آن‌هوي

Coordinates: 31°50′N 117°0′E / 31.833°N 117.000°E / 31.833; 117.000

آن‌هوي (صينية: 安徽؛ پن‌ين: Ānhuī؛ ويد–جايلز: An-hui�[5] الأمريكي /ɑːnˈhweɪ/[6] (安徽 (المساعدة·معلومات)�; formerly romanized as Anhwei) هي مقاطعة داخلية في شرق الصين. وتعتبر منطقة انتقالية بين المقاطعات الشرقية المتطورة والمقاطعات الغربية ذات الطابع الريفي. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, bordering Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a short section in the north.

With a population of 63.65 million, Anhui is the 8th most populous province in China.[7] It is the 22nd largest Chinese province based on area, and the 12th most densely-populated region of all 34 Chinese provincial regions. Anhui's population is mostly composed of Han Chinese. Languages spoken within the province include Jianghuai Mandarin, Wu, Hui, Gan and small portion of Zhongyuan Mandarin Chinese. تبعد آنهوي نحو 400 كم عن البحر، يتخلل جنوبها نهر يانگتسي من الغرب إلى الشرق، وهو منفذ آنهوي على البحر. تجاور آنهوي مقاطعتي جيانگسو وتشجيانگ شرقا، وتتاخم مقاطعات خنان وهوبي وجيانگشي ذات الكثافة السكانية الكبيرة غربا.

The name "Anhui" derives from the names of two cities: Anqing and Huizhou (now Huangshan City).[8] The abbreviation for Anhui is "صينية: 皖؛ پن‌ين: wǎn�" after the historical State of Wan, Mount Wan, and the Wan river.

The administration of Anhui is composed of the provincial administrative system, led by the Governor, Provincial Congress, the People's Political Consultative Conference, and the Provincial Higher People's Court. Anhui is known[ممن؟] as a province with political tradition in China's government system. Aside from managing provincial government departments, the provincial government manages 16 cities, 62 counties, 43 county-level districts and 1,522 townships.[9]

The total GDP of Anhui Province ranked 11th among China's 31 provincial regions اعتبارا من 2019.[10]

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التاريخ

The old town of Sanhe, Feixi County

Anhui Province was established in the sixth year of the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty (1667); before that, there was no coherent concept of "Anhui". The province also has another name, "Wan", because, during the Spring and Autumn Period (722–481 B.C.), a small country named "Wan" was here and a mountain called "Wanshan" (aka Mount Tianzhu) is in the province.

Before Anhui was established, this land had a long history. 20,000 years ago, human beings inhabited this area, proven by some findings in Fanchang County. Archaeologists have identified the cultural domains of Yangshao and Longshan, dated to the Neolithic Age (between 4,000 and 10,000 years ago). In relation to these cultures, archeologists have discovered through excavation a 4500-year-old city called the Nanchengzi Ruins in Guzhen County, after they discovered a Neolithic city wall and a moat that was part of a much larger and integrated city in the region during their 2013 disinterment.[11]

There are many historic sites found in the province from the period of the Xia dynasty (2070 B.C.) to the Warring Kingdoms (475–221 B.C.). After the Qin dynasty unified China, this area belonged to different prefectures such as the Jiujiang, Zhang, Tang and Sishui Prefectures. Anhui became parts of Yang, Yu, and Xu prefectures during Han dynasties. In the period of the Three Kingdoms (222–280 A.D.), Anhui was separately dominated by the Wu State and Wei State. During the Jin dynasty, Northern and Southern dynasties and the Sui dynasty, Anhui was part of Yang, Xu and Yu prefectures, respectively. Later on, the Hui area flourished quickly and the economy and culture of Hui Prefecture created great influence during the Song Dynasty. During the Yuan dynasty, ruled by the Mongolian emperor, Anhui area was a part of Henan province. During the Ming dynasty, the area was directly managed by the administration of the Capital of Nanjing. Shortly after the Qing dynasty was established, this area and Jiangsu province were merged as one province until the sixth year (1666 or 1667) of the Kangxi Emperor's reign in the Qing dynasty.

Later during the Qing dynasty, Anhui played an important role in the Self-Strengthening Movement led by Li Hongzhang, an important Prime Minister during the later Qing Dynasty. At this time, many western weapons, factories and modern government concepts were introduced into China. Over the next 50 years, Anhui became one of the most aggressive areas with liberal thought. Within this environment, many ideologists appeared in Anhui. Several of them impacted the future of China including, Hu Shih, a Chinese philosopher, essayist and diplomat, and Chen Duxiu, founder of the Chinese Communist Party and the first General Secretary of the CCP.

In 1938, the north and central areas of the province were heavily damaged because Chiang Kai-shek, the then-President of the Republic of China, broke the dam of Yellow River, hoping this strategy could slow down the invasion by the Imperial Japanese Army. Within only ten days of the dam breaking, the water and sands drowned all of north and middle area of this province, 500,000 to 900,000 Chinese people died, along with an unknown number of Japanese soldiers. The flood prevented the Japanese Army from taking Zhengzhou.

Following the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, the capital city of Anhui province moved to what was then a small town, Hefei. At the same time, the provincial government made significant investments to develop this new capital city, which has become a China Top 25 city (of 660 cities over all of China) in the 2010s. After 1949, the government also launched many Water Projects to repair damage from World War II. In addition, many other areas of China supported Anhui's development.

Anhui developed significantly through the Third Front campaign to build basic industry and national defense industry in protected locations in case of invasion by the Soviet Union or the United States.[12](pp. xiii-xv) The centerpiece of the Shanghai Small Third Front was the "rear base" in Anhui which served as "a multi-function manufacturing base for anti-aircraft and anti-tank weaponry.[13](p. xvi)

In the later 1990s, Anhui became one of the fastest growing provinces in China. In the 2010s, the province became a part of China Yangtze River Delta Economic Area which is the most developed area of China. And the capital city, Hefei, is set as the sub-central city of this Economic Area, only after Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou.

In terms of culture, Northern Anhui was firmly a part of the North China Plain together with modern-day Henan province, northern Jiangsu and southern Shandong provinces. Central Anhui was densely populated and constituted mostly of fertile land from the Huai River watershed. In contrast, the culture of Southern Anhui, bordered mostly along the Yangtze, was closer to Jiangxi and southern Jiangsu provinces. The hills of southeastern Anhui formed a unique and distinct cultural sphere of its own.


الجغرافيا

مبنى حكومي في مدينة فويانگ

Anhui is topographically diverse. The north is part of the North China Plain while the north-central areas are part of the Huai River watershed. Both regions are flat, and densely populated. The land becomes more uneven further south, with the Dabie Mountains occupying much of southwestern Anhui and a series of hills and ranges cutting through southeastern Anhui, between which is the Yangtze River. The highest peak in Anhui is Lotus Peak, part of Huangshan in southeastern Anhui. It has an altitude of 1873 m.

Major rivers include the Huai River in the north and the Yangtze in the south. The largest lake is Lake Chaohu situated in the center of the province, with an area of about 800 km2 (310 sq mi). The southeastern part of the province near the Yangtze River has many lakes as well.

As with topography, the province differs in climate from north to south. The north is more temperate with more distinct seasons. January temperatures average at around −1 to 2 °C north of the Huai River, and 0 to 3 °C south of the Huai River; in July temperatures average 27 °C or above. Plum rains occur in June and July and may cause flooding.

Anhui has 16 cities. Economically, top 3 cities are, Hefei, ووهو and Anqing.

البيئة

The Anhui elm, Ulmus gaussenii W. C. Cheng, is a medium size deciduous tree whose natural range is restricted to the valleys of the Langya limestone mountains of Chu Xian.[14] The tree was most commonly found on the flood plains, indicating a tolerance of periodic inundation. U. gaussenii is now the world's rarest and most endangered elm species, with only approximately 30 trees known to survive in the wild in 2009.[15]

The province is also home to the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis, الصينية المبسطة: 扬子鳄؛ الصينية التقليدية: 揚子鱷؛ پن‌ين: yángzǐ'è�), also known as the Yangtze alligator,[16] China alligator,[17] or historically the muddy dragon,[18] a critically endangered crocodilian.

المدن

أهم المدن:

  • خفي(合肥市): عاصمة المقاطعة، هي أكبر مدينة بالمقاطعة وأكثرها تطورا، تشتهر بالصناعة الميكانيكية والإلكترونيات.
  • مدينة لوآن (六安市)
  • هواي‌نان (淮南市): المدينة المشهورة بالفحم والطاقة الكهربائية والصناعة الكيماوية في آنهوي.
  • تونگ لنگ
  • ووهو (芜湖市): المدينة المشهورة بالصناعة الخفيفة والغزل والنسيج على الضفة الجنوبية لنهر اليانگتسي، وثاني أكبر قاعدة للتجارة الخارجية للمقاطعة.
  • هواي‌بـِيْ (淮北市): مدينة الفحم المشهورة في شمال آنهوي.
  • بوژو (亳州市)
  • مدينة فويانگ (阜阳市)


التقسيمات الإدارية

المقالة الرئيسية: List of administrative divisions of Anhui and List of township-level divisions of Anhui

تنقسم آن‌هوي إلى ستة عشر تقسيماً بمستوى محافظة: كل المدن بمستوى محافظة:

التقسيمات الإدارية لآن‌هوي
Division code[19] التقسيم المساحة (كم²)[20] تعداد 2020[21] المقر التقسيمات[22]
المديريات النواحي المدن بمستوى ناحية
340000 مقاطعة آن‌هوي 139600.00 61,027,171 مدينة خفي 45 50 9
340100 مدينة خفي 11,445.06 9,369,881 مديرية شوشان 4 4 1
340200 مدينة ووهو 6,004.97 3,644,420 مديرية جيوجيانگ 5 1 1
340300 Bengbu city 5,950.72 3,296,408 Bengshan District 4 3
340400 مدينة هواي‌نان 5532.30 3,033,528 Tianjia'an District 5 2
340500 مدينة ماآن‌شان 4,049.13 2,159,930 مديرية يوشان 3 3
340600 Huaibei city 2,740.91 1,970,265 Xiangshan District 3 1
340700 Tongling city 2,937.83 1,311,726 Tongguan District 3 1
340800 مدينة آن‌چنگ 13,525.03 4,165,284 Yingjiang District 3 5 2
341000 Huangshan city 9,678.39 1,330,565 Tunxi District 3 4
341100 مدينة تشوژو 13,515.99 3,987,054 Langya District 2 4 2
341200 مدينة فويانگ 10,118.17 8,200,264 Yingzhou District 3 4 1
341300 مدينة سوژو 9,938.77 5,324,476 Yongqiao District 1 4
341500 مدينة لوآن 15,450.82 4,393,699 Jin'an District 3 4
341600 مدينة بوژو 8,521.23 4,996,844 Qiaocheng District 1 3
341700 Chizhou city 8,364.81 1,342,764 Guichi District 1 3
341800 مدينة شوان‌تشنگ 12,312.55 2,500,063 Xuanzhou District 1 4 2

أولئك المدن الستة عشر بمستوى محافظة مقسمون بدورهم إلى 104 تقسيم بمستوى ناحية (45 مديريةs, 9 مدينة بمستوى ناحية، and 50 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1,512 township-level divisions (997 بلدة، 230 townships, 9 ethnic townships, and 276 subdistricts).


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المناطق الحضرية

التعداد حسب المناطق الحضرية للمدن بمستويي محافظة وناحية
# المدينة المساحة الحضرية[23] مساحة المديرية[23] المدينة نفسها[23] تاريخ التعداد
1 خفي[أ] 3,098,727 3,310,268 7,457,027 2010-11-01
2 هواي‌نان[ب] 1,238,488 1,666,826 3,342,012 2010-11-01
3 ووهو[أ] 1,108,087 2,487,111 2,263,123 2010-11-01
4 Huaibei 854,696 1,113,321 2,114,276 2010-11-01
5 Bengbu 793,866 972,784 3,164,467 2010-11-01
6 فويانگ 780,522 1,768,947 7,599,913 2010-11-01
7 سوژو 742,685 1,647,642 5,352,924 2010-11-01
8 لوآن[ت][ب] 661,217 1,644,344 4,603,585 2010-11-01
(8) لوآن (مديرية جديدة)[ت] 134,239 134,239 انظر لوآن 2010-11-01
9 ماآن‌شان[ث][أ] 657,847 741,531 2,304,774 2010-11-01
(9) ماآن‌شان (مديرية جديدة)[ث] 169,888 169,888 انظر ماآن‌شان 2010-11-01
10 آن‌چنگ[ج] 570,538 780,514 4,472,667 2010-11-01
11 بوژو 474,318 1,409,436 4,850,657 2010-11-01
12 Tongling[ج] 438,981 474,363 1,562,670 2010-11-01
(13) تشاوهو[أ] 404,789 780,711 انظر خفي 2010-11-01
14 تشوژو 392,461 562,321 3,937,868 2010-11-01
15 Tianchang 324,625 602,840 انظر تشوژو 2010-11-01
16 شوان‌تشنگ 315,058 772,490 2,532,938 2010-11-01
17 Chizhou 289,122 595,268 1,402,518 2010-11-01
18 Huangshan 287,576 460,786 1,358,980 2010-11-01
19 Tongcheng 269,346 664,455 انظر آن‌چنگ 2010-11-01
20 Ningguo 231,090 376,857 see Xuancheng 2010-11-01
21 Jieshou 214,776 561,956 see Fuyang 2010-11-01
22 Mingguang 204,323 532,732 see Chuzhou 2010-11-01
(23) Qianshan[ح] 165,779 500,292 انظر آن‌چنگ 2010-11-01
  1. ^ أ ب ت ث Chaohu PLC is currently no longer exist after census it was split among Hefei (جوتشاو & لوجيانگ)، ووهو (Wuwei), & ماآن‌شان (Hexian & Hanshan); Juchao District is currently known as Chaohu CLC. Chaohu PLC city proper count is reflected among the three PLCs.
  2. ^ أ ب Shouxian County was transferred from Lu'an PLC to Huainan PLC's jurisdiction after census; the City proper count is reflected onto Huainan PLC not Lu'an PLC.
  3. ^ أ ب مديرية جديدة تأسست بعد التعداد: Yeji by splitting from parts of Huoqiu County. The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. ^ أ ب مديرية جديدة تأسست بعد التعداد: Bowang by splitting from parts of Dangtu County. The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  5. ^ أ ب Zongyang County was transferred from Anqing PLC to Tongling PLC's jurisdiction after census; the City proper count is reflected onto Tongling PLC not Anqing PLC.
  6. ^ Qianshan County is currently known as Qianshan CLC after census.
 
أكبر المدن في آن‌هوي
المصدر: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[24]
الترتيب التعداد الترتيب التعداد
خفي
خفي
ووهو
ووهو 		1 خفي 4,292,400 11 Tongling 535,300 هواي‌نان
هواي‌نان
Bengbu
Bengbu
2 ووهو 1,536,700 12 تشوژو 507,600
3 هواي‌نان 1,178,200 13 Huangshan 406,100
4 Bengbu 961,100 14 بوژو 365,000
5 فويانگ 907,400 15 شوان‌تشنگ 357,700
6 Huaibei 762,500 16 تشاوهو 357,000
7 ماآن‌شان 752,500 17 Chizhou 310,100
8 آن‌چنگ 631,500 18 Tianchang 196,600
9 لوآن 607,500 19 Jieshou 188,600
10 سوژو 578,600 20 Mingguang 186,000

Government

المقالة الرئيسية: Politics of Anhui and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China

The Politics of Anhui Province is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Anhui (安徽省省长) is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Anhui. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Anhui Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary (安徽省委书记), colloquially termed the "Anhui Party Chief".

السياسة

المقالة الرئيسية: سياسة آنهوي

الاقتصاد

Anhui products treemap, 2020

آنهوي مقاطعة زراعية كبيرة، يحتل إنتاجها من الحبوب الغذائية والقطن والزيوت والشاي والفواكه والعقاقير الطبية والمنتجات الحيوانية المراكز العشرة الأولى في الصين. وهي غنية بالموارد المعدنية، تمتلك احتياطيا كبيرا من الفحم والحديد والنحاس والمواد الكيماوية، وتوزيعها متمركز، يسهل استثمارها بحجم كبير. تحتل البتروكيماويات والمعادن غير الحديدية والصناعة الخفيفة بهما مكانة هامة في الصين.

تحتل آنهوي مركزا متوسطا بين المناطق الصينية من حيث مؤشر الاستهلاك، تمثل السوق المحلية فرصة حقيقية للمستثمرين. مع النمو الاقتصادي وارتفاع دخل السكان، يتوقع البعض أن يزداد مؤشر الاستهلاك فيها زيادة كبيرة.

Natural resources of Anhui include iron in Ma'anshan, coal in Huainan, and copper in Tongling. There are industries related to these natural resources (e.g. steel industry at Ma'anshan). One of the famous Anhui-based corporations is the automobile company Chery, which is based in Wuhu.

Farmlands of Anhui

Compared to its more prosperous neighbours to the east, Zhejiang and Jiangsu, Anhui has lagged markedly behind in economic development, with a GDP per capita around half of those two provinces in 2017 rapidly improved from 1/3 of those two provinces in 2010. However, the provincial GDP per capita is based on the population registered in the province (that is, with local Hukou), but not necessarily residing there. There is significant regional disparity, where much of the wealth is concentrated in industrial regions close to the Yangtze River, such as Hefei, Wuhu, and Ma'anshan.

Anhui's nominal GDP for 2016 was approximately 2.4 trillion yuan (US$365.8 billion) in the year of 2016. It is considered as a mid-size economy in terms of economic output. The province is home to a large cluster of white goods manufacture such as Haier, Hisense, Whirlpool, Gree, Royalstar, and Meling.


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Major economic and technological development zones

Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone

Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone is located in the southwest of Hefei and was established in 1993. It is located close to Hefei Luogang International Airport.[25]

Hefei Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Hefei Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in October 1990 and approved by the State Council as a state-level Development Zone in March 1991. In 1997, the Development Zone was ratified as an APEC Science and Technology Industrial Park, with special open policies to APEC and EU members. Hefei High Tech Park was also approved as a National High Tech Export Base in 2000 and obtained the award of an Advanced High Tech Zone under the Torch Program in 2003. So far, more than 100 hi-tech enterprises have entered the zone. Industries encouraged in the zone include chemical production and processing, electronics assembly & manufacturing, instruments & industrial equipment, medical Equipment and telecommunications.[26]

Wuhu Economic and Technological Development Zone

Established in 1993, Wuhu Economic and Technological Development Zone was the first state-level development zone approved by central government in Anhui, utilising the transportation advantage of the Yangtse Delta at Wuhu.[27]

Wuhu Export Processing Zone

Wuhu Export Processing Zone was approved to be a national level export processing zone, with a total planned area of 2.95 km2 (1.14 sq mi).[28]

الديموغرافيا

الدين

الدين في آن‌هوي[29][note 1]

  الإسلام (0.58%)
  عبادة السلف (4.64%)
  المسيحية (5.30%)
  ديانات أخرى أو لا دينيين[note 2] (89.48%)

The predominant religions in Anhui are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 4.64% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration, while 5.30% of the population identifies as Christian.[29] According to a 2010 survey, Muslims constitute 0.58% of the population of Anhui.[30]

The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 89.48% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism and folk religious sects.

Avalokitesvara of One Thousand Arms at the Guanyin Nunnery.
Langya Buddhist Temple in Chuzhou, Anhui
The Qingyun Street Mosque in Fuyang, Anhui
Courtyard of a Buddhist temple in Qingyang County, Anhui
Xiyan Temple

Culture

Anhui spans many geographical and cultural regions. The northern, flatter parts of the province, along the Huai River and further north, are most akin to neighboring provinces like Henan, Shandong and northern Jiangsu. In contrast, the southern, hilly parts of the province are more similar in culture and dialect to other southern, hilly provinces, like Zhejiang and Jiangxi.

Mandarin dialects are spoken over the northern and central parts of the province, north of the Yangtze river. Dialects to the north (e.g. Bengbu dialect) are classified as Zhongyuan Mandarin, together with dialects in provinces such as Henan and Shandong; dialects in the central parts (e.g. Hefei dialect) are classified as Jianghuai Mandarin, together with dialects in the central parts of neighboring Jiangsu province. Non-Mandarin dialects are spoken to the south of the Yangzi: dialects of Wu are spoken in Xuancheng prefecture-level city, though these are rapidly being replaced by Jianghuai Mandarin; dialects of Gan are spoken in a few counties in the southwest bordering Jiangxi province;[31] and the Huizhou dialects are spoken in about ten counties in the far south, a small but highly diverse and unique group of Chinese dialects.

Huangmeixi, which originated in the environs of Anqing in southwestern Anhui, is a form of traditional Chinese opera popular across China. Huiju, a form of traditional opera originating in the Huizhou-speaking areas of southern Anhui, is one of the major precursors of Beijing Opera; in the 1950s, Huiju (which had disappeared) was revived. Luju is a type of traditional opera found across central Anhui, from east to west.

Anhui cuisine is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine. Combining elements of cooking from northern Anhui, south-central Anhui, and the Huizhou-speaking areas of southern Anhui, Anhui cuisine is known for its use of wild game and herbs, both land and sea, and comparatively simple methods of preparation.

Anhui has a high concentration of traditional products related to calligraphy: Xuanzhou (today Xuancheng) and Huizhou (today Huangshan City) are revered for producing Xuan Paper and Hui Ink, respectively, which are traditionally considered the best types of paper and ink for Chinese calligraphy. She County is famous for the She Inkstone, one of the most preferred types of inkstones (a required tool in traditional calligraphy).[بحاجة لمصدر]

Education

انظر أيضاً: List of universities and colleges in Anhui
University of Science and Technology of China
Main Campus of Hefei University of Technology
East Campus of University of Science and Technology of China

Anhui has some good universities. Most universities in Anhui are located in Hefei, Wuhu, Bengbu, Maanshan, some of them are pretty well known. Specifically, Hefei is one of the most important research central cities in China with leading basic scientific research capability.

Public universities

Military universities

  • National University of Defense Technology (NUDT) - Hefei Campus
  • PLA Artillery University
  • PLA Armoured Force University
  • PLA Vehicle University
  • PLA Air Force Flight Academy(13th)
  • Armed Police Command College(Hefei)

Tourism

Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui – Xidi and Hongcun.

Anhui's principal tourism sites include the following:

Development

In 2008, France helped the Anhui Provincial Tourism Bureau develop a rural tourism demonstration project.[32]

Notable people

  • Xia Jun, economist, telecom researcher and university professor
  • Qiu Jianliang, professional kickboxer
  • Fang Bian, sanshou fighter and professional kickboxer

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[29] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organized into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang. The number of Muslims is taken from a survey reported in the year 2010.[30]
  2. ^ This may include:

الهوامش

  1. ^ "Doing Business in China – Survey". Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  2. ^ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  3. ^ GDP-2020 is a preliminary data "Home - Regional - Quarterly by Province" (Press release). China NBS. March 1, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  4. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
  5. ^ "Anhui". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021.
  6. ^ قالب:Cite Merriam-Webster
  7. ^ "All counties in east China's Anhui out of poverty -- China's Poverty Reduction Online". p.china.org.cn. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  8. ^ (in صينية) Origin of the Names of China's Provinces Archived 2016-04-27 at the Wayback Machine, People's Daily Online.
  9. ^ "What Is The Capital Of Anhui Province?". WorldAtlas (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2019-04-26. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  10. ^ 田雨棣. "31省份2019年GDP出炉 各省份GDP之和低于全国总量". news.cctv.com. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  11. ^ "4,500-year-old city discovered in China". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  12. ^ Xu, Youwei; Wang, Y. Yvon (2022). Everyday Lives in China's Cold War Military Industrial Complex: Voices from the Shanghai Small Third Front, 1964-1988. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 9783030996871.
  13. ^ Xu, Youwei; Wang, Y. Yvon (2022). Everyday Lives in China's Cold War Military Industrial Complex: Voices from the Shanghai Small Third Front, 1964-1988. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 9783030996871.
  14. ^ Geographical Names: Chu Xian, Anhui, satellite photograph. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA
  15. ^ Grimshaw, J. & Bayton, R. (2009). New Trees - Recent Introductions to Cultivation. RBG Kew, London. ISBN 978-1-84246-173-0
  16. ^ "The largest group of Chinese alligators released to the wild". UNDP in China. June 8, 2016. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  17. ^ Jiang, H.; Wu, X. (2018). "Alligator sinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T867A3146005. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T867A3146005.en.
  18. ^ Perry, Tony (July 4, 2012). "San Diego Zoo gets two Chinese alligators in preservation effort". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
  19. ^ 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in الصينية المبسطة). Ministry of Civil Affairs. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
  20. ^ Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. 《深圳统计年鉴2014》 (in الصينية المبسطة). China Statistics Print.|url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm Archived 2015-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (in Chinese (China)) (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
  22. ^ Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in الصينية المبسطة). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
  23. ^ أ ب ت Compiled by 国务院人口普查办公室 [Department of Population Census of the State Council], 国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 [Department of Population and Social Science and Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics] (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
  24. ^ Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) (2019). 中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 [China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018] (in الصينية). Beijing: China Statistic Publishing House.
  25. ^ "Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone". RightSite.asia. Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
  26. ^ "Hefei Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone". RightSite.asia. Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
  27. ^ "RightSite.asia | Wuhu Economic & Technological Development Zone". Archived from the original on 2010-04-18. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
  28. ^ "Wuhu Export Processing Zone". RightSite.asia. Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
  29. ^ أ ب ت China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15) Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ أ ب Min Junqing. The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China. JISMOR, 8. 2010 Islam by province, page 29 Archived 2017-04-27 at the Wayback Machine. Data from: Yang Zongde, Study on Current Muslim Population in China, Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010.
  31. ^ Damian Harper; Chung Wah Chow; David Eimer; Thomas Huhti; Carolyn B. Heller; Robert Kelly (2009). China (11, illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 437. ISBN 978-1-74104-866-7. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  32. ^ "Anhui Cooperates With France To Build Rural Tourism Area". Archived from the original on September 8, 2008.

انظر أيضا

وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Anhui.

قالب:County-level divisions of Anhui

المصادر

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