ووشي

"Wu Xi" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة the footballer، انظر Wu Xi (footballer).
هذا المقال هو عن مدينة ووشي (无锡) في جيانگ‌سو. إذا كنت تريد ناحية ووشي (巫溪) في تشونگ‌چينگ، انظر ناحية ووشي.
ووشي
无锡市
Wusih, Wu Hsi
مدينة بمستوى محافظة
Wuxi
مع عقارب الساعة من أعلى: قصر يون‌فو، بوذا الكبير في لينگ شان، بحيرة لي‌هو، قناة المدينة، حدائق لي‌يوان
مع عقارب الساعة من أعلى: قصر يون‌فو، بوذا الكبير في لينگ شان، بحيرة لي‌هو، قناة المدينة، حدائق لي‌يوان
الختم الرسمي لـ ووشي
Seal
الشعار: 
"ووشي مليئة بالدفء والمياه"
حدود مدينة ووشي في جيانگ‌سو
حدود مدينة ووشي في جيانگ‌سو
ووشي is located in جيانگ‌سو
ووشي
ووشي
الموقع في الصين
ووشي is located in شرق الصين
ووشي
ووشي
ووشي (شرق الصين)
ووشي is located in الصين
ووشي
ووشي
ووشي (الصين)
الإحداثيات: 31°34′N 120°18′E / 31.567°N 120.300°E / 31.567; 120.300Coordinates: 31°34′N 120°18′E / 31.567°N 120.300°E / 31.567; 120.300
البلدالصين
المقاطعةجيانگ‌سو
التقسيمات بمستوى ناحية9
التقسيمات بمستوى بلدة73
الحكومة
 • الأمين البلدي للحزب الشيوعيلي شياومين (李小敏)
 • القائم بأعمال العمدةهوانگ چين (黄钦)
المساحة
 • مدينة بمستوى محافظة4٬787٫61 كم² (1٬848٫51 ميل²)
التعداد
 (تعداد 2017)
 • مدينة بمستوى محافظة6٬553٬000
 • الكثافة1٬400/km2 (3٬500/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
3٬542٬319
منطقة التوقيتUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
Urban center: 214000
Other Area: 214200, 214400
مفتاح الهاتف510
License plate prefixes苏B
ن.م.إ. (2018)1.144 تريليون رن‌مين بي
(172.9 بليون دولار)[1]
 - للفرد174,556 رن‌مين بي (26,380 $)
مؤشر التنمية البشرية0.909 - very high
اللهجة المحليةوو: لهجة ووشي
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.wuxi.gov.cn
ووشي
Wuxi (Chinese characters).svg
"Wuxi" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
الصينية المبسطة无锡
الصينية التقليدية無錫

ووشي (صينية: 无锡�؛ Wuxi) هي مدينة قديمة في جنوب مقاطعة جيانگ‌سو، بالصين. وتحد المدينة مدينتين كبيرتين أخريين، چانگ‌ژو إلى الغرب و سوژو إلى الشرق، كما تحد مقاطعة ژى‌جيانگ في الجنوب. ولها أيضاً شريط ساحلي على نهر يانگ‌تسى في الشمال وساحلين منفصلين على بحيرة تاي. تشتهر ووشي بأنها واحدة من أماكن ميلاد الصناعة والتجارة الحديثة في الصين، وبأنها مقر العديد من رجال الأعمال المهمين الذين لعبوا أدواراً أساسية في بناء التجارة في شانغهاي منذ مطلع القرن العشرين.

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أصل الاسم

The modern name consists of the Chinese characters 无锡, literally translated "no tin". According to a myth, at the time of the Warring States, soldiers were stationed in Xishan ("tin hill") within Wuxi. While burying a pot to prepare food, a soldier found a stone plaque engraved with the words "If there is tin there is an army, there will be conflict under heaven. If there is no tin (wuxi), there will be peace under heaven," which may be the origin of the name.[2][3]

However, some scholars believe the name may have been originated from "吳墟", meaning the "Ruins of Wu", due to Meicun's role as the original capital of the region. Another interesting theory suggests the city's name comes from a Chinese transcription of an indigenous Baiyue name honoring a bird deity.[4][5][6] Others believe that the name could be derived from an ancient pronunciation of the name Fu Xi.

Former translations to English include Wu-shi, Wushi and Wu-hsi.


التاريخ

أسرة ژو

According to traditional Chinese historians, two Zhou princes, Taibo and Zhongyong, founded the first Chinese state in the area of Wuxi around the 11th century BC. This state of Wu (吳) had its first capital at Meili, generally thought to be the village of Meicun in Wuxi (although some records indicate a location closer to Wu's later capitals around Suzhou).[بحاجة لمصدر] Taibo and Zhongyong helped develop Wu's agriculture and waterways and the area soon flourished. Taibo died without an heir, and Zhongyong succeeded him as King of Wu. His descendants were later officially enfeoffed by the Zhou court as vassals before declaring themselves full kings again during the Spring and Autumn period.

A shrine to Taibo was set up in today's Meicun. Although the original wood structure was eventually destroyed in war, it has been rebuilt several times.[بحاجة لمصدر] A stone carved with sayings by Confucius can still be seen at the modern Taibo Shrine, whose architecture dates mostly to the Qing dynasty.

فترة الربيع والخريف و فترة الدويلات المتناحرة

The State of Wu became one of the strongest kingdoms during the Spring and Autumn period. Sunzi (Suntzu), who wrote the famous "the Art of War" came to Wu and helped the king with his military affairs. Wu was considered one of the seven strongest kingdoms during this period[بحاجة لمصدر]. Some of Sunzi's descendants still live in Sunxiang in Wuxi near the Plum Garden. However, Wu was later defeated by the State of Yue, today's Zhejiang and Fujian, which in turn was overthrown by the State of Chu and incorporated into Chu during the Warring States period.

أسرتا چين وهان

The cultural and economic center of the "Wu" area shifted to Suzhou after the reign of the first Qin dynasty emperor, Qin Shi Huang, who united China; Wuxi at that time belonged to Suzhou. During the Han dynasty, Wuxi was set up as a county by emperor Han Wudi. Historic records show that tin was discovered during the early Han era, leading to conflicts in the area. Soon, however, the tin was depleted. This was once believed to be the origin of the name Wuxi, meaning "no tin." The name was changed to Youxi (有錫), meaning "having tin", during the Wang Mang conflicts period because Wang wanted to change the name.

الأسر الست، وأسرتا تانگ وسونگ

Agriculture and the silk industry flourished in Wuxi and the town became a transportation center under the early Tang Dynasty after the construction of the Grand Canal. Although Suzhou became the center of the Wu area, Wuxi was also important in the county of Wu.

أسر يوان و مينگ وتشينگ

During the Ming dynasty, Wuxi became a prosperous cultural center. During the late Ming and early Qing periods, Wuxi was a center for political discussion and public opinion. Agriculture, with rice and fish were major products in the Qing period.

During the Taiping Rebellion, Wuxi was devastated by the war's destruction, like other parts of the lower Yangtze valley. Warfare disrupted planting in the region.[7]

During the late 19th century, Wuxi became a center of the textile industry in China and one of the four most important rice markets nationwide. By 1878, Wuxi was the leading silk-producing county in Jiangsu, outstripping even Suzhou, the traditional center of that industry. In the late 19th century, Wuxi was also the regional center for the waterborne transport of grain and a major commercial center.

القرن العشرون

Between 1900 and 1940, Wuxi was considered one of the most important counties in China. In dramatist Cao Yu's well-known drama "Thunderstorm", Wuxi was mentioned several times with the comment "Wuxi is a good place". After the People's Republic of China was established by the communists in 1949, Wuxi continued to grow in importance, with increases in textile production along with both light and heavy industry. This city was considered the second most important city in Jiangsu Province after the capital Nanjing. However, its developmental model has been criticized for the environmental deterioration caused. New strategies are now under consideration to ensure its sustainable development.

الجغرافيا

Map showing the city Wuxi (Arrowed ) and its relation to the City of Shanghai, The Yangtze River and Lake Tai.

The city plan, as is typical of many older Chinese cities, is of a central city with a roughly circular plan, crisscrossed with older canals, the main canal still seeing heavy barge traffic.

Wuxi itself is on an alluvial plain of deep sedimentary deposits cut between limestone foothills, making it one of the sources for "scholar's rocks", the intricately weathered stones which were used as devices for contemplation.

المناخ

Wuxi is hot and humid in summer and chilly and damp in winter, with an average annual temperature of 18 °C (64 °F) and very occasional snow. Because of its proximity to the East China Sea, it has a monsoon season and receives 100 centimetres (39 inches) of rain annually.[بحاجة لمصدر]

بيانات مناخ ووشي
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 7.39
(45.3) 		9.1
(48.4) 		13.5
(56.3) 		20.0
(68) 		25.4
(77.7) 		28.6
(83.5) 		31.83
(89.3) 		30.9
(87.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		21.9
(71.4) 		16.0
(60.8) 		9.9
(49.8) 		20٫1
(68٫2)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 0.17
(32.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		5.7
(42.3) 		11.1
(52) 		16.5
(61.7) 		21.3
(70.3) 		24.89
(76.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		19.6
(67.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		7.3
(45.1) 		1.7
(35.1) 		12٫2
(54)
هطول mm (inches) 47.3
(1.862) 		49.7
(1.957) 		82.5
(3.248) 		62.4
(2.457) 		79.8
(3.142) 		138.5
(5.453) 		121.8
(4.795) 		99.1
(3.902) 		53.7
(2.114) 		41.2
(1.622) 		39.5
(1.555) 		28.1
(1.106) 		843٫6
(33٫213)
Source: MSN Weather[8]


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الديمغرافيا

According to the 2010 Census, the prefecture-level of Wuxi has a population of 6,372,624, an increase of 1,192,777 from the 2000 census, giving it an annual population growth of 20.9% for the period 2000-2010.[9]

الادارة

خريطة تضم ووشي (موسومة WU-HSI (WUSIH) 無錫) (AMS، 1954)
انظر أيضاً: قائمة التقسيمات الادارية في جيانگ‌سو

المدينة بمستوى محافظة ووشي، جيانگ‌سو، الصين، تشرف على سبع تقسيمات بمستوى ناحية، منها 5 districts and 2 county-level cities. The information here presented uses the metric system and data from 2010 Census.

These districts are sub-divided into 73 township-level divisions، تضم 59 بلدة و 24 تحت مديرية.

الخريطة
التقسيم بالصينية هان‌يو پن‌ين التعداد (2010) المساحة (كم²) الكثافة (/كم²)
المدينة نفسها
Liangxi District 梁溪区 Liángxī Qū 944,188 71.50 13,205.43
Suburban
Xishan District 锡山区 Xīshān Qū 681,300 399.11 1,707.05
Huishan District 惠山区 Huìshān Qū 691,059 325.12 2,125.55
Binhu District 滨湖区 Bīnhú Qū 688,965 628.15 1,096.82
Xinwu District 新吴区 Xīnwú Qū 536,807 220.01 2,439.92
Satellite cities (County-level cities)
Jiangyin City 江阴市 Jiāngyīn Shì 1,594,829 986.97 1,615.88
Yixing City 宜兴市 Yíxīng Shì 1,235,476 1,996.61 618.79
Total 6,372,624 4,627.46 1,377.13
Defunct: Chong'an District, Nanchang District, & Beitang District

الاقتصاد

Currently Wuxi is designated as an investment grade city, and has two large industrial parks devoted to new industries.[بحاجة لمصدر]. While being the current manufacturing centers on textiles, there are projects to move to electric motor manufacturing and MRP software development. Wuxi is the solar technology hub in China as two major photovoltaic companies are based in the city. They are Suntech Power and Jetion Holdings Ltd which were listed on overseas stock exchanges.

In 2008 new energy industries were worth 37.8 Billion RMB, with the solar photovoltaic industry accounting for 30.2 Billion RMB of the total.[10] The GDP per capita was ¥107,400 (US$17,050) in 2011, ranked first in Jiangsu, ahead of Nanjing and Suzhou.[1]

Bicycle manufacturing for international brands is another industry, including bicycle assembly and bicycle component manufacturing. One of the two Chinese factories of Taiwan-based brake manufacturer Tektro is in Wuxi.

The center of the city is filled with modern high rise buildings and the market is being redeveloped in a postmodern style. Hynix completed a new chip plant in Wuxi.[11]

الصناعة

المديرية الجديدة في ووشي

Since it was established in 1992, Wuxi New District (WND) has evolved to be one of the major industrial parks in China. A wide variety of components, sub-systems and original equipments are made in WND. Approximately 1200 enterprises have been registered in WND by the end of 2008. Wuxi New District provides strong support for international manufacturing operations. The Zone focuses on formation of the five pillar industries of electronic information, precision machinery and mechanical and electrical integration, bio-pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals and new materials.[12]

Entrance to Wuxi New District as viewed from highway leading to airport
Wuxi Export Processing Zone

Established in 1992, Wuxi Export Processing Zone is located in Wuxi New District with a planned area of 2.98 km2. The encouraged industries include electronic information, optical-mechanical-electronic-integration, precision machinery, and new materials. It is situated near to Wuxi Airport and Changzhou Port.[13]

الثقافة

حديقة جياتشانگ
رسام ووشي، يو ون‌شان، ح. 1658، منظر طبيعي بمنظور متأثر بالغرب.

As an important city for the "Wu" area, its culture bears distinctive characteristics, which can be identified in its dialect, architecture, waterway transportation and various art types.[بحاجة لمصدر]

It was one of the art and cultural centers of "Jiangnan", with several famous Chinese authors claiming Wuxi as their home town. Among them, most recently, Qian Zhongshu, author of Fortress Besieged, a comedy of manners set in China in the 1930s. Wuxi was the birthplace of the famous Chinese (later American) artist Chen Chi (1912—2005), in whose honor a museum has been erected in the city.

One of the handicraft specialties of Wuxi is the production of Huishan clay figurines.[بحاجة لمصدر] and clay tea pots.

In modern times Wuxi has produced a number of cultural figures such as Hua Yanjun (1893–1950) also known as "Blind Abing" (瞎子阿炳), famous for his erhu and pipa music. Another famous musician is Liu Tianhua, who was the first to compile folk music using staff.


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النقل

السكك الحديدية

Wuxi is situated on the Shanghai–Nanjing Intercity High-Speed Railway, linking it directly with the provincial capital of Nanjing (1.5 hours) and China's economic hub, Shanghai (45 minutes train-ride) and the fifth biggest economic hub and tourist destination Suzhou (24 minutes). K-series trains all stop at Wuxi.

النقل الجوي

Sunan Shuofang International Airport (IATA: WUX) opened in 2004 and serves the cities of Wuxi and Suzhou. It is situated 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from the city centre and has direct flights to Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Taipei, Singapore, and Osaka.

الطرق السريعة

Expressways:

الطرق السريعة الوطنية:

طرق المقاطعة:

المترو

The Wuxi government has planned a network of 8 metro lines. Line 1 and line 2 of the Wuxi Metro began operation in 2014, on July 1 and December 28 respectively.

السياحة

Nanchan Temple and Pagoda

Wuxi is a major tourist area of the Lower Yangtze Delta. It has both natural and man-made places of interest.

The city was built on the shore of Lake Tai with the lake providing a rich tourism resource. Noted spots include Yuantouzhu (the Islet of Turtlehead) and Taihu Xiandao (Islands of the Deities). Completed in 2008, this 115-metre (377 ft) tall Ferris wheel takes 18 minutes to complete one revolution. Passengers can enjoy the scenery of Lake Tai and the city center. At night, lighting effects are switched on around the wheel.[14]

Literally "Tin Mountain" and "Kindhearted Mountain", Mount Xi and Mount Hui are two small hills located in the western part of the city. The classic royal Ji-chang-yuan Gardens are located at the foot of the hill as well as the Tianxia di er quan (天下第二泉), literally "the second spring under heaven"). Xi Shan is also a name for a tourist area located in Suzhou. Because two separate Chinese characters are both pronounced "Xi": one stands for "West", the other (in this case) is for the metal material tin.

A canal in Wuxi

The Grand Canal passes through the city. There are two canals: one is the old canal that has been there since it was excavated, the other is the new canal created after 1949.

Wuxi has many private gardens or parks built by learned scholars and rich people in the past. Among these, Li Yuan, Mei Yuan are good examples that have been well preserved. Xihui Gongyuan (Xihui Park), located at the foot of Xi Shan also houses historical relics, notably Jichang Garden. It is about 1,770 kilometres (5,810,000 ft) in length.

Located south of the Long Mountain, near Wuxi's Mashan Town, the 88 metres (289 ft) tall Grand Buddha at Ling Shan is one of the largest Buddha statues in China, and the ninth tallest statue worldwide.

Built during 16th - 19th century A.D., the town is located in the north-west part of Wuxi on the west bank of the Grand Canal and at the foot of Mount Hui. The town's buildings are mainly family ancestral halls.[بحاجة لمصدر]

مديرية الأفلام والتلفزيون

Located in the western part of Wuxi, the district consists of Wuxi Three State City Park, Tang City, and Shuihu City. Established in 1987, it was the first Movie and TV film studio in China. The CCTV Wuxi Film/TV Studio used for the shooting of The Three Kingdoms and Water Margins is classified as a AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration.[15]

كهف شان جوان

Located in Yixing (part of Wuxi), Shan Juan Cave is a 4-star scenic zone. The Chinese Romeo and Juliet, Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai were said to study behind the cave.

متحف تشن تشي

This museum honoring the famous 20th century painter Chen Chi includes a small collection of his works.

أماكن تاريخية أخرى

The former Residence of Xue Fucheng, Former Residence of A Bin, Former Residence of Xu Xiake, Site of Luotuo Dun, Taibo Temple and Tomb, and Donglin Shuyuan. These historical places are protected by the city government.

الرياضة والاستادات

Wuxi has two stadiums. The old stadium is in the southern part of the city and has yet to reopen. The other is Wuxi New Stadium, which consists of a swimming stadium, soccer stadium and other facilities. It is located in the south-west part of the city, near Lake Tai. Major League Baseball has also had its main Chinese Development Center in Wuxi China since 2008. At the Development Center, Major League Baseball scouts and recruits the best players in all of China to play at the DC in the hopes that they will eventually play professional baseball in America.

استاد ووشي لكرة القدم
استاد ووشي الجديد

التعليم

الجامعات والكليات

المدارس الثانوية

أبرز الأشخاص

  • Gu Kaizhi (later half of the fourth century), a painter.
  • Li Sheng (772–846), poet, who lived and was buried in Wuxi.[بحاجة لمصدر]
  • Gu Xiancheng (顧憲成, 1550–1612), scholar and politician, especially well known in the "Dong Lin Movement".[بحاجة لمصدر]
  • Xu Xiake (1587–1641), Ming Dynasty traveller and writer.
  • Hua Hengfang (1833–1902), mathematics in late Qing Dynasty who did studies in various area of science and technology. He participated in designing the first streamer and the first steamboat in China.
  • Xue Fucheng (薛福成, 1838–1894), thinker, diplomat (to England, France, Belgium, Italy) and a leading proponent for political reform in the late Qing Dynasty.
  • Rong Zongjing (荣宗敬, 1873–1938) and Rong Desheng (荣德生, 1875–1952), two brothers who started Rong Enterprises, a conglomerate of flour mills and textile mills all across China that employed tens of thousands of workers during the first half of the twentieth century.
  • Cai Pei (1884–1960) a diplomat and politician in the Republic of China.
  • Abing (1893–1950) folk musician, best known for his work "Er Quan Ying Yue" (moon reflected on Er stream) for the erhu.
  • Xu Beihong (1895–1953), painter, most noted for his paintings of horses.
  • Qian Zhongshu (钱锺书, 1910–1998), writer, best known for his comedy of manners Fortress Besieged.
  • Chen Chi (1912–2005), internationally famous painter.
  • Rong Yiren (1916–2005), Rong Desheng's son, the powerful "Red Capitalist", the capitalism-communist, Vice-President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 1998.
  • Lu Yaochen (吕尧臣, born 1941), Chinese art master, famous Zisha (purple clay teapot) master, born in Yi Xing.
  • Ding Junhui (born 1987), Snooker player.
  • Zhou Yongkang (born 1942), senior Communist Party of China leader.
  • Jimmy Wang Yu (born 1943), Chinese actor who appeared in the Shaw Brother's One Armed Swordsman. His movie, the Chinese Boxer (1969) is credited with being the first Hong Kong martial arts film that kick started the unarmed combat genre that took Asia by storm in the 1970s.
  • Marie Lu (Born 1984)

Chinese American Author Notable for writing the Legend Series.

معرض

  • Liyuan Gardens

    Liyuan Gardens

  • Yuantouzhu peninsula, Sanshan Islands and Lake Tai, Wuxi

    Yuantouzhu peninsula, Sanshan Islands and Lake Tai, Wuxi

  • West part of Wuxi from temple of Mt. Qingshan

    West part of Wuxi from temple of Mt. Qingshan

  • Ling Shan giant buddha, Wuxi

    Ling Shan giant buddha, Wuxi

  • "The Light of Lihu lake", Wuxi

    "The Light of Lihu lake", Wuxi

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب City of Wuxi (2013-09-26). "【2012】无锡市国民经济和社会发展概况".
  2. ^ "Wuxi" ("无锡"). (صينية)
  3. ^ "考“无锡”地名的由来". (صينية)
  4. ^ "而今现在". (صينية)
  5. ^ "无锡市". (صينية)
  6. ^ "无锡地名典故". (صينية)
  7. ^ 曾国藩（清）：〈江西牙厘请照旧经收折〉，收于《曾文正公全集》（上海世界书局，1936年）奏疏卷20，页534-636。(صينية)
  8. ^ "MSN Weather". June 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  9. ^ (صينية) Compilation by LianXin website. Data from the Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China
  10. ^ China Business News http://thechinaperspective.com/articles/wuxicitywantsroleingreenenergy6391/index.html
  11. ^ [1]Hynix completes new chip plant in China
  12. ^ RightSite.asia | Wuxi New District
  13. ^ RightSite.asia | Wuxi Export Processing Zone
  14. ^ synyan (2008-10-19). 梁溪漫志(07)：蠡湖城太湖之星 (in الصينية). Retrieved 2012-04-25.
  15. ^ "AAAAA Scenic Areas". China National Tourism Administration. 16 November 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  16. ^ http://tis-wuxi.com/

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Yangtze River Delta

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