نينگ‌بو Ningbo

Coordinates: 29°52′N 121°33′E / 29.867°N 121.550°E / 29.867; 121.550
(تم التحويل من نينگ‌بو)
For other uses, see ننجبو (توضيح).

نينگ‌بو (المساعدة·معلومات) Ningbo‏، كانت تُكتب سابقاً ننجبو أو نينگ‌بو Ningpo، هي مدينة تحت المقاطعة في شمال شرق مقاطعة ژى‌جيانگ في جمهورية الصين الشعبية. تتكون من المناطق الحضرية الواقعة في زمام نينگ‌بو، ثلاثة مدن تابعة، وعدد من المناطق الريفية وتشمل الجزر الواقعة في خليج هانگ‌ژو وبحر الصين الشرقي.[2] of the Yangtze Delta megalopolis.[3] مينائها، يمتد عبر مواقع مختلفة، ويعتبر أزحم ميناء في العالم وثالث أزحم ميناء حاويات بالعالم منذ 2010.[4]

Ningbo is the core city and center of the Ningbo Metropolitan Area.[3] To the north, Hangzhou Bay separates Ningbo from Shanghai; to the east lies Zhoushan in the East China Sea; on the west and south, Ningbo borders Shaoxing and Taizhou respectively. As of the 2020 Chinese national census, the entire administrated area of Ningbo City had a population of 9.4 million (9,404,283).[5] في الشمال، يفصل خليج هانگ‌ژو بين نينگ‌بو وشانغهاي؛ من الشرق تقع ژوشان في بحر الصين الشرقي؛ من الغرب والجنوب، تحدها شاوشينگ وتايژوو على التوالي.

Ningbo is one of the 15 sub-provincial cities in China, and is one of the five separate state-planning cities[6] in China (the other four being Dalian, Qingdao, Xiamen, and Shenzhen), with the municipality possessing a separate state-planning status in many economic departments, rather than being governed by Zhejiang Province. Therefore, Ningbo has provincial-level autonomy in making economic and financial policies.[7]

In 2022, the GDP of Ningbo was CNY 1570,43 billion[8] (US$233.479 billion), and it was ranked 12th among 293 cities in China.[9] Moreover, Ningbo is among the wealthiest cities in China; it ranked 8th in terms of average yearly disposable income in the year of 2020.[10] As of 2020, Ningbo has global headquarters and registered offices of over 100 listed companies,[11] and many regional business headquarters. In 2021, Ningbo featured the seventh most listed companies of all cities in China.[12] Furthermore, Ningbo was among the top 10 Chinese cities in the Urban Business Environment Report released by the Chinese state media China Central Television (CCTV) in 2019.[13]

As a city with rich culture and a long history dating back to the Jingtou Mountain Culture in 6300 BC and the Hemudu culture in 4800 BC, Ningbo was awarded "City of Culture in East Asia" by the governments of China, Japan, and Korea in 2016.[14] From 1842, Ningbo was one of the first five treaty ports opened up to the West. Ningbo is one of the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index.[15]

أصل الاسم

The first character in the city's name ning (宁 or 寧) means "serene", while its second character bo (波) translates to "wave". The city is abbreviated "甬" (pinyin: Yǒng) for the eponymous "Yong Hill" (甬山), a prominent coastal hill near the city, and the Yong River that flows through Ningbo city.

Formerly known as Mingzhou (明州; Míngzhōu), Ningbo boasts a rich historical background. The name Mingzhou is derived from the characters "明" (Míng), which symbolizes the presence of two lakes within the city walls: the Sun Lake (日湖) and the Moon Lake (月湖). This nomenclature traces its roots back to the Tang dynasty in 636 AD, reflecting the enduring history of Ningbo. While the original Sun Lake dried up during the 19th century, the Ningbo government embarked on its restoration in 2002.


التاريخ

نينگ‌بو هي واحدة من أقدم مدن الصين، حيث يرجع تاريخها إلى حضارة همودو في 4800 ق.م. اشتهرت نينگ‌بو كمدينة تجارية على طريق الحرير منذ ألفي سنة مضت على الأقل، ثم كميناء رئيسي، مع يانگ‌ژو وگوانگ‌ژو في عهد أسرة تانگ؛ بعد ذلك، كواحدة من الموانئ الرئيسية للتجارة الأجنبية في عهد أسرة سونگ.

القِدم إلى أسرة سوي

As of 2020, the earliest relics of human activity discovered in Ningbo City are from the Jingtou Mountain site in Yuyao.[16] These relics date back to 6300 BC, evidencing early human consumption of seafood and rice. A large number of cultivated rice, farming tools, remains of dry fence buildings, remains of domestic livestock, and primitive religious items have been unearthed from related sites of the Hemudu culture (5000–4500 BC), evidencing human settlement and culture in the eastern part of the Ningshao Plain, where modern-day Ningbo city is located.[17]

Before the Han dynasty, the area where Ningbo City is located today was sparsely populated. In the Xia dynasty, the location of Ningbo was called "Yin". In the Spring and Autumn period, the area where Ningbo belonged was the Yue State. At that time, the Yue King Goujian built Juzhang City in the present-day Cicheng Town, which became the earliest city in Ningbo. In the latter half of the Warring States period, the area of Ningbo became the jurisdiction of Chu State. In 221 BC, Qin unified the six states and the Ningbo area was delegated to Kuaiji Commandery, with three counties of Yin, Yin, and Juzhang (some studies assert there were four counties of Yin, Yin, Juzhang, and Yuyao). In the early years of the Western Han dynasty, Kuaiji Commandery belonged to the Kingdom of Jing and Wu. After the Seven Kingdoms was settled, Kuaiji Commandery was restored. In 589 AD (Sui Kai Huang nine years), the counties were merged under the Wu kingdom.

أسرتا تانگ وسونگ

برج تيان‌فنگ، بُني في عهد أسرة تانگ.
حديقة الصخرة داخل غرفة تيان‌يي

منذ أسرة تانگ، كانت نينگ‌بو ميناء تجارياً هاماً. فقد عاش التجار العرب في نينگ‌بو في عهد أسرة سونگ حين كانت تُعرف بإسم مينگژو حين كانت التجارة البحرية متفوقة على التجارة البرية.[18][19] وثمة اسم آخر لمدينة مينگژو/نينگ‌بو ألا وهو "سي‌مينگ". وكانت مركزاً شهيراً للتجارة البحرية مع باقي العالم.[20] هؤلاء التجار لم يختلطوا بالأهالي الصينيين، ومارسوا عاداتهم ودينهم في أحياء مغلقة. ولم يحاولوا دعوة الصينيين للإسلام.[21] كما عاش اليهود في نينگ‌بو، كما يظهر من حقيقة أنه بعد أن دمر فيضان كبير لفائف التوراه في كايفنگ، قام يهود نينگ‌بو بإرسال لفائف توراة أخرى إلى يهود كايفنگ.[22]

أسرة مينگ

The city of Ningbo was known in Europe for a long time under the name of Liampó. This was the usual spelling used, for example in the standard Portuguese history, João de Barros's Décadas da Ásia, although Barros explained that Liampó was a Portuguese "corruption" of the more correct Nimpó.[23][24] The spelling Liampó is also attested to in the Peregrination (Peregrinação) by Fernão Mendes Pinto, a (so-called) autobiography written in Portuguese during the 16th century. For the mid-16th-century Portuguese, the nearby promontory, which they called the cape of Liampó after the nearby "illustrious city", was the easternmost known point of the mainland Asia.[23] The Portuguese began trading in Ningbo around 1522. By 1542, the Portuguese had a sizable community in Ningbo (or, more likely, on nearby small islands such as Shuangyu). Portuguese activities from their Ningbo base included pillaging and attacking multiple Chinese port cities around Ningbo. They also enslaved people during their raids.[25] The Portuguese were ousted from the Ningbo area in 1548.

أسرة تشينج

19th century map of Ningbo[26]

Ningbo was one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened by the Treaty of Nanjing signed in 1842 at the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and China. During the war, British forces briefly took possession of the walled city of Ningbo after storming the fortified town of Zhenhai at the mouth of the Yong River on October 10, 1841. The British subsequently repulsed a Chinese attempt to retake the city in the Battle of Ningpo on 10 March 1842. In 1861, the forces of the Taiping Kingdom took the city relatively unopposed as the defending garrison and all Ningbo residents fled except for the Jews and Persians; they held the town for six months. In March 1885, during the Sino-French War, Admiral Courbet's naval squadron blockaded several Chinese warships in Zhenhai Bay and exchanged fire with the shore defenses.

Ningbo was also once famed for traditional Chinese furniture production, and western encyclopedias described Ningbo as a center of craftsmanship and industry.[27][28]

During the 1800s Ningbo authorities contracted Cantonese pirates to exterminate Portuguese pirates who had raided Canton shipping around Ningbo. The massacre was "successful", with 40 Portuguese dead and only 2 Cantonese dead. It was dubbed "The Ningpo Massacre" by an English correspondent, who noted that the Portuguese pirates had behaved savagely towards the Cantonese Chinese, and that the Portuguese authorities at Macau should have reined in the pirates.

During the late Qing era, Western missionaries set up a Presbyterian Church in Ningbo. Li Veng-eing was a Reverend of the Ningpo Church.[29] The Ningpo College was managed by Rev. Robert F. Fitch. The four trustees were natives of Ningbo, and three of them had Taotai rank.[30] Rev. George Evans Moule, B.A., was appointed as a missionary to China by the Church of England Missionary Society, and arrived at Ningpo with Mrs. Moule in February 1858. His time was chiefly divided between Ningpo and another mission station he began at Hang-chow. He wrote Christian publications in the Ningbo dialect.[31]

World War II

During WWII in 1940, between 80% and 90% of Ningbo's population fled Ningbo, leaving primarily the elderly behind.[32] The Japanese bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague.[33] An outbreak of bubonic plague followed. Bacteriologist Huang Ketai reported that at least 109 people died from the plague in Ningbo in November and December 1940.[34] According to Daniel Barenblatt, imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo was recorded on film in 1940.[35]

الجغرافيا

مسجد يوِهو في نينگ‌بو.
كاتدرائية قلب يسوع المقدس بُنيت بين 1872-1876، وأغلقتها الحكومة في 1963، ثم أعيد فتحها في 1980. وقد أُعترف بها كموقع تراث عالمي في 2006.

Ningbo ranges in latitude from 28° 51' to 30° 33' N and in longitude from 120° 55' to 122° 16' E, bounded on the east by the East China Sea and Zhoushan Archipelago; on the north by Hangzhou Bay, across which it faces Jiaxing and Shanghai; on the west by Shaoxing; and on the south by Taizhou. Its land area is 9,816 square kilometers (3,790 sq mi), while its oceanic territory amounts to 9,758 km2 (3,768 sq mi); there is a total 1,562 km (971 mi) of coastline, including 788 km (490 mi) of mainland coastline and 774 km (481 mi) of island coastline that together accounting for one-third of the entire provincial coastline. There are 531 islands accounting for 524 km2 (202 sq mi) under the city's administration.

Ningbo's city proper is sandwiched between the ocean and low-lying mountains to the southwest, with coastal plain and valleys in between. Important peninsulas include the Chuanshan Peninsula (穿山半岛), located in Beilun District and containing mainland Zhejiang's easternmost point, and the Xiangshan Peninsula (象山半岛) in Xiangshan County. The Siming Mountains (四明山) run north from Mount Tiantai and within Ningbo City, traversing Yuyao City, Haishu District, and Fenghua District, and reaching a height of 979 m (3,212 ft).

Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city, however, large areas have been reclaimed for agricultural purposes.[36]


المناخ

Ningbo has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) with four distinctive seasons, characterized by hot, humid summers and chilly, cloudy and dry winters (with occasional snow). The mean annual temperature is 17.6 °C (63.7 °F), with monthly daily averages ranging from 5.8 °C (42.4 °F) in January to 29.1 °C (84.4 °F) in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −8.8 °C (16 °F) on 12 January 1955 to 42.1 °C (108 °F) on 8 August 2013.[37] The city receives an average annual rainfall of 1,430 mm (56 in) and is affected by the plum rains of the Asian monsoon in June, when average relative humidity also peaks. From August to October, Ningbo experiences the effects of typhoons, and is affected by an average 1.8 storms annually, though the city is not often struck directly by these systems. A 2012 OECD study lists Ningbo among the top 20 cities worldwide most at risk of flooding due to anthropogenic climate change.[38]

Ningbo is among the cities in China which are implementing sponge city strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change.[39]


أخفClimate data for نينگ‌بو (1971–2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.4
(75.9) 		28.9
(84.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.3
(93.7) 		36.3
(97.3) 		38.0
(100.4) 		39.0
(102.2) 		39.5
(103.1) 		38.8
(101.8) 		34.5
(94.1) 		29.5
(85.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		39.5
(103.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.8
(47.8) 		10.1
(50.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		20.0
(68.0) 		24.6
(76.3) 		28.0
(82.4) 		32.6
(90.7) 		31.9
(89.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		23.0
(73.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		12.0
(53.6) 		20.8
(69.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.9
(40.8) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.5
(49.1) 		15.2
(59.4) 		20.2
(68.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		28.1
(82.6) 		27.8
(82.0) 		23.7
(74.7) 		18.7
(65.7) 		13.0
(55.4) 		7.2
(45.0) 		16.5
(61.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.8
(35.2) 		3.0
(37.4) 		6.2
(43.2) 		11.4
(52.5) 		16.7
(62.1) 		21.0
(69.8) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.7
(76.5) 		20.8
(69.4) 		15.3
(59.5) 		9.3
(48.7) 		3.6
(38.5) 		13.2
(55.8)
Record low °C (°F) −7.9
(17.8) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		0.7
(33.3) 		7.4
(45.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		11.0
(51.8) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−8.5
(16.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 66.8
(2.63) 		75.3
(2.96) 		127.8
(5.03) 		115.3
(4.54) 		130.5
(5.14) 		204.7
(8.06) 		176.9
(6.96) 		165.9
(6.53) 		174.8
(6.88) 		89.4
(3.52) 		66.4
(2.61) 		49.3
(1.94) 		1٬443٫1
(56.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 12.6 12.3 16.9 15.3 14.7 16.4 13.1 14.5 14.1 10.3 8.9 8.5 157.6
Average relative humidity (%) 76 78 80 81 82 86 83 83 83 80 77 75 80
Mean monthly sunshine hours 123.7 108.4 121.7 142.4 156.7 147.8 243.8 238.0 171.5 166.5 143.4 146.1 1٬910
Percent possible sunshine 38 35 33 37 37 35 57 58 46 47 45 46 43
Source 1: China Weather (درجات الحرارة وهطول الأمطار) [40]
Source 2: Ningbo Climate Studies (الرطوبة، وشروق الشمس)[41]

التقسيمات الادارية

Local officers of Ningbo

  • The Secretary of Party in Ningbo is Peng Jiaxue, who is first-in-charge of the city.
  • The Mayor of Ningbo is Qiu Dongyao, who is second-in command of the city, and the Vice Secretary of Party in Ningbo.

Administrative divisions of Ningbo

The sub-provincial city of Ningbo is as whole an urban group with one central group, one northern group, and one southern group.

It has direct jurisdiction over the following:

  • Six districts (central group): Haishu District, Yinzhou District, Jiangbei District, Beilun District, Zhenhai District, Fenghua District
  • Two county-level cities (northern group): Yuyao, Cixi
  • Two counties (southern group): Xiangshan, Ninghai
الخريطة
التقسيم الصينية المبسطة پن‌ين السكان (2010) المساحة (كم2) الكثافة السكانية
زمام المدينة
Haishu District 海曙区 Hǎishǔ Qū 373,742 29.38 12,720.96
Jiangdong District 江东区 Jiāngdōng Qū 366,648 33.75 10,863.64
Suburban
Jiangbei District 江北区 Jiangbei Qū 361,242 208.16 1,735.40
Beilun District 北仑区 Běilún Qū 612,267 599.03 1,022.09
Zhenhai District 镇海区 Zhènhǎi Qū 418,500 245.90 1,701.91
Yinzhou District 鄞州区 Yínzhōu Qū 1,359,198 1,345.54 1.010.15
Rural
Xiangshan County 象山县 Xiàngshān Xiàn 503,279 1,382.18 364.11
Ninghai County 宁海县 Nínghǎi Xiàn 646,074 1,843.26 350.50
المدن الساتلة (County-level cities)
يوياو 余姚市 Yúyáo Shì 1,010,659 1,500.80 673.41
تسي‌شي 慈溪市 Cíxī Shì 1,462,383 1,360.63 1,074.78
Fenghua 奉化市 Fènghuà Shì 491,697 1,267.60 387.89


الاقتصاد

وسط مدينة نينگ‌بو الصاخب ومجمع التسوق الشهير محلياً في ميدان تيان‌يي، سُمي على اسم تيان‌يي گه (الغرفة)، أقدم مكتبة خاصة في الصين.
نينگ‌بو على إمتداد الأنهار.

Ningbo is an important port city located 220 kilometers (140 mi) south of Shanghai. The city's export industry dates back to the 7th century. Today, Ningbo is a major exporter of electrical products, textiles, food, and industrial tools. The city's private sector is especially well-developed, contributing 80 percent of total GDP in 2013.[42]

Historically, Ningbo was somewhat geographically isolated from other major cities. In 2007 the Hangzhou Bay Bridge was built, cutting highway transit time between Ningbo and Shanghai from four hours to two and a half. The city now serves as the economic center for the southern Yangtze River Delta and has been ranked among the most competitive cities in China.[42]

In 2009, Ningbo's economic activity reached US$60.8 billion, down 10.4 percent from 2008. The exports totaled US$38.65 billion, down 16.6 percent from the previous year. In addition, Ningbo imported US$22.16 billion of goods, up 3.1 percent from the previous year.[43]

Ningbo's economy grew 9.26 percent in 2013 to 712.89 billion yuan (US$115.12 billion).[42] In 2009, the city's per capita output was US$10,833, about three times the national average.[44]

الاستثمار الأجنبي

With several important development zones established in or around Ningbo, the city has received considerable foreign investment.[45] Over 60 domestic and foreign-invested financial institutions have established operations in the city, which has also attracted more than 10,000 foreigners. The municipal government offers preferential policies designed to encourage investment in international trade, new strategic industries, manufacturing, information services, and creative industries.[42]

منطقة التجارة الحرة

منطقة التجارة الحرة في نينگ‌بو هي واحدة من بين مناطق التجارة الحرة الخمسة عشر المرخصة من قبل مجلس الدولة الصيني، وهي منطقة التجارة الحرة الوحيدة في مقاطعة ژى‌جيانگ. أسسها مجلس الدولة عام 1992، بمساحة 2.3 كم². تقع منطقة التجارة الحرة في منتصف الشريط الساحلي للبر الرئيسي الصيني، عند جنوب دلتا نهر يانگتسي. عام 2008، قيمة الناتج الصناعي لمنطقة التجارة الحرة 53.33 بليون رن‌مين بي وبلغ معدل النمو 19.8% مقارنة بعام 2007.[46]

المنتزه الصناعي النوردية

شركة المنتزه الصناعي النوردي المحدودة، هي واحدة من أولى المنتزهات الصناعية ذات الملكية الأجنبية في الصين وتقع في نينگ‌بو، مقاطعة ژى‌جيانگ. المنتزه الصناعي النوردي تحت ادارة وتشغيل فريق ادارة اسكندناڤي.[47]

ميناء نينگ‌بو

المقالة الرئيسية: ميناء نينگ‌بو

نينگ‌بو ليس مدينة عادية-حيث تتمتع بنفس سلطة حكومات المقاطعات فيما يخص الادارة الاقتصادية-ولديها ميناء هو الثاني بعد شانغهاي عالمياً من حيث البضائع المتداولة سنوياً. على عكس شانغهاي، فميناء نينگ‌بو هو ميناء مياه عميقة وقادر على التعامل مع سفن بحمولة 300.000 طن.

In 2006, Ningbo Port started its expansion towards the neighboring island city of Zhoushan to build an even larger port with higher capacity to compete with neighboring ports in the region, such as Shanghai's Yangshan Deepwater Port. Statistics in 2010 showed that total cargo throughput was 627,000,000 tonnes and container throughput 13,144,000 TEUs. In 2021, total cargo throughput was 1,224,050,000 tonnes, including 31,080,000 TEUs. Ningbo proper saw 623,400,000 tonnes and 29,370,000 TEUs, while Zhoushan saw 600,650,000 tonnes and 1,710 000,TEUs. Thus, with bulk container breakdowns, hugely improved logistics, and massive chemical and foodstuff, processing developments, Ningbo is outcompeting Shanghai for the preeminent Chinese east coast port.[48][49]

Ningbo is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to the south, via Singapore towards the southern tip of India, via Mombasa to the Mediterranean, and from there via Athens to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and Eastern Europe.[50][51][52]

السياحة

Due to its long history and economic prosperity, Ningbo is a city with very rich tourist resources. The following is a list of the main tourist attractions authorized by the Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, Television and Tourism in each subdivision of Ningbo city.

مديرية هايشو

  • Moon Lake Park (Yuehu Park): A reservoir excavated in the Tang dynasty (636 AD) at the center of Haishu District. The park includes the lake itself, some small islands on the lake, and many ancient Chinese architectures and historical sites, such as:
    • Tianyi Pavilion (or Tianyi Chamber): One of Ningbo's most popular and famous tourist attractions. Built in 1516 AD, it is the oldest library existent in Asia and is one of the 3 oldest private libraries in the world. The collection dates back to the 11th century and includes woodblock and handwritten copies of the Confucian classics, rare local histories, and lists of the candidates successful in imperial examinations. The currently Tianyi Pavilion refers to the whole museum complex that includes:
      • Tianyi Pavilion-related buildings such as:
      • The ancient Chinese mansion of the library's first owner, Fan Qing, built during the Ming dynasty (1516 AD)
      • A traditional Chinese Garden as part of Fan's mansion
      • An ancient private theater of Chinese plays as part of Fan's mansion
      • A Mahjong (麻將) museum, since Ningbo is regarded as the birthplace of Mahjong
    • He Ancestral Temple (賀祕監祠): A cultural built in honor of the Chinese poet He Zhizhang (賀知章, 659 AD – 744 AD) during the Tang dynasty who called himself the "Siming Crazy Guest", where "Siming" is the name of a mountain in Ningbo. The building was completed during the Song dynasty (1144 AD) and repaired during the Qing dynasty (1865 AD).
    • Ancient Korean Embassy: Built during the Northern Song dynasty to welcome Korean envoys and business groups. Destroyed by war in 1130 AD, the site was announced as a cultural relics protection unit in 1984. It is now a showroom for the history of relations between Ningbo and Korea.
    • Central Lake Temple, Central Lake East Bridge, Zhenming Ridge, and Xuanmiao Temple: A Ningbo-born novelist Qu You wrote a fiction called Peony Dengji (牡丹燈記, Janpanese: Botan Dōrō also known as 怪談牡丹燈籠 Tales of the Peony Lantern) (in the collection of Jiandeng Xinhua). It describes a love story between ghost and a man during Fang Guozhen period. The story took place at the Moon Lake. Japanese scholar Koyama Issei identified many of the locations, including Central Lake Temple, Central Lake East Bridge, Zhenming Ridge, and Xuanmiao temple, that would fit geographically and architecturally of the places mentioned in the story. The story was adapted as one of three Kaidan tales in Japan.
  • Drum Tower Complex (Haishu Tower): The only remaining ruin of an old city gate tower constructed during the Tang dynasty. At the top, there is a six-meter-high Romanesque bell tower added in the Republic period. Around the base of the tower is a commercial area where all the buildings are reconstructed in the traditional style.
  • Chenghuang Temple (Ningbo County Temple): An ancient temple of the City God at commercial center in downtown Ningbo.
  • Tianfeng Pagoda: This national cultural relics protection site is a typical Song-style loft-style brickwood structure tower unique to Jiangnan. This hexagonal building is a landmark and the tallest ancient structure in the city. It appears as a seven-story tower with another seven stories underground, and is renowned for its long history, architectural value, and ancient artifacts. The tower was first built in 695 AD during the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD).
  • Tianyi Square: Located in the bustling old downtown of Ningbo City with the nationwide famous shopping complex, named after the Tianyi Ge (Chamber), the oldest private library in Asia.
  • Nantang Old Street: An old commercial street by the river with many folk arts and crafts shops, souvenir stores, and small restaurants. Previously, Nantang Street was a place for local fairs and flea markets. In 2013, the street was renovated to become a tourist site.
  • Liangzhu Cultural Park: A theme park dedicated to the story of the Butterfly Lovers, one of the four folklores in China. The Butterfly Lovers is reputed as the oriental version of Romeo and Juliet.
  • Baiyun Manor: An ancient academy where Huang Zongxi (黃宗羲) gave lectures. Huang, whose style name is Taichong, was a distinguished thinker, writer, and historian of the late Ming and early Qing.
  • Tashan Weir: An ancient dam erected during the Tang dynasty.
  • Ningbo Wulongtan Scenic Scenic Resort: Also called Five-dragon Pools Scenic Resort, it is one of the Ten New Sceneries in Ningbo, and a National AAAA rated scenic area.

Yinzhou District

Ningbo Museum
  • Ningbo Museum (Yinzhou Museum, or Ningbo Historic Museum): A museum focused on Ningbo area history and traditional customs, considered the masterwork of Wang Shu, the first Chinese citizen to win the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2012. The Ningbo Museum is also the main filming location for the 2023 TV series adaptation of scifi author Liu Cixin's novel of the same name, Three Bodies.
  • Romon U-Park: One of the largest urban indoor theme parks in the world.
  • Ningbo Eastern New Town: A newly developed area of Ningbo City, with a well-designed CBD (including two 400m skyscrapers and other headquarters of many listed company and government offices), several museums, galleries, and shopping centers, including:
    • Ningbo Urban Planning Exhibition Center[53]
    • Ningbo Hankyu Commercial Complex: Opened in 2021, it is the first overseas outlet of Hankyu, the famous Japanese department store.
    • Ningbo New Library
  • Yinzhou Park and Ningbo Southern CBD
  • Dongqian Lake: The largest natural freshwater lake in Zhejiang Province. The earliest historical record of the lake dates back to the West Jin dynasty, and there are several natural sceneries and historical attractions around the lake:
    • Little Putuo: An island on the lake with several temples built during the Song dynasty by a prime minister called Shihao.
    • Yuefei Temple: A temple built during the Song dynasty in memory of Yuefei.
    • Taogong Island: The place where Fanli and Xishi once lived according to folklore.
    • Southern Song Dynasty Rock Carving Park: won the "National Cultural Relics Conservation Best Project Award" awarded by the China National Architecture Research Association and the China Cultural Relics Conservation Foundation
    • Fuquan Mountain: a mountain with a Chinese tea theme park
    • Ningbo Hanling Old Street: an ancient street with a history thousands of years. It was once called Hanling City. The 'city' here means bazaar.
  • Qita Temple: A Zen Buddhist temple complex first consecrated during the Tang dynasty in the downtown area of Ningbo city.
  • Tianhou Temple: A former temple of Mazu as the "Empress of Heaven" once used by Fujianese merchants as their guild hall (Qing'an Huiguan). In the 19th century, it was accounted by S. Wells Williams as the most beautiful place in Ningbo and by John Thomson as one of the most beautiful temples in China, but that structure was destroyed during the Chinese Civil War. It has been reconstructed with many of its original works of art, however, to form the East Zhejiang Maritime Affairs and Folk Customs Museum.
  • Temple of King Ashoka: a Buddhist temple first established during the Western Jin dynasty (282 AD).
  • Tiantong Temple: One of the "Five Chan Buddhism Temples". Tiantong Temple is the cradle of the Sōtō school (曹洞宗, Sōtō-shū) of Japanese Buddhism.
  • Ningbo Ocean World: An aquarium with an ocean theater
  • Ningbo Youngor Zoo
  • Ningbo Sakura Park (Zhongxing Sakura Park): A sakura park built to commemorate the friendship city between Ningbo City and Nagaoka City, Japan

Jiangbei District

Confucian Temple of Cicheng
  • Sanjiangkou: The place where the Yong River, Yaojiang River, and Fenghua River meet, and the heart of old Ningbo city where the borders of 3 urban districts of Ningbo city meet.
  • Old Bund (Old Waitan): A waterfront area and protected historical district in the center of Ningbo, built earlier than the Bund of Shanghai, with lots of early 19th century architectures, stores and restaurants.
  • Baoguo Temple: The oldest intact wooden structure in eastern China. It is in the first batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Sites in China. Currently, it is the Baoguo Temple Ancient Architecture Museum, and has become a teaching and research base for many top architectural universities.
  • Ningbo Museum of Art
  • Ningbo Museum of Garden (寧波園林博物館)
  • Sacred Heart Cathedral, Ningbo
  • Cicheng Ancient Town: A very well-maintained ancient Chinese ancient walled city built in the 8th century, including ancient-time schools, courts, temples, houses, commercial areas. In December 2009, the ancient buildings in Cicheng received the honorary award of the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation by UNESCO.
  • Yaojiang Park

Zhenhai District

The monument to victory in the Battle of Zhenhai (Sino-French War)

Beilun District

  • Port Museum of China

Fenghua District

Xiangshan County

Ninghai County

  • The Zhedong Grand Canyon
  • Nanxi Hot Spring
  • Qiantong Old Town

Yuyao City (County)

Cixi City (County)

  • Dapeng Mountain

انظر أيضاً

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