تشانغتشون

Coordinates: 43°53′49″N 125°19′34″E / 43.897°N 125.326°E / 43.897; 125.326
(تم التحويل من Changchun)
هذا المقال هو عن المدينة. إذا كنت تريد الناسك الطاوي چانگ‌چون (1148-1227)، انظر چيو چوجي.
For other uses, see تشانغتشون (توضيح).
Changchun
长春市
Prefecture-level & Sub-provincial city
Clockwise from top: panoramic view from Shengtai Plaza, panoramic view of Ji Tower, Former Manchukuo State Department, Statue on cultural square, Changchun Christian Church, Soviet martyr monument.
Clockwise from top: panoramic view from Shengtai Plaza, panoramic view of Ji Tower, Former Manchukuo State Department, Statue on cultural square, Changchun Christian Church, Soviet martyr monument.
الكنية: 
北国春城 (Spring City of the Northern Country)
Location of Changchun City (yellow) in Jilin (light grey) and China
Location of Changchun City (yellow) in Jilin (light grey) and China
Changchun is located in Jilin
Changchun
Changchun
Location of the city centre in Jilin
Changchun is located in الصين
Changchun
Changchun
Changchun (الصين)
الإحداثيات (Jilin People's Government): 43°53′49″N 125°19′34″E / 43.897°N 125.326°E / 43.897; 125.326
CountryChina
ProvinceJilin
County-level divisions7 districts
2 county-level divisions
1 county
Incorporated (town)1889
Incorporated (city)1932
Municipal seatNanguan District
الحكومة
 • النوعSub-provincial city
 • الكيانChangchun Municipal People's Congress
 • CCP Secretaryvacant اعتبارا من مارس 2021
 • Congress ChairmanWang Zhihou
 • MayorZhang Zhijun
 • CPPCC ChairmanQi Yuanfang
المساحة
[1]
 • Prefecture-level & Sub-provincial city24٬734 كم² (9٬550 ميل²)
 • الحضر
 (2017)[2]
1٬855٫00 كم² (716٫22 ميل²)
 • العمران
1٬855٫00 كم² (716٫22 ميل²)
المنسوب
222 m (730 ft)
التعداد
 (2020 census)[3]
 • Prefecture-level & Sub-provincial city9٬066٬906
 • الكثافة370/km2 (950/sq mi)
 • Urban
5٬691٬024
 • الكثافة الحضرية3٬100/km2 (7٬900/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
5٬019٬477
 • الكثافة العمرانية2٬700/km2 (7٬000/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
130000
مفتاح الهاتف0431
ISO 3166 codeCN-JL-01
License plate prefixes吉A
GDP (2017)CNY 653.0 billion
 - per capitaCNY 86,931
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.changchun.gov.cn
[4]
تشانغتشون
Changchun name in Chinese.svg
"Changchun" in Simplified Chinese characters
Chinese name
الصينية المبسطة长春
الصينية التقليدية長春
Hanyu PinyinChángchūn
المعنى الحرفي"Long Spring"
Hsinking
الصينية新京
Hanyu PinyinXīnjīng
المعنى الحرفيNew Capital
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᠴᠠᠨᡤᠴᠣᠨ
RomanizationCangcon

تشانغتشون أو چانگ‌چون ( Changchun ؛ UK /tʃæŋˈtʃʊn/, الأمريكي /tʃɒŋʔ/;[5] صينية: 长春�) هي عاصمة وأكبر مدن مقاطعة جي‌لين، الواقعة في شمال شرق الصين.[6] وتقع في وسط سهل سونگ‌لياو. وتـُدار كمدينة تحت إقليمية، وتتكون من سبع مديريات وناحية وثلاثت مدن بمستوى ناحية.[7] According to the 2020 census of China, Changchun had a total population of 9,066,906 under its jurisdiction. The city's metro area, comprising 5 districts and 1 development area وقد بلغ تعدادها 5,019,477 في 2020، إذ أن مديريتي Shuangyang و جيوتاي لم يُعتبرا من الحضر بعد. وهي واحدة من أكبر المدن في شمال شرق الصين، مع Shenyang, Dalian and Harbin.

The name of the city means "long spring" in Chinese. Between 1932 and 1945, Changchun was renamed Xinjing (صينية: 新京؛ پن‌ين: Xīnjīng؛ حرفياً: 'new capital'�) or Hsinking by the Kwantung Army as it became the capital of the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo, occupying modern Northeast China. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Changchun was established as the provincial capital of Jilin in 1954.

Known locally as China's "City of Automobiles",[8] Changchun is an important industrial base with a particular focus on the automotive sector.[9] Because of its key role in the domestic automobile industry, Changchun was sometimes referred to as the "Detroit of China."[10] Apart from this industrial aspect, Changchun is also one of four "National Garden Cities" awarded by the Ministry of Construction of P.R. China in 2001 due to its high urban greening rate.[8][المصدر لا يؤكد ذلك]

Changchun is also one of the top 40 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index according to the Nature Index 2020 Science Cities.[11] The city is home to several major universities, notably Jilin University and Northeast Normal University, members of China's prestigious universities in the Double First Class University Plan.

الاسم أصله من لغة جورچن.

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التاريخ

التاريخ المبكر

بدأت چانگ‌چون كبلدة صغيرة للتجارة. وفي 1800، اختار الامبراطور جياچينگ من أسرة تشينگ قرية صغيرة على الضفة الشرقية لنهر يي‌تونگ وسماها "چانگ‌چون تينگ". وفي 1889، رُقـِّيت إلى "چانگ‌چون فو".[12]

At the end of the 18th century peasants from overpopulated provinces such as Shandong and Hebei began to settle in the region. In 1889, the village was promoted into a city known as "Changchun Fu".[13]


مانچوكو والحرب العالمية الثانية

On 10 March 1932 the capital of Manchukuo, a Japan-controlled puppet state in Manchuria, was established in Changchun.[14] The city was then renamed Hsinking (صينية: 新京؛ پن‌ين: Xīnjīng؛ ويد–جايلز: Hsin-ching�; Japanese:Shinkyō; literally "New Capital") on 13 March.[15] The Emperor Puyi resided in the Imperial Palace (صينية: 帝宮؛ پن‌ين: Dì gōng�) which is now the Museum of the Manchu State Imperial Palace. During the Manchukuo period, the region experienced harsh suppression, brutal warfare on the civilian population, forced conscription and labor and other Japanese sponsored government brutalities; at the same time a rapid industrialisation and militarisation took place. Hsinking was a well-planned city with broad avenues and modern public works. The city underwent rapid expansion in both its economy and infrastructure. Many of buildings built during the Japanese colonial era still stand today, including those of the Eight Major Bureaus of Manchukuo (صينية: 八大部؛ پن‌ين: Bādà bù�) as well as the Headquarters of the Japanese Kwantung Army.

إنشاء Hsinking

Hsinking Master Plan Map (1934)

Hsinking was the only Direct-controlled municipality (特别市) in Manchukuo after Harbin was incorporated into the jurisdiction of Binjiang Province.[16] In March 1932, the Inspection Division of South Manchuria Railway started to draw up the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking (الصينية المبسطة: 大新京都市计画؛ الصينية التقليدية: 大新京都市計畫؛ پن‌ين: Dà xīn jīngdū shì jìhuà�). The Bureau of capital construction (国都建设局؛ 國都建設局؛ Guódū jiànshè jú�) which was directly under the control of State Council of Manchukuo was established to take complete responsibility of the formulation and the implementation of the plan.[17] Kuniaki Koiso, the Chief of Staff of the Kwantung Army, and Yasuji Okamura, the Vice Chief-of-Staff, finalized the plan of a 200 km2 (77 sq mi) construction area. The Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking was influenced by the renovation plan of Paris in the 19th century, the garden city movement, and theories of American cities' planning and design in the 1920s. The city development plan included extensive tree planting. By 1934 Hsinking was known as the Forest Capital with Jingyuetan Park built, which is now China's largest Plantation and a AAAA-rated recreational area.[18]

In accordance with the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking, the area of publicly shared land (including the Imperial Palace, government offices, roads, parks and athletic grounds) in Hsinking was 47 km2 (18 sq mi), whilst the area of residential, commercial and industrial developments was planned to be 53 km2 (20 sq mi).[19] However, Hsinking's population exceeded the prediction of 500,000 by 1940. In 1941, the Capital Construction Bureau modified the original plan, which expanded the urban area to 160 km2 (62 sq mi). The new plan also focused on the construction of satellite towns around the city with a planning of 200 m2 (2,200 sq ft) land per capita.[17] Because the effects of war, the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking remained unfinished. By 1944, the built up urban area of Hsinking reached 80 km2 (31 sq mi), while the area used for greening reached 70.7 km2 (27.3 sq mi). As Hsinking's city orientation was the administrative center and military commanding center, land for military use exceeded the originally planned figure of 9 percent, while only light manufacturing including packing industry, cigarette industry and paper-making had been developed during this period. Japanese force also controlled Hsinking's police system, instead of Manchukuo government.[20] Major officers of Hsinking police were all ethnic Japanese.[21]

The population of Hsinking also experienced rapid growth after being established as the capital of Manchukuo. According to the census in 1934 taken by the police agency, the city's municipal area had 141,712 inhabitants.[22] By 1944 the city's population had risen to 863,607,[23] with 153,614 Japanese settlers. This population amount made Hsinking the third largest metropolitan city in Manchukuo after Mukden and Harbin, as the metropolitan mainly focused on military and political function.[24]

  • Special City Government office of Hsinking

    Special City Government office of Hsinking

  • Datong Avenue in Hsinking (1939)

    Datong Avenue in Hsinking (1939)

  • Manchukuo ministry building (built. 1935)

    Manchukuo ministry building (built. 1935)

  • Manchukuo supreme court (built 1938)

    Manchukuo supreme court (built 1938)

للمزيد من المعلومات: Eight Grand Ministries

Japanese chemical warfare agents

المقالة الرئيسية: Unit 100

In 1936, the Imperial Japanese Army established Unit 100 to develop plague biological weapons, although the declared purpose of Unit 100 was to conduct research about diseases originating from animals.[25] During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and World War II the headquarters of Unit 100 ("Wakamatsu Unit") was located in downtown Hsinking, under command of veterinarian Yujiro Wakamatsu.[26] This facility was involved in research of animal vaccines to protect Japanese resources, and, especially, biological-warfare. Diseases were tested for use against Soviet and Chinese horses and other livestock. In addition to these tests, Unit 100 ran a bacteria factory to produce the pathogens needed by other units. Biological sabotage testing was also handled at this facility: everything from poisons to chemical crop destruction.


حصار چانگ‌چون

On 20 August 1945 the city was captured by the Soviet Red Army and renamed Changchun.[27] The Russians maintained a presence in the city during the Soviet occupation of Manchuria until 1946.

National Revolutionary Army forces under Zheng Dongguo occupied the city in 1946، إلا أنهم لم يستطيعوا الاحتفاظ بالريف المحيط بها أمام قوات لين بياو من جيش التحرير الشعبي (الشيوعيين)، أثناء الحرب الأهلية الصينية.

The city fell to the Chinese Communist Party in 1948 after the five-month Siege of Changchun, and the communist victory was a turning point which allowed an offensive to capture the remainder of Mainland China.[28] Between 10 and 30 percent[29] of the civilian population starved to death under the siege; estimates range from 150,000[30] to 330,000.[31] اعتبارا من 2015 the PRC government avoids all mention of the siege.[32]

وقد سقطت المدينة في أيدي الشيوعيين في 1948 بعد حصار دام خمسة أشهر من قِبل جيش التحرير الشعبي الذي أسفر عن مجاعة هائلة راح ضحيتها من 100,000 إلى 300,000 قتيل. الحقائق عن الحصار ما زالت موضع رقابة رسمية في جمهورية الصين الشعبية.[33]

في عصر الجمهورية الشعبية

Changchun Liberation Monument

غيرت حكومة جمهورية الصين الشعبية اسم المدينة إلى چانگ‌چون، وأصبحت عاصمة مقاطعة جي‌لين في 1954.

من عقد 1950، اُختيرت چانگ‌چون لتصبح مركزاً لصناعة السيارات في الصين. وقد بدأ بناء أشغال السيارات الأولى في 1953 وبدأ انتاج الشاحنة جيه‌فانگ CA-10، المبنية على تصميم ZIS-150 السوڤيتية في 1956. وفي 1958، قدمت FAW السيارة الليموزين الشهيرة هونگ‌چي (العلم الأحمر).

استضافت چانگ‌چون الألعاب الآسيوية الشتوية 2007.

الجغرافيا

چانگ‌چون
جدول طقس (التفسير)
يفمأمييأسأند
 
 
3.2
 
−10
−20
 
 
4.5
 
−5
−16
 
 
12
 
4
−7
 
 
22
 
14
2
 
 
50
 
21
9
 
 
100
 
26
16
 
 
161
 
28
19
 
 
122
 
26
17
 
 
52
 
21
10
 
 
29
 
13
2
 
 
10
 
2
−8
 
 
5
 
−7
−16
متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س
إجمالي الهطل - مم
المصدر: CMA


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المناخ

Climate data for چانگ‌چون
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −9.6
(14.7) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		14.1
(57.4) 		21.4
(70.5) 		26.1
(79.0) 		27.6
(81.7) 		26.4
(79.5) 		21.3
(70.3) 		12.8
(55.0) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		11.2
(52.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −19.7
(−3.5) 		−15.8
(3.6) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		1.9
(35.4) 		9.3
(48.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		17.3
(63.1) 		10.1
(50.2) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−16
(3) 		0.7
(33.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 3.2
(0.13) 		4.5
(0.18) 		12.3
(0.48) 		21.9
(0.86) 		49.9
(1.96) 		99.7
(3.93) 		161.1
(6.34) 		121.6
(4.79) 		51.9
(2.04) 		28.9
(1.14) 		10.3
(0.41) 		5.0
(0.20) 		570.4
(22.46)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3.7 4.6 5.5 7.1 9.8 13.6 15.4 12.4 8.8 6.7 5.7 5.4 98.7
Average relative humidity (%) 66 61 53 49 51 65 78 79 69 61 63 66 63.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 188.5 195.3 239.2 241.3 261.2 247.6 220.3 235.2 234.8 214.3 174.6 164.3 2٬616٫7
Source: China Meteorological Administration

الأقسام الادارية

المدينة تحت الإقليمية چانگ‌چون تضم مسئولية مباشرة عن 6 districts (区 qu), 3 county-level cities (市 shi) and 1 County (县 xian):

الخريطة # الاسم هان‌زي هان‌يو پن‌ين التعداد (تق. 2003) المساحة (كم²) الكثافة (/كم²)
Changchun mcp.png
المدينة نفسها
1 Chaoyang District 朝阳区 Cháoyáng Qū 740,000 379 1,953
2 Nanguan District 南关区 Nánguān Qū 610,000 497 1,227
3 Kuancheng District 宽城区 Kuānchéng Qū 470,000 877 536
4 Erdao District 二道区 Èrdào Qū 390,000 965 404
5 Luyuan District 绿园区 Lùyuán Qū 570,000 301 1,894
Suburb
6 Shuangyang District 双阳区 Shuāngyáng Qū 380,000 1,663 229
Satellite cities
7 Dehui 德惠市 Déhuì Shì 920,000 3,096 297
8 Jiutai 九台市 Jiǔtái Shì 830,000 2,875 289
9 Yushu 榆树市 Yúshù Shì 1,230,000 4,691 262
Rural
10 Nong'an County 农安县 Nóng'ān Xiàn 1,120,000 5,221 215

الاقتصاد

Chongqing Road,Changchun
Wuhuan Arena,Changchun

الجامعات والكليات

جامعة چانگ‌چون


العلاقات الدولية

المقالة الرئيسية: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

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المدن الشقيقة

چانگ‌چون متوأمة مع:

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Geographic Location
  2. ^ Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 50. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  3. ^ "China: Jílín (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". Archived from the original on 23 September 2014.
  4. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة GDP
  5. ^ "Changchun". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021.
  6. ^ "Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions-Jilin". PRC Central Government Official Website. 2001. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  7. ^ 中央机构编制委员会印发《关于副省级市若干问题的意见》的通知. 中编发[1995]5号. 豆丁网 (in الصينية). 1995-02-19. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  8. ^ أ ب "Changchun (Jilin) City Information". HKTDC Research. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015.
  9. ^ "Changchun Business Guide – Economic Overview". echinacities.com. Retrieved 26 July 2012.[dead link]
  10. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Changchun: China's Detroit
  11. ^ "Nature Index 2020 Science Cities | Supplements | Nature Index". www.natureindex.com. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  12. ^ 新京特別市公署『新京市政概要』12–13頁、新京商工公会刊『新京の概況 建国十周年記念發刊』1–7頁、『満洲年鑑』昭和20年（康徳12年）版 389–390頁、他を参照。[استشهاد ناقص]
  13. ^ "History". Changchun Municipal Government. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  14. ^ 大同元年4月1日国務院佈告第1号「満洲国国都ヲ長春ニ奠ム」（大同元年3月10日）
  15. ^ 大同元年4月1日国務院佈告第2号「国都長春ヲ新京ト命名ス」（大同元年3月14日）
  16. ^ 「特別市指定ニ関スル件廃止ニ関スル件」（康徳4年6月27日勅令第142号）
  17. ^ أ ب 国務院国都建設局『國都大新京』（日譯）16頁[استشهاد ناقص]
  18. ^ 長春浄月潭. j.people.com.cn (in اليابانية). 人民網日本株式会社事業案内. 26 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  19. ^ 新京特別市公署『新京市政概要』6頁[استشهاد ناقص]
  20. ^ 首都警察廳正式成立ノ件（大同元年10月18日民政部訓令第286号）
  21. ^ 後に「首都警察廳官制中改正ノ件」（康徳4年9月30日勅令第282号）により、新京特別市のみを管轄とした。
  22. ^ 新京特別市公署『新京市政概要』7頁[استشهاد ناقص]
  23. ^ 『満洲年鑑』昭和20年（康徳12年）版、1944年、389頁[استشهاد ناقص]
  24. ^ 『満洲年鑑』等では「新京市政公署」の記述も見られる。
  25. ^ 侵华日军使用细菌武器述略 (in الصينية). 人民日报社. 2005-06-16. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  26. ^ Harris, Sheldon H. Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–45 , and the American Cover-Up. London: Routledge, 1994.
  27. ^ LTC David M. Glantz, "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" Archived 23 يوليو 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, Fort Leavenworth Kansas.
  28. ^ Dikötter, Frank. (2013). The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945-1957 (1 ed.). London: Bloomsbury Press. pp. 3–8. ISBN 978-1-62040-347-1.
  29. ^ China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists' Rise Archived 8 يناير 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Andrew Jacobs, New York Times, 1 October 2009
  30. ^ Pomfret, John (2009-10-02). Red Army Starved 150,000 Chinese Civilians. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2014. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  31. ^ Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon. 2006. Mao: The Unknown Story. London: Vintage Books. p383.
  32. ^ Jacobs, Andrew (2009-10-02). "China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists' Rise". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  33. ^ Jacobs, Andrew (2009-10-02). "China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists' Rise". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-10-02.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية


قالب:Changchun

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