صفة المواطن

A demonym ( /ˈdɛmənɪm/; from Ancient Greek δῆμος, dêmos, "people, tribe" and ὄνυμα, ónuma, "name") or gentilic (from Latin gentilis, "of a clan, or gens") is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place. Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place (village, city, region, province, state, continent). Demonyms are used to designate all people (general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place. Examples of demonyms include Cochabambino, for someone from the city of Cochabamba; American for a person from the United States of America; and Swahili, for a person of the Swahili coast.

As a sub-field of anthroponymy, the study of demonyms is called demonymy or demonymics.

Since they are referring to territorially defined groups of people, demonyms are semantically different from ethnonyms (names of ethnic groups). In the English language, there are many polysemic words that have several meanings (including demonymic and ethonymic uses), and therefore a particular use of any such word depends on the context. For example, word Thai may be used as a demonym, designating any inhabitant of Thailand, while the same word may also be used as an ethnonym, designating members of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Briton or, informally, a Brit.

Some demonyms may have several meanings. For example, the demonym Macedonians may refer to population of North Macedonia, or more generally to the entire population of the region of Macedonia, a significant portion of which is in Greece. In some languages, a demonym may be borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people: for example, "Québécois(e)" is commonly used in English for a native of Quebec (though "Quebecker" is also available).

In English, demonyms are always capitalized. Often, they are the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek, though a few exceptions exist, generally for places in Europe; for instance, the adjectival form of Spain is "Spanish", but the demonym is "Spaniard".

English commonly uses national demonyms such as "Ethiopian" or "Guatemalan", while the usage of local demonyms such as "Chicagoan", "Okie", or "Parisian", is more rare. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether. Often, in practice, the demonym for states, provinces or cities is simply the name of the place, treated as an adjective; for instance, Kennewick Man.

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 List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations

المقالة الرئيسية: List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations

لمعلومات عن the converse of demonym، انظر List of places named after people.

انظر أيضاً: List of political movements named after dates

 List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities

المقالة الرئيسية: List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities

 اللحق

 -a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, or -i(ñ/n)o/a

 البلدان والمناطق

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 -vian

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 Demonyms and ethnonyms

المقالة الرئيسية: Ethnonyms

Since names of places, regions and countries (toponyms) are morphologically often related to names of ethnic groups (ethnonyms), various ethnonyms may have similar, but not always identical forms as terms for general population of those places, regions or countries (demonyms).

• Abkhazia → Abkhazians, or Abkhaz
• Afghanistan → Afghans
• Albania → Albanians
• Arab League → Arabs
• Azerbaijan → Azerbaijanis, Azeris
• Bengal → Bengali (also "Bengalese")
• Chechnya → Chechens
• China → Chinese
• Croatia → Croats
• Czech Republic → Czechs
• Denmark → Danes
• Egypt → Egyptians
• England → English
• Eswatini (Swaziland) → Swazis, Swatis
• Finland → Finn
• Flanders → Flemings
• France → French
• Hayastan → Hayastani (also Armenians)
• Hungary → Hungarians, Magyars
• Indonesia → Indonesians
• Ingushetia → Ingushians
• Iran → Iranians, Persians
• Ireland → Irish
• Jersey → Jerseymen, Jerseywomen
• Kalmykia → Kalmyks
• Kazakhstan → Kazakhs
• KwaZulu → Zulus
• Kurdistan → Kurds
• Kyrgyzstan → Kyrgyzs
• Lapland → Lapps
• Madagascar → Malagasys
• Malta → Maltese
• Mongolia → Mongols
• Montenegro → Montenegrins
• Morocco → Moroccans
• Netherlands → Dutch
• New South Wales → New South Welsh
• Odisha → Odias
• Philippines - Filipinos
• Poland → Poles
• Scotland → Scots
• Serbia → Serbs
• Sorbia → Sorbs
• Slovakia → Slovaks
• Slovenia → Slovenes
• Somalia → Somalis
• Spain → Spaniards
• Sweden → Swedes
• Tajikistan → Tajiks
• Tamil Nadu → Tamils
• Tatarstan →Tatars
• Thailand → Thais
• Turkey → Turkish
• Turkmenistan → Turkmens
• Ulster → Ulstermen
• United States of America → Americans
• Uzbekistan → Uzbeks
• Wales → Welsh people

 انظر أيضاً

• List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
  • List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies
  • List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions
  • List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for Australia
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for Canada
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for Cuba
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for India
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for Malaysia
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for Mexico
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for New Zealand
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for the Philippines
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for the United States
  • List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions
    • List of adjectivals and demonyms for Greco-Roman antiquity
  • List of adjectivals and demonyms for fictional regions
• List of regional nicknames
• Macedonia naming dispute
• Nationality
• -onym, especially ethnonym and Exonym and endonym

 ملاحظات

a.	^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between Serbia and the local Albanian majority. The Assembly of Kosovo declared its independence on 17 February 2008, a move that is recognised and the Republic of China (Taiwan), but not by Serbia, which claims it as part of its sovereign territory.

 المراجع

• Roberts, Michael (2017). "The Semantics of Demonyms in English". The Semantics of Nouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 205–220. ISBN 9780198736721.

 وصلات خارجية

ابحث عن gentilic في
قاموس المعرفة.

• www.geography-site.co.uk Alphabetical list of world demonyms.
• www.everything2.com Demonyms of the World.
• CIA World Factbook – NATIONALITY
• www.peoplefrom.co.uk Demonyms of the United Kingdom.