيرة شيهو، وتحسنت البيئة الإيكولوجية لمنطقة البحيرة والأراضي الرطبة لنهر شيشي، وأصبحت حديقة نهر شيشي أول حديقة وطنية للأرض الرطبة في الصين. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، حددت حكومة المدينة بعض المناطق يُحظَر فيها إشعال المفرقعات وتربية الحيوانات، ونقلت المؤسسات الصناعية إلى خارج التجمعات السكنية وأنشأت محطة ضخمة لمعالجة المياه المستخدمة واتخذت إجراءات للسيطرة على انبعاثات المواد الملوثة، وتم تطهير نهر تشيانتانغ، وسحب المياه الجارية من نهر تشيانتانغ وضخها في قناة بكين–هانگ‌ژو الكبرى. وهكذا، بعد عشرات السنوات عانت فيها القناة من انسداد مجراها، صارت مياهها صافية وعلى ضفتيها ممران جميلان طولهما 21 كيلومترا..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 التاريخ

هانگ‌ژو هي أحد مهود الحضارة الصينية حيث سكنها الإنسان منذ 4700 سنة وأول من سكنها قبيلة تدعى ليانجتشو و كانت المدينة عاصمة مملكة وو وأيضا مملكة يي كما كانت أيضا عاصمة أسرة سونگ الجنوبية وأول من أعلنها مقاطعة هو الإمبراطور جينج .

 التاريخ المبكر

A ceremonial jade cong of the ثقافة ليانگ‌ژو.

The celebrated neolithic culture of Hemudu is known to have inhabited Yuyao, 100 km (62 mi) south-east of Hangzhou, as far back as seven thousand years ago. It was during this time that rice was first cultivated in southeast China. Excavations have established that the jade-carving Liangzhu culture (named for its type site just northwest of Hangzhou) inhabited the area immediately around the present city around five thousand years ago. The first of Hangzhou's present neighborhoods to appear in written records was Yuhang, which probably preserves an old Baiyue name.

A ceremonial jade bi من ثقافة ليانگ‌ژو

Hangzhou was made the seat of the prefecture of Hang in AD 589, entitling it to a city wall which was constructed two years later. By a longstanding convention also seen in other cities like Guangzhou and Fuzhou, the city took on the name of the area it administered and became known as Hangzhou. Hangzhou was at the southern end of China's Grand Canal which extends to Beijing. The canal evolved over centuries but reached its full length by 609.

 أسرة سونگ

In 1089, while another renowned poet Su Shi (Su Dongpo) was the city's governor, he used 200,000 workers to construct a 2.8 km (1.7 mi) long causeway across West Lake. The lake was once a lagoon tens of thousands of years ago. Silt then blocked the way to the sea and the lake was formed. A drill in the lake-bed in 1975 found the sediment of the sea, which confirmed its origin. Artificial preservation prevented the lake from evolving into a marshland. The Su Causeway built by Su Shi a Tang dynasty poet who was once the governor of Hangzhou, built out of mud dredged from the lake bottom. The lake is surrounded by hills on the northern and western sides. The Baochu Pagoda sits on the Baoshi Hill to the north of the lake.

Xiangji Temple was built in 978 AD during the Northern Song Dynasty

Statue of Su Shi at the end of Su Causeway at the West Lake

Arab merchants lived in Hangzhou during the Song dynasty, due to the fact that the oceangoing trade passages took precedence over land trade during this time. There were also Arabic inscriptions from the 13th century and 14th century. During the later period of the Yuan dynasty, Muslims were persecuted through the banning of their traditions, and they participated in revolts against the Mongols. The Fenghuangshi mosque was constructed by an Egyptian trader who moved to Hangzhou. Ibn Battuta is known to have visited the city of Hangzhou in 1345; he noted its charm and described how the city sat on a beautiful lake and was surrounded by gentle green hills. During his stay at Hangzhou, he was particularly impressed by the large number of well-crafted and well-painted Chinese wooden ships with colored sails and silk awnings in the canals. He attended a banquet held by Qurtai, the Yuan Mongol administrator of the city, who according to Ibn Battuta, was fond of the skills of local Chinese conjurers.

هانگ‌ژو depicted in a French illumination from 1412

Hupao ("Dreaming of the Tiger") Spring في هانگ‌ژو

Cuiguang Pavilion by the West Lake

"Lotus in the Breeze at the Winding Courtyard", one of the Ten Scenes of the West Lake

Hangzhou was chosen as the new capital of the Southern Song dynasty in 1132, when most of northern China had been conquered by the Jurchens in the Jin–Song wars. The Song court had retreated south to the city in 1129 from its original capital in Kaifeng, after it was captured by the Jurchens in the Jingkang Incident of 1127. From Kaifeng they moved to Nanjing, modern Shangqiu, then to Yangzhou in 1128. The government of the Song intended it to be a temporary capital. However, over the decades Hangzhou grew into a major commercial and cultural center of the Song dynasty. It rose from a middling city of no special importance to one of the world's largest and most prosperous. Once the prospect of retaking northern China had diminished, government buildings in Hangzhou were extended and renovated to better befit its status as an imperial capital and not just a temporary one. The imperial palace in Hangzhou, modest in size, was expanded in 1133 with new roofed alleyways, and in 1148 with an extension of the palace walls.

From the early 12th century until the Mongol invasion of 1276، بقيت هانگ‌ژو العاصمة وكانت تُعرف بإسم لين آن. It served as the seat of the imperial government, a center of trade and entertainment, and the nexus of the main branches of the civil service. During that time the city was a gravitational center of Chinese civilization: what used to be considered "central China" in the north was taken by the Jin, an ethnic minority dynasty ruled by Jurchens.

Numerous philosophers, politicians, and men of literature, including some of the most celebrated poets in Chinese history such as Su Shi, Lu You, and Xin Qiji came here to live and die. Hangzhou is also the birthplace and final resting place of the scientist Shen Kuo (1031–1095 AD), his tomb being located in the Yuhang district.

During the Southern Song dynasty, commercial expansion, an influx of refugees from the conquered north, and the growth of the official and military establishments, led to a corresponding population increase and the city developed well outside its 9th-century ramparts. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, Hangzhou had a population of over 2 million at that time, while historian Jacques Gernet has estimated that the population of Hangzhou numbered well over one million by 1276. (Official Chinese census figures from the year 1270 listed some 186,330 families in residence and probably failed to count non-residents and soldiers.) It is believed that Hangzhou was the largest city in the world from 1180 to 1315 and from 1348 to 1358.

Because of the large population and densely crowded (often multi-story) wooden buildings, Hangzhou was particularly vulnerable to fires. Major conflagrations destroyed large sections of the city in 1132, 1137, 1208, 1229, 1237, and 1275 while smaller fires occurred nearly every year. The 1237 fire alone was recorded to have destroyed 30,000 dwellings. To combat this threat, the government established an elaborate system for fighting fires, erected watchtowers, devised a system of lantern and flag signals to identify the source of the flames and direct the response, and charged more than 3,000 soldiers with the task of putting out fires.

The city of Hangzhou was besieged and captured by the advancing Mongol armies of Kublai Khan in 1276, three years before the final collapse of the empire. The capital of the new Yuan Dynasty was established in the city of Dadu (Beijing).

The Venetian merchant Marco Polo supposedly visited Hangzhou in the late 13th century. In his book, he records that the city was "greater than any in the world". He called the city Quinsai, a name that—like Odoric of Pordenone's Cansay—derived from its Southern Song nickname Xingzai, "Temporary Residence". Although Polo exaggerated that the city was over one hundred miles in diameter and had 12,000 stone bridges, he still presented elegant prose about the country: "The number and wealth of the merchants, and the amount of goods that passed through their hands, was so enormous that no man could form a just estimate thereof." The renowned 14th-century Moroccan explorer Ibn Battuta said it was "the biggest city I have ever seen on the face of the earth."

The city remained an important port until the middle of the Ming dynasty era, when its harbor slowly silted up. Under the Qing, it was the site of an imperial army garrison.

An area map of Hangzhou in 1867

In 1856 and 1860, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom occupied Hangzhou and caused heavy damage to the city.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 أسرة يوان

Hangzhou was besieged and captured by the advancing Mongol armies of Kublai Khan in 1276, three years before the final collapse of the Southern Song. Historian Patricia Buckley Ebrey noted that the Mongol Yuan dynasty treated the Jurchen Wanyan royal family harshly, butchering them by the hundreds as well as the Tangut emperor of Western Xia when they defeated him earlier. However Patricia also noted the Mongols were totally lenient on the Han Chinese Zhao royal family of the Southern Song explicitly unlike the Jurchens during the Jingkang incident, sparing both the Southern Song royals in the capital Hangzhou like the Emperor Gong of Song and his mother as well as sparing the civilians inside it and not sacking the city, allowing them to go about their normal business, rehiring Southern Song officials. The Mongols did not take the southern Song palace women for themselves but instead had Han Chinese artisans in Shangdu marry the palace women. The capital of the new Yuan dynasty was established in the city of Dadu (Beijing), but Hangzhou remained an important commercial and administrative center for their southern territory.

• 

  Leifeng Pagoda

• 

  Xi Hu Landscape by Li Song (1190–1264), showing the Leifeng Pagoda in the Southern Song Dynasty.

• 

  "Moon over the Peaceful Lake in Autumn", one of the Ten Scenes of the Xi Hu

• 

  Dreaming of the Tiger Spring, the burial place of monk Jigong.

 وصف الأجانب

Yuan China was very open to foreign visitors, and several returned west describing Hangzhou—under the names Khinzai, Campsay, etc. — as one of the foremost cities in the world. The Venetian merchant Marco Polo supposedly visited Hangzhou in the late 13th century. In his book, he records that the city was "greater than any in the world" and that "the number and wealth of the merchants, and the amount of goods that passed through their hands, was so enormous that no man could form a just estimate thereof." The manuscripts of Polo's account greatly exaggerate the city's size, although it has been argued that the "hundred miles" of walls would be plausible if Chinese miles were intended instead of Italian ones and that the "12,000 stone bridges" might have been a copyist error born from the city's 12 gates. In the 14th century, the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta arrived; his later account concurred that al-Khansā was "the biggest city I have ever seen on the face of the earth." He visited Hangzhou in 1345 and noted its charm and described how the city sat on a beautiful lake and was surrounded by gentle green hills. He was particularly impressed by the large number of well-crafted and well-painted Chinese wooden ships with colored sails and silk awnings in the canals. He attended a banquet held by Qurtai, the Yuan Mongol administrator of the city, who according to Ibn Battuta, was fond of the skills of local Chinese conjurers.

West Lake

 الجغرافيا والمناخ

هانگ‌ژو
جدول طقس (التفسير)
ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     73   8 2     84   9 3     138   14 6     127   21 12     147   26 17     231   29 21     159   33 25     156   32 25     145   28 20     87   23 15     60   17 9     47   11 3 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س إجمالي الهطل - مم المصدر: China Meteorological Administration
التحويل لوحدات إمبراطورية ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     2.9   46 35     3.3   49 37     5.4   57 44     5   69 54     5.8   78 63     9.1   83 70     6.3   91 77     6.1   90 76     5.7   82 69     3.4   73 59     2.4   62 48     1.9   52 38 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °ف إجمالي الهطل - بوصة

منظر خليج هانگ‌ژو من جسر خليج هانگ‌ژو

Tidal bore at the Qiantang River في هانگ‌ژو

Climate data for هانگ‌ژو (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1951–الحاضر)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	23.9 (75.0)	28.5 (83.3)	32.8 (91.0)	34.8 (94.6)	36.5 (97.7)	39.7 (103.5)	40.5 (104.9)	41.6 (106.9)	38.7 (101.7)	35.0 (95.0)	31.2 (88.2)	26.5 (79.7)	41.6 (106.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	8.3 (46.9)	10.3 (50.5)	14.8 (58.6)	21.1 (70.0)	26.3 (79.3)	29.1 (84.4)	33.6 (92.5)	32.8 (91.0)	28.2 (82.8)	23.2 (73.8)	17.3 (63.1)	11.3 (52.3)	21.4 (70.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)	4.6 (40.3)	6.4 (43.5)	10.3 (50.5)	16.2 (61.2)	21.4 (70.5)	24.7 (76.5)	28.9 (84.0)	28.2 (82.8)	24.0 (75.2)	18.8 (65.8)	12.9 (55.2)	7.0 (44.6)	17.0 (62.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	1.8 (35.2)	3.5 (38.3)	7.0 (44.6)	12.4 (54.3)	17.5 (63.5)	21.4 (70.5)	25.2 (77.4)	24.9 (76.8)	20.9 (69.6)	15.4 (59.7)	9.3 (48.7)	3.7 (38.7)	13.6 (56.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−8.6 (16.5)	−9.6 (14.7)	−3.5 (25.7)	0.2 (32.4)	7.3 (45.1)	12.8 (55.0)	17.3 (63.1)	18.2 (64.8)	12.0 (53.6)	1.0 (33.8)	−3.6 (25.5)	−8.4 (16.9)	−9.6 (14.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	80.6 (3.17)	88.2 (3.47)	140.7 (5.54)	123.1 (4.85)	128.6 (5.06)	219.4 (8.64)	172.9 (6.81)	162.1 (6.38)	123.5 (4.86)	78.5 (3.09)	71.5 (2.81)	48.9 (1.93)	1٬438 (56.61)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	12.4	12.1	15.3	14.5	13.8	14.6	12.4	13.8	11.7	9.0	9.3	8.5	147.4
Average relative humidity (%)	75	75	75	74	74	80	76	78	79	76	74	73	76
Mean monthly sunshine hours	102.0	97.2	116.4	140.6	164.7	136.6	212.7	193.0	143.9	144.6	129.0	128.7	1٬709٫4
Source: China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 التقسيمات الادارية

The sub-provincial city of Hangzhou comprises 9 districts, 2 county-level cities, and 2 counties. The six central urban districts occupy 683 km² (264 sq mi) and have 3,560,400 people. The three suburban districts occupy 4,193 km² (1,619 sq mi) and have 3,399,300 people.

Map
1 2 3 4 Jianggan Xihu Xiaoshan Yuhang Fuyang Tonglu County Chun'an County Jiande (city) Lin'an (city) 1. Shangcheng 2. Xiacheng 3. Gongshu 4. Binjiang
التقسيم	بالصينية	Pinyin	Population (2010)	المساحة (كم²)	الكثافة
المدينة نفسها
Shangcheng District	上城区	Shàngchéng Qū	344,594	18.30	18,830.27
Xiacheng District	下城区	Xiàchéng Qū	526,096	31.46	16,722.70
Jianggan District	江干区	Jiānggàn Qū	998,783	210.22	4,751.13
Gongshu District	拱墅区	Gǒngshù Qū	551,874	87.49	6,307.85
Xihu District	西湖区	Xīhú Qū	820,017	308.70	2,656.36
Binjiang District	滨江区	Bīnjiāng Qū	319,027	72.02	4,429.70
Suburban
Xiaoshan District	萧山区	Xiāoshān Qū	1,511,290	1,420.22	1,064.12
Yuhang District	余杭区	Yúháng Qū	1,170,290	1,223.56	956.46
Fuyang District	富阳区	Fùyáng Qū	717,694	1,831.20	391.93
County
Tonglu County	桐庐县	Tónglú Xiàn	406,450	1,825.00	222.71
Chun'an County	淳安县	Chún'ān Xiàn	336,843	4,427.00	76.09
County-level cities
Jiande	建德市	Jiàndé Shì	430,750	2,321.00	185.59
Lin'an	临安市	Lín'ān Shì	566,665	3,126.80	181.23

 الاقتصاد

Qianjiang CBD in Hangzhou

View of the night time Hangzhou skyline from the West Lake

Alibaba's Binjiang Campus in Hangzhou, headquarters for Alibaba's B2B service

Hangzhou International Conference Center

Hangzhou's economy has rapidly developed since its opening up in 1992. It is an industrial city with many diverse sectors such as light industry, agriculture, and textiles. It is considered an important manufacturing base and logistics hub for coastal China.

The 2001 GDP of Hangzhou was RMB ¥156.8 billion, which ranked second among all of the provincial capitals after Guangzhou. The city has more than tripled its GDP since then, increasing from RMB ¥156.8 billion in 2001 to RMB ¥701.1 billion in 2011 and GDP per capita increasing from US$3,025 to US$12,447.

 السياحة

بوابة مدينة هانگ‌ژو في 1906

البحيرة الغربية و پاگودا لـِي‌فنگ

مسكن هو شوى‌يان

جسر پاگودا هانگژو

• مسجد فنگ‌هوانگ (Fenghuang Temple ، 凤凰清真寺) هو أحد أقدم مساجد الصين، والبناء الحالي عند تقاطع طريق شيهو (西湖大道) وطريق ژونگ‌شان المركزي (中山中路) يبلغ عمره 700 سنة، أي من عهد أسرة يوان.

البحيرة الغربية.

Hangzhou Sunset Over the Qiantang River

 المواصلات

حانات ومحال في أحد شوارع هانگژو.

Luohan Tang (Arhat Hall) at Hupaoquan in Hangzhou، الصين.

 البلدات التوأم – المدن الشقيقة

Hangzhou is twinned with:

City	Country	since
Queenstown	نيوزيلندا	غير معروف
Sayama	اليابان	1978
Gifu	اليابان	1979
بوسطن	الولايات المتحدة	1982
Baguio	الفلبين	1982
ليدز	إنجلترا	1988
Fukui	اليابان	1989
نيس	فرنسا	1994
پاراماريبو	سورينام	1988
بوداپست	المجر	1999
Cape Town	جنوب أفريقيا	2005
درسدن	ألمانيا	2009
إندياناپوليس	الولايات المتحدة	2009
أطلنطا	الولايات المتحدة	2012
دنيپرو	أوكرانيا	2013
Tallinn	إستونيا	Unknown
Weert	هولندا	Unknown

Fishers, Indiana is in the exploration process of becoming sister cities with Hangzhou.

 مأثورات صينية

A typical Chinese garden's window in Hangzhou. It is a common technique for the view to resemble a Chinese painting.

A typical Chinese style architecture in Hangzhou

"Be born in Suzhou, live in Hangzhou, eat in Guangzhou, die in Liuzhou." (الصينية المبسطة: 生在苏州, 活在杭州, 吃在广州, 死在柳州؛ الصينية التقليدية: 生在蘇州, 活在杭州, 吃在廣州, 死在柳州�)

The meaning here lies in the fact that Suzhou was renowned for its beautiful and highly civilized and educated citizens, Hangzhou for its scenery, Guangzhou for its food, and Liuzhou (of Guangxi) for its wooden coffins which supposedly halted the decay of the body (likely made from the chamfor tree).

"Heaven Above, Suzhou and Hangzhou below." (الصينية المبسطة: 上有天堂, 下有苏杭؛ الصينية التقليدية: 上有天堂, 下有蘇杭�)

This phrase has a similar meaning to the English phrases "heaven on Earth" or "God's country".

 انظر أيضاً

• Historical capitals of China
• Jiangnan
• Zhejiang Province
• List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
• Suzhou numerals - in the Unicode standard version 3.0, these characters are incorrectly named Hangzhou style numerals

 الهامش

 المصادر

العامة

•  هذه المقالة تتضمن نصاً من The Middle kingdom: a survey of the ... Chinese empire and its inhabitants ...، بقلم Samuel Wells Williams، وهي مطبوعة من سنة 1848 وهي الآن مشاع عام في الولايات المتحدة.
•  هذه المقالة تتضمن نصاً من The middle kingdom: a survey of the geography, government, education, social life, arts, religion, etc. of the Chinese empire and its inhabitants, Volume 2، بقلم Samuel Wells Williams, John William Orr، وهي مطبوعة من سنة 1848 وهي الآن مشاع عام في الولايات المتحدة.
•  هذه المقالة تتضمن نصاً من The Chinese repository, Volume 13، وهي مطبوعة من سنة 1844 وهي الآن مشاع عام في الولايات المتحدة.
•  هذه المقالة تتضمن نصاً من The Baptist missionary magazine, Volume 29، بقلم American Baptist Missionary Union. Executive Committee, Baptist General Convention. Board of Managers، وهي مطبوعة من سنة 1849 وهي الآن مشاع عام في الولايات المتحدة.
•  هذه المقالة تتضمن نصاً من My holidays in China: An account of three houseboat tours, from Shanghai to Hangehow and back via Ningpo; from Shanghai to Le Yang via Soochow and the Tah Hu; and from Kiukiang to Wuhu; with twenty-six illustrations (from photographs)، بقلم William R. Kahler، وهي مطبوعة من سنة 1895 وهي الآن مشاع عام في الولايات المتحدة.
•  هذه المقالة تتضمن نصاً من Reports from the consuls of the United States, Issues 124–127، بقلم United States. Bureau of Foreign Commerce، وهي مطبوعة من سنة 1891 وهي الآن مشاع عام في الولايات المتحدة.
•  هذه المقالة تتضمن نصاً من Memoirs of the Rev. Walter M. Lowrie: missionary to China، بقلم Walter Macon Lowrie, Presbyterian church in the U.S.A. Board of foreign missions، وهي مطبوعة من سنة 1854 وهي الآن مشاع عام في الولايات المتحدة.
•  هذه المقالة تتضمن نصاً من Darkness in the flowery land: or, Religious notions and popular superstitions in north China، بقلم Michael Simpson Culbertson، وهي مطبوعة من سنة 1857 وهي الآن مشاع عام في الولايات المتحدة.
• Yule, Henry (2002), The Travels of Friar Odoric 
• Economic profile for Hangzhou at HKTDC

 وصلات خارجية

• Hangzhou Government website
• What's up Hangzhou News | Events | Venue | Guide . . .

سبقه كاي‌فنگ

عاصمة الصين (بإسم لين‌آن)

تبعه دادو (الآن بكين)