شان‌شي

يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين المقاطعة المجاورة شآن‌شي المجاورة (陕西省؛ Shǎnxī Shěng�) التي عاصمتها هي شي‌آن. للاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر شان‌شي (توضيح).

شان‌شي 山西省 مقاطعة الترجمة اللفظية بالـ الاسم  • الصيني 山西省 (Shānxī Shěng)  • الاختصار SX / 晋 (پن‌ين: Jìn�) مع عقارب الساعة من أعلى: سور الصين العظيم عند Yanmen Pass Great White Pagoda at Tayuan Temple South Gate of the Old City of Datong معابد قرب Mount Wutai Hengshan Hanging Temple خريطة تبين موقع مقاطعة شان‌شي الإحداثيات: 37°42′N 112°24′E السمِيْ 山 shān – جبل 西 xī – غرب "غرب جبال تاي‌هانگ" العاصمة (وأكبر مدينة) تاي‌يوان التقسيمات 11 محافظة، 119 ناحية، 1388 بلدية الحكومة  • الأمين Lou Yangsheng  • الحاكم لين وو المساحة  • الإجمالي 156٬000 كم² (60٬000 ميل²) ترتيب المساحة 19 أعلى منسوب (جبل ووتاي) 3٬058 m (10٬033 ft) التعداد  (2020)  • الإجمالي 34٬915٬616  • الترتيب 18  • الكثافة 220/km2 (580/sq mi)  • ترتيب الكثافة 19 Demographics  • التركيبة العرقية هان – 99.7% هوي – 0.2%  • اللغات واللهجات Jin, Zhongyuan Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin ن.م.إ.  • الإجمالي 1.765 تريليون CNY 255 بليون دولار أمريكي (24)  •  • للفرد 50,555 CNY 7,327 دولار (27) ISO 3166 code CN-SX HDI (2019) 0.752 (high) (16) الموقع الإلكتروني www.shanxigov.cn (in صينية)

شان‌شي "شان‌شي" بالحروف الصينية الصينية 山西 البريد Shansi المعنى الحرفي "West of the جبال (تاي‌هانگ)" النسخ Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Shānxī Bopomofo ㄕㄢ   ㄒㄧ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Shanshi Wade–Giles Shan1-hsi1 IPA [ʂánɕí] Wu Suzhounese Se-si Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Sāan-sāi Jyutping Saan1-sai1 IPA قالب:IPAc-yue Southern Min Hokkien POJ Soaⁿ-sai Tâi-lô Suann-sai

شان‌شي  (صينية: 山西؛ پن‌ين: Shānxī؛ ويد–جايلز: Shan-hsi�; تهجي الخريطة البريدية: Shansi) هي مقاطعة في الجزء الشمالي من جمهورية الصين الشعبية. اختصارها ذو الحرف الواحد هو جين (晋 پن‌ين jìn)، بعد دولة جين التي تواجدت فيها أثناء فترة الربيع والخريف.

الاسم شان‌شي يعني حرفياً "غرب الجبل"، الذي يشير إلى موقع المقاطعة غرب جبال تاي‌هانگ. تجاور شان‌شي خبي إلى الشرق، هـِنان إلى الجنوب، شآن‌شي إلى الغرب، ومنغوليا الداخلية إلى الشمال. عاصمة المقاطعة هي تاي‌يوان.

شان‌شي هي المنتج الأول للفحم في الصين، إذ تحوي تقريباً ثلث إجمالي احتياطي الفحم بالصين. إلا أن ن.م.ا. للفرد في شان‌شي يبقى تحت المتوسط الوطني.

The province is also known for having by far the largest number of historic buildings among all Chinese provinces, by possessing over 70% of China's surviving buildings built during or predating the Song dynasty. Also notable are the Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi, which date back over 1500 years.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 التاريخ

 الصين قبل الإمبراطورية

In the Spring and Autumn period (722–403 BC), the state of Jin was located in what is now Shanxi Province. It underwent a three-way split into the states of Han, Zhao and Wei in 403 BC, the traditional date taken as the start of the Warring States period (403–221 BC). By 221 BC, all of these states had fallen to the state of Qin, which established the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC).

 الصين الامبراطورية

Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) ruled Shanxi as the province of Bingzhou.

Buddhist votive stele. From China, Shanxi Province. Northern Wei dynasty, 520 CEح. 520 CE. Victoria and Albert Museum

During the invasion of northern nomads in the Sixteen Kingdoms period (304–439), several regimes including the Later Zhao, Former Yan, Former Qin, and Later Yan continuously controlled Shanxi. They were followed by Northern Wei (386–534), a Xianbei kingdom, which had one of its earlier capitals at present-day Datong in northern Shanxi, and which went on to rule nearly all of northern China.

The Tang dynasty (618–907) originated in Taiyuan. During the Tang dynasty and after, present-day Shanxi was called Hédōng (河東�), or "east of the (Yellow) river". Empress Wu Zetian, one of China's only female rulers, was born in Shanxi in 624.

During the first part of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907–960), Shanxi supplied rulers of three of the Five Dynasties. Among the Ten Kingdoms, it was the only one located in northern China. Shanxi was initially home to the jiedushi (commander) of Hedong, Li Cunxu, who overthrew the first of the Five Dynasties, Later Liang (907–923) to establish the second, Later Tang (923–936). Another jiedushi of Hedong, Shi Jingtang, overthrew Later Tang to establish the third of the Five Dynasties, Later Jin, and yet another jiedushi of Hedong, Liu Zhiyuan, established the fourth of the Five Dynasties (Later Han) after the Khitans destroyed Later Jin, the third. Finally, when the fifth of the Five Dynasties (Later Zhou) emerged, the jiedushi of Hedong at the time, Liu Chong, rebelled and established an independent state called Northern Han, one of the Ten Kingdoms, in what is now northern and central Shanxi.

Shi Jingtang, founder of the Later Jin, the third of the Five Dynasties, ceded a piece of northern China to the Khitans in return for military assistance. This territory, called The Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, included a part of northern Shanxi. The ceded territory became a major problem for China's defense against the Khitans for the next 100 years, because it lay south of the Great Wall.

The later Zhou, the last dynasty of the Five Dynasties period was founded by Guo Wei, a Han Chinese, who served as the Assistant Military Commissioner at the court of the Later Han which was ruled by Shatuo Turks. He founded his dynasty by launching a military coup against the Turkic Later Han Emperor, however his newly established dynasty was short lived and was conquered by the Song Dynasty in 960.

Pagoda of Fogong Temple built in 1056

In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127), the sixteen ceded prefectures continued to be an area of contention between Song China and the Liao Dynasty. Later the Southern Song Dynasty abandoned all of North China, including Shanxi, to the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in 1127 after the Jingkang Incident of the Jin-Song wars.

The Mongol Yuan Dynasty divided China into provinces but did not establish Shanxi as a province. Shanxi only gained its present name and approximate borders during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) which were of the same landarea and borders as the previous Hedong Commandery that existed during the Tang Dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), Shanxi extended north beyond the Great Wall to include parts of Inner Mongolia, including what is now the city of Hohhot, and overlapped with the jurisdiction of the Eight Banners and the Guihua Tümed banner in that area.

For centuries, Shanxi served as a center for trade and banking; the "Shanxi merchants" were once synonymous with wealth. The well-preserved city and UNESCO World Heritage site Pingyao shows many signs of its economic importance during the Qing dynasty.

 جمهورية الصين المبكرة (1912–1937)

يان شي‌شان, أمير حرب في شان‌شي في عهد جمهورية الصين.

بانهيار أسرة تشينگ، أصبحت شان‌شي جزءاً من جمهورية الصين حديثة الإنشاء. From 1911–1949, during the entire period of the Republic of China's period of rule over mainland China, Shanxi was controlled by the warlord Yan Xishan. Early in Yan's rule he decided that, unless he was able to modernize and revive the economy of his small, poor, remote province, he would be unable to protect Shanxi from rival warlords. Yan devoted himself to modernizing Shanxi and developing its resources during his reign over the province. He has been viewed by Western biographers as a transitional figure who advocated using Western technology to protect Chinese traditions, while at the same time reforming older political, social and economic conditions in a way that paved the way for the radical changes that would occur after his rule.

In 1918 there was an outbreak of bubonic plague in northern Shanxi that lasted for two months and killed 2,664 people. Yan's interactions with the Western medical personnel he met with to discuss how to suppress the epidemic inspired him to modernize and improve Shanxi's medical infrastructure which he began by funding the Research Society for the Advancement of Chinese Medicine, based in Taiyuan, in 1921. Highly unusual in China at the time, the school had a four-year curriculum and included courses in both Chinese and Western Medicine. The main skills that Yan hoped physicians trained at the school would learn were: a standardized system of diagnosis; sanitary science, including bacteriology; surgical skills, including obstetrics; and, the use of diagnostic instruments. Yan hoped that his support of the school would eventually lead to increased revenues in the domestic and international trade of Chinese drugs, improved public health, and improved public education. Yan's promotion of a modern curriculum and infrastructure of Chinese medicine achieved limited success, but much of the teaching and publication that this school of medicine produced was limited to the area around Taiyuan: by 1949 three of the seven government-run hospitals were in the city. In 1934 the province produced a ten-year-plan that envisaged employing a hygiene worker in every village, but the Japanese invasion in 1937 and the subsequent civil war made it impossible to carry these plans out. Yan's generous support for the Research Association for the Improvement of Chinese Medicine generated a body of teaching and publication in modern Chinese medicine that became one of the foundations of the national institution of modern traditional Chinese medicine that was adopted in the 1950s.

Yan invested in Shanxi's industrial infrastructure, and by 1949 the area around Taiyuan was a major national producer of coal, iron, chemicals, and munitions. Yan was able to protect the province from his rivals for the period of his rule partially due to his building of an arsenal in Taiyuan that, for the entire period of his administration, remained the only center in China capable of producing field artillery. Yan's army was successful in eradicating banditry in Shanxi, allowing him to maintain a relatively high level of public order and security.

Yan went to great lengths to eradicate social traditions which he considered antiquated. He insisted that all men in Shanxi abandon their Qing-era queues, giving police instructions to clip off the queues of anyone still wearing them. In one instance, Yan lured people into theatres in order to have his police systematically cut the hair of the audience. He attempted to combat widespread female illiteracy by creating in each district at least one vocational school in which peasant girls could be given a primary-school education and taught domestic skills. After Kuomintang military victories in 1925 generated great interest in Shanxi for the Nationalist ideology, including women's rights, Yan allowed girls to enroll in middle school and college, where they promptly formed a women's association.

Yan attempted to eradicate the custom of foot binding, threatening to sentence men who married women with bound feet, and mothers who bound their daughters' feet, to hard labor in state-run factories. He discouraged the use of the traditional lunar calendar and encouraged the development of local boy scout organizations. Like the Communists who later succeeded Yan, he punished habitual lawbreakers to "redemption through labour" in state-run factories.

After the failed attempt by the Chinese Red Army to establish bases in southern Shanxi in early 1936 Yan became convinced that the Communists were lesser threats to his rule than either the Nationalists or the Japanese. He then negotiated a secret anti-Japanese "united front" with the Communists in October 1936 and invited them to establish operations in Shanxi. Yan, under the slogan "resistance against the enemy and defense of the soil", attempted to recruit young, patriotic intellectuals to his government in order to organize a local resistance to the threat of Japanese invasion. By the end of 1936 Taiyuan had become a gathering point for anti-Japanese intellectuals from all over China.

 الحرب مع اليابان والحرب الأهلية الصينية (1937–1949)

Chinese troops marching to defend the mountain pass at Xinkou.

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937 led the Japanese to invade China, and Shanxi was one of the first areas the Japanese attacked. When it became clear to Yan that his forces might not be successful in repelling the Japanese army, he invited Communist military forces to re-enter Shanxi. Zhu De became the commander of the Eighth Route Army active in Shanxi and was named the vice-commander of the Second War Zone, under Yan himself. Yan initially responded warmly to the re-entry of the arrival of Communist forces, and they were greeted with enthusiasm by Yan's officials and officers. Communist forces arrived in Shanxi just in time to help defeat a decisively more powerful Japanese force attempting to move through the strategic mountain pass of Pingxingguan. The Battle of Pingxingguan was the largest battle won by the Communists against the Japanese.

After the Japanese responded to this defeat by outflanking the defenders and moving towards Taiyuan, the Communists avoided decisive battles and mostly attempted to harass Japanese forces and sabotage Japanese lines of supply and communication. The Japanese suffered, but mostly ignored the Eighth Route Army and continued to advance towards Yan's capital. The lack of attention directed at their forces gave the Communists time to recruit and propagandize among the local peasant populations (who generally welcomed Communist forces enthusiastically) and to organize a network of militia units, local guerrilla bands and popular mass organizations.

Genuine Communist efforts to resist the Japanese gave them the authority to carry out sweeping and radical social and economic reforms, mostly related to land and wealth redistribution, which they defended by labeling those who resisted as hanjian. Communist efforts to resist the Japanese also won over Shanxi's small population of patriotic intellectuals, and conservative fears of resisting them effectively gave the Communists unlimited access to the rural population. Subsequent atrocities committed by the Japanese in the effort to rid Shanxi of Communist guerrillas aroused the hatred of millions in the Shanxi countryside, causing the rural population to turn to the Communists for leadership against the Japanese. All of these factors explain how, within a year of re-entering Shanxi, the Communists were able to take control of most of Shanxi not firmly held by the Japanese.

During the Battle of Xinkou, the Chinese defenders resisted the efforts of Japan's elite Itakagi Division for over a month, despite Japanese advantages in artillery and air support. By the end of October 1937, Japan's losses were four times greater than those suffered at Pingxingguan, and the Itakagi Division was close to defeat. Contemporary Communist accounts called the battle "the most fierce in North China", while Japanese accounts called the battle a "stalemate". In an effort to save their forces at Xinkou, Japanese forces began an effort to occupy Shanxi from a second direction, in the east. After a week of fighting, Japanese forces captured the strategic Niangzi Pass, opening the way to capturing Taiyuan. Communist guerrilla tactics were ineffective in slowing down the Japanese advance. The defenders at Xinkou, realizing that they were in danger of being outflanked, withdrew southward, past Taiyuan, leaving a small force of 6,000 men to hold off the entire Japanese army. A representative of the Japanese Army, speaking of the final defense of Taiyuan, said that "nowhere in China have the Chinese fought so obstinately".

The Japanese suffered 30,000 dead and an equal number wounded in their effort to take northern Shanxi. A Japanese study found that the battles of Pingxingguan, Xinkou, and Taiyuan were responsible for over half of all the casualties suffered by the Japanese army in North China. Yan himself was forced to withdraw after having 90% of his army destroyed, including a large force of reinforcements sent into Shanxi by the central government. Throughout 1937, numerous high-ranking Communist leaders, including Mao Zedong, lavished praise on Yan for waging an uncompromising campaign of resistance against the Japanese. Possibly because of the severity of his losses in northern Shanxi, Yan abandoned a plan of defense based on positional warfare, and began to reform his army as a force capable of waging guerrilla warfare. After 1938 most of Yan's followers came to refer to his regime as a "guerrilla administration".

After the surrender of Japan and the end of the Second World War, Yan Xishan was notable for his ability to recruit thousands of Japanese soldiers stationed in northwest Shanxi in 1945, including their commanding officers, into his army. By recruiting the Japanese into his service in the manner that he did, he retained both the extensive industrial complex around Taiyuan and virtually all of the managerial and technical personnel employed by the Japanese to run it. Yan was so successful in convincing surrendered Japanese to work for him that, as word spread to other areas of north China, Japanese soldiers from those areas began to converge on Taiyuan to serve his government and army. At its greatest strength the Japanese "special forces" under Yan totaled 15,000 troops, plus an officer corps that was distributed throughout Yan's army. These numbers were reduced to 10,000 after serious American efforts to repatriate the Japanese were partially successful. Yan's Japanese army was instrumental in helping him to retain control of most of northern Shanxi during much of the subsequent Chinese Civil War, but by 1949 casualties had reduced the number of Japanese soldiers under Yan's command to 3,000. The leader of the Japanese under Yan's command, Hosaku Imamura, committed suicide on the day that Taiyuan fell to Communist forces.

Yan Xishan himself (along with most of the provincial treasury) was airlifted out of Taiyuan in March 1949. Shortly afterwards Nationalist planes stopped dropping food and supplies for the defenders due to fears of being shot down by the advancing Communists. The Communists, depending largely on their reinforcements of artillery, launched a major assault on April 20, 1949, and succeeded in taking all positions surrounding Taiyuan by April 22. A subsequent appeal to the defenders to surrender was refused. On the morning of April 22, 1949, the PLA bombarded Taiyuan with 1,300 pieces of artillery and breached the city's walls, initiating bloody street-to-street fighting for control of the city. At 10:00 am, April 22, the Taiyuan Campaign ended with the Communists in complete control of Shanxi. Total Nationalist casualties amounted to all 145,000 defenders, many of whom were taken as POWs. The Communists lost 45,000 men and an unknown number of civilian laborers they had drafted, all of whom were either killed or injured.

The fall of Taiyuan was one of the few examples in the Chinese Civil War in which Nationalist forces echoed the defeated Ming loyalists who had, in the 17th century, brought entire cities to ruins resisting the invading Manchus. Many Nationalist officers were reported to have committed suicide when the city fell. The dead included Yan's nephew-in-law, who was serving as governor, and his cousin, who ran his household. Liang Huazhi, the head of Yan's "Patriotic Sacrifice League", had fought for years against the Communists in Shanxi until he was finally trapped in the massively fortified city of Taiyuan. For six months Liang put up a fierce resistance, leading both Yan's remaining Chinese forces and his thousands of Japanese mercenaries. When Communist troops finally broke into the city and began to occupy large sections of it, Liang barricaded himself inside a large, fortified prison complex filled with Communist prisoners. In a final act of self-sacrifice, Liang set fire to the prison and committed suicide as the entire compound burned to the ground.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 جمهورية الصين الشعبية (1949–الحاضر)

After Yan's time Shanxi became the site of Mao Zedong's "model brigade" of Dazhai: a utopian communist scheme in Xiyang County that was supposed to be the model for all other peasants in China to emulate. If the people of Dazhai were especially suited for such an experiment, it is possible that decades of Yan's socialist indoctrination may have prepared the people of Shanxi for Communist rule. After the death of Mao, the experiment was discontinued, and most peasants reverted to private farming.

 الجغرافيا

المدن الرئيسية:

• تاي‌يوان
• داتونگ
• Changzhi
• Yangquan

 الأقسام الادارية

Shanxi is divided into eleven prefecture-level divisions, all of them prefecture-level cities:

الخريطة	#	الاسم	هان‌زي	هان‌يو پن‌ين	المقر الاداري
	1	تاي‌يوان	太原市	Tàiyuán Shì	Xinghualing District
	2	Changzhi	长治市	Chángzhì Shì	Chengqu District
	3	Datong	大同市	Dàtóng Shì	Chengqu District
	4	Jincheng	晋城市	Jìnchéng Shì	Chengqu District
	5	Jinzhong	晋中市	Jìnzhōng Shì	Yuci District
	6	Linfen	临汾市	Línfén Shì	Yaodu District
	7	Lüliang	吕梁市	Lǚliáng Shì	Lishi District
	8	Shuozhou	朔州市	Shuòzhōu Shì	Shuocheng District
	9	Xinzhou	忻州市	Xīnzhōu Shì	Xinfu District, Xinzhou
	10	Yangquan	阳泉市	Yángquán Shì	Chengqu District
	11	Yuncheng	运城市	Yùnchéng Shì	Yanhu District

 المناطق الحضرية

التعداد حسب المساحة الحضرية لمدن المحافظة والناحية
#	المدينة	المساحة الحضرية	مساحة المديرية	المدينة نفسها	تاريخ التعداد
1	تاي‌يوان	3,154,157	3,426,519	4,201,592	2010-11-01
2	داتونگ	1,362,314	1,737,514	3,318,054	2010-11-01
(2)	Datong (new district)	58,153	185,777	انظر داتونگ	2010-11-01
3	Changzhi	653,125	764,841	3,334,565	2010-11-01
(3)	Changzhi (new districts)	269,637	831,681	see Changzhi	2010-11-01
4	Yangquan	623,671	722,155	1,368,502	2010-11-01
5	Linfen	571,237	944,050	4,316,610	2010-11-01
6	Jincheng	476,945	476,945	2,279,146	2010-11-01
7	Jinzhong	444,002	635,651	3,249,425	2010-11-01
8	Yuncheng	432,554	680,036	5,134,779	2010-11-01
9	شووژو	381,566	709,087	1,714,857	2010-11-01
10	Xinzhou	279,875	544,683	3,067,503	2010-11-01
11	شياويي	268,253	468,770	see Lüliang	2010-11-01
12	لوليانگ	250,080	320,142	3,727,068	2010-11-01
13	Jiexiu	232,269	406,517	see Jinzhong	2010-11-01
14	گاوپينگ	213,460	484,862	see Jincheng	2010-11-01
15	Yuanping	202,562	491,213	see Xinzhou	2010-11-01
16	Yongji	179,028	444,724	see Yuncheng	2010-11-01
17	Hejin	175,824	395,527	see Yuncheng	2010-11-01
(18)	Huairen	166,231	326,849	see Shuozhou	2010-11-01
19	هووژو	156,853	282,905	see Linfen	2010-11-01
20	Fenyang	149,222	416,212	see Lüliang	2010-11-01
21	گوجياو	146,161	205,143	see Taiyuan	2010-11-01
22	هوما	137,020	240,005	see Linfen	2010-11-01

أكبر المدن في شان‌شي المصدر: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population
	الترتيب		التعداد	الترتيب		التعداد
تاي‌يوان داتونگ	1	تاي‌يوان	3,979,700	11	شياويي	295,900	Changzhi Yangquan
	2	داتونگ	1,272,800	12	لوليانگ	279,000
	3	Changzhi	754,800	13	Jiexiu	222,300
	4	Yangquan	638,800	14	Hejin	220,000
	5	Linfen	617,000	15	Yuanping	188,600
	6	Yuncheng	570,000	16	Yongji	171,000
	7	Jinzhong	562,800	17	گوجياو	163,000
	8	Jincheng	498,000	18	هوما	159,800
	9	شووژو	434,100	19	هووژو	150,100
	10	Xinzhou	310,000	20	گاوپينگ	132,000

 السياسة

المقالة الرئيسية: Politics of Shanxi

The Governor of Shanxi is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Shanxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinate to the provincial Communist Party Committee Secretary (中共山西省委书记), colloquially termed the "Shanxi Party Committee Secretary". As is the case in almost all Chinese provinces, the provincial party secretary and Governor are not natives of Shanxi; rather, they are outsiders who are, in practice, appointed by the central party and government authorities.

The province went through significant political instability since 2004, due largely to the number of scandals that have hit the province on labour safety, the environment, and the interconnected nature between the provincial political establishment and big coal companies. Yu Youjun was sent by the central government in 2005 to become Governor but resigned in the wake of the Shanxi slave labour scandal in 2007. He was succeeded by Meng Xuenong, who had been previously sacked as Mayor of Beijing in the aftermath of the SARS outbreak. Meng himself was removed from office in 2008 after only a few months on the job due to the political fallout from the 2008 Shanxi mudslide. In 2008, provincial Political Consultative Conference Chair, one of the highest-ranked provincial officials, Jin Yinhuan, died in a car accident.

Since Xi Jinping's ascendancy to General Secretary of the Communist Party of China at the 18th Party Congress, numerous highly ranked officials in Shanxi have been placed under investigation for corruption-related offenses, including four incumbent members of the province's highest ruling council, the provincial Communist Party Standing Committee. These were Chen Chuanping, Nie Chunyu, Du Shanxue, and Bai Yun. They were all removed from office around August 2014. Ling Zhengce, the provincial Political Consultative Conference vice-chair and the older brother of Ling Jihua, the province's Vice Governor Ren Runhou, former Taiyuan party secretary Shen Weichen, Taiyuan police secretary Liu Suiji, vice-chair of the provincial People's Congress Jin Daoming, Yuncheng party secretary Wang Maoshe, and Datong party secretary Feng Lixiang, also fell from grace. Shanxi was therefore the 'hardest hit' province during the anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping. Targeted corruption investigations on such a massive scale were unprecedented; it amounted to a wholesale 'cleansing' of Shanxi's political establishment. In the aftermath of the 'political earthquake', party secretary Yuan Chunqing was removed from his post in September 2014, with Wang Rulin 'helicoptered' into the provincial Party Secretary office.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 الاقتصاد

The GDP per capita of Shanxi is below the national average. Compared to the provinces in east China, Shanxi is less developed for many reasons. Its geographic location limits its participation in international trade, which involves mostly eastern coastal provinces. Important crops in Shanxi include wheat, maize, millet, legumes, and potatoes. The local climate and dwindling water resources limit agriculture in Shanxi.

Shanxi possesses 260 billion metric tons of known coal deposits, about a third of China's total. As a result, Shanxi is a leading producer of coal in China and has more coal companies than any other province, with an annual production exceeding 300 million metric tonnes. The Datong (大同), Ningwu (宁武), Xishan (西山), Hedong (河东), Qinshui (沁水), and Huoxi (霍西) coalfields are some of the most important in Shanxi. Shanxi also contains about 500 million tonnes of bauxite deposits, about a third of total Chinese bauxite reserves. Industry in Shanxi is centered around heavy industries such as coal and chemical production, power generation, and metal refining. There are countless military-related industries in Shanxi due to its geographic location and history as the former base of the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army. Taiyuan Satellite Launch Centre, one of China's three satellite launch centers, is located in the middle of Shanxi with China's largest stockpile of nuclear missiles.

Many private corporations, in joint ventures with the state-owned mining corporations, have invested billions of dollars in the mining industry of Shanxi . Hong Kong billionaire Li Ka-shing made one of his largest investments ever in China in exploiting coal gas in Shanxi. Foreign investors include mining companies from Canada, the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy.

The mining-related companies include Daqin Railway Co. Ltd., which runs one of the busiest and most technologically advanced railways in China, connecting Datong and Qinhuangdao exclusively for coal shipping. The revenue of Daqin Railway Co. Ltd. is among the highest among Shanxi companies due to its export of coal to Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia.

Shanxi's nominal GDP in 2011 was 1110.0 billion yuan (US$176.2 billion), ranked 21st in China. Its per-capita GDP was 21,544 yuan (US$3,154).

Shanxi is affected by cases of bad working conditions in coal mining and other heavy industries. Thousands of workers have died every year in those industries. Cases of child labour abuse were discovered recently.

 المناطق الصناعية

 Taiyuan Economic and Technology Development Zone

Taiyuan Economic and Technology Development Zone is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council in 2001, with a planned area of 9.6 km² (3.7 sq mi). It is only 2 km (1.2 mi) from Taiyuan Airport and 3 km (1.9 mi) from the railway station. National Highways 208 and 307 pass through the zone. So far, it has formed a "four industrial base, a professional industry park" development pattern.

 Taiyuan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Established in 1991, Taiyuan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone is the only state-level high-tech development zone in Shanxi, with total area of 24 km² (9.3 sq mi). It is close to Taiyuan Wusu Airport and Highway G208. The nearest port is Tianjin.

 النقل

The transport infrastructure in Shanxi is highly developed. There are many important national highways and railways that connect the province with neighboring provinces.

 الطرق

Shanxi's road hub is in the capital, Taiyuan. The major highways in province form a road network connecting all the counties. Examples of major highways are:

• Datong–Yuncheng Expressway
• Taiyuan-Jiuguan Expressway
• Beijing–Hong Kong–Macau Expressway
• Beijing–Tianjin–Tanggu Expressway

 السكك الحديدية

Shanxi has extensive rail infrastructure to neighboring provinces. The rail network connects to major cities Taiyuan, Shijiazhuang, Beijing, Yuanping, Baotou, Datong, Menyuan and Jiaozuo. The province also have extensive rail network to coastal cities such as Qinhuangdao, Qingdao, Yantai and Lianyungang.

The province has a rail network called the Shuozhou-Huanghua Railway. It will service Shenchi county in Shanxi with Huanghua port in Hebei. It will become the second largest railway for coal transport from west to east in China.

 الطيران

Shanxi's main aviation transport hub is Taiyuan Wusu Airport (IATA: TYN). The airport has routes connecting Shanxi to 28 domestic cities including Beijing, Xi'an, Chengdu and Chongqing. There are international routes to Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan and Russia. There is also another airport in Datong, which has domestic routes to other mainland cities.

 الديمغرافيا

السكان في معظمهم صينيو الهان مع أقليات من منغول، مانچو، وهوي.

Ethnic groups in Shanxi, 2000 census
العرقية	التعداد	النسبة
صينيو الهان	32,368,083	99.68%
هوي	61,690	0.19%
مانچو	13,665	0.042%
منغول	9,446	0.029%

In 2004, the birth rate was 12.36 births/1,000 population, while the death rate was 6.11 deaths/1,000 population. The sex ratio was 105.5 males/100 females.

 الأديان

الأديان في شان‌شي

  تبجيل السلف في الصين (15.61%)

  مسيحيون (2.17%)

  ديانات أخرى أو أناس غير متدينين (82.22%)

The predominant religions in Shanxi are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 15.61% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 2.17% of the population identifies as Christian. The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 82.22% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects, and small minorities of Muslims.

Military police demolished a large Christian church known as Jindengtai ("Golden Lampstand") in Linfen, Shanxi, in early January 2018.

وفي 2010، كان يوجد 59,709 مسلم في شان‌شي.

• 

  Temple of گوان‌دي في داتونگ.

• 

  Chenghuangshen (City God) Temple of Pingyao.

• 

  Western gate of a Temple of Heshen (River God) in Hequ، شين‌ژو.

• Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Taiyuan 01 2012-09.JPG

  Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception في Taiyuan

• 

  Shengmu Temple at Jinci في Jinyuan, Taiyuan

 الثقافة

The Shanxi Museum located on the west bank of Fen River in downtown Taiyuan.

The Pagoda of Fogong Temple, Ying County, built in the year 1056.

 اللغة

The dialects spoken in Shanxi have traditionally been included in the Northern or Mandarin group. Since 1985, some linguists have argued that the dialects spoken in most of the province should be treated as a top-level division called Jin, based on its preservation of the Middle Chinese entering tone (stop-final) category, unlike other dialects in northern China. These dialects are also noted for extremely complex tone sandhi systems. The dialects spoken in some areas in southwestern Shanxi near the borders with Henan and Shaanxi are classified in the Zhongyuan Mandarin subdivision of the Mandarin group.

 انظر أيضاً

• Major national historical and cultural sites in Shanxi

 الهامش

• Economic profile for Shanxi at HKTDC

 وصلات خارجية

• Official website (in صينية)
• Economic profile for Shanxi at HKTDC
• Shanxi Community of Canada website (in صينية)
• "Geographic Surveys by Imperial Order", from 1707–1708, is considered one of the first atlases of the Qing dynasty to document the Shanxi area.