قائمة العواصم الوطنية السابقة
| قوائم العواصم | |
|---|---|
| البلدان | تقسيمات البلدان |
في أرجاء العالم يوجد العديد من المدن التي كانت في وقت ما عاصمة وطنية إلا أنها لم تعد تحتفظ بتلك المكانة لأن البلد لم يعد موجوداً، أو أن العاصمة انتقلت، أو أن العاصمة تغير اسمها. This is a list of such cities, sorted by country and then by date.
هذه القائمة غير مكتملة؛ بإمكانك المساعدة بتنميتها.
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أفريقيا
| العاصمة القديمة | البلد، الامبراطورية | منذ | حتى | التغير، السبب |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ribeira Grande (now Cidade Velha) | Cape Verde | 1462? | 1770 | انتقلت إلى Praia |
| Grand Bassam | Côte d'Ivoire | 1893 | 1900 | انتقلت إلى Bingerville |
| Bingerville | Côte d'Ivoire | 1900 | 1933 | انتقلت إلى Abidjan |
| Abidjan | Côte d'Ivoire | 1933 | 1983 | انتقلت إلى Yamoussoukro |
| Fes | Morocco | ? | 1912 | انتقلت إلى الرباط |
| الفسطاط | مصر | 641 | 750 | انتقلت إلى العسكر |
| العسكر | مصر | 905 | 969 | انتقلت إلى القاهرة |
| Otjimbingwe | German South-West Africa | 1886 | 1892 | انتقلت إلى Windhoek |
| Cape Coast | Ghana (Gold Coast) | 1664 | 1877 | انتقلت إلى أكرا |
| Bolama | Guinea-Bissau | 1879 | 1941 | انتقلت إلى Bissau |
| Boe | Guinea-Bissau | 1973 | 1974 | moved back to Bissau |
| Njimi | Kanem | fl. 11th Century | c.1396 | lost to Bulala invaders (eventually انتقلت إلى Ngazargamu) |
| Ngazargamu | Kanem-Bornu Empire | c.1472 | 1808 | lost to Fulani invaders (eventually انتقلت إلى Kukawa) |
| Kukawa | Kanem-Bornu Empire | 1814 | 1893 | Kingdom ceased to exist |
| Lagos | Nigeria | 1914 | 1976 | انتقلت إلى Abuja |
| Igbo Ukwu | Kingdom of Nri | 1043 | 1911 | Nigeria |
| Aneho | Togo | 1880s | 1897 | انتقلت إلى Lomé |
| Zomba | Malawi | 1880s | 1975 | انتقلت إلى Lilongwe |
| Dar es Salaam | Tanzania | 1961 | 1996 | انتقلت إلى Dodoma |
| Axum | Ethiopia | 50 AD | ? | city abandoned |
| Debre Berhan | Ethiopia | 1456 | mid-1470s | Emperor returned to custom of a moving capital |
| Gondar | Ethiopia | 1635 | late 19th century | انتقلت إلى Addis Ababa |
See also List of Egyptian capitals.
Asia
Central and South-West Asia
| Old capital city | Country, empire | From | Until | Change, reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kandahar | Afghanistan | 1748 | 1772 | انتقلت إلى Kabul |
| Ashur | Assyria | 3rd Millennium BC | 9th century BC | انتقلت إلى Calah |
| Calah | Assyria | 13th Century BC | 710 BC | انتقلت إلى Nineveh |
| Nineveh | Assyria | 1800 BC | 600 BC | Destroyed by Babylonians |
| Babylon | Babylonia | 24th Century BC | 141 BC | Conquered by Assyrians, Persians, Parthians, Alexander the Great, later abandoned completely |
| Susa, Anshan | Iran (Proto-Elamite, Elam) | 3200 BC | 850 BC | Conquered by Mannaeans |
| Zirta (Izirtu) | Iran (Mannaeans) | 850 BC | 728 BC | Conquered by Median Empire |
| Ecbatana | Iran (Median Empire) | 728 BC | 550 BC | captured by Cyrus the Great |
| Pasargadae | Iran (Persian Empire) | 559 BC | 538 BC | Capital انتقلت إلى Susa by Cambyses II |
| Susa | Iran (Persian Empire) | 538 BC | 515 BC | Capital انتقلت إلى Persepolis by Darius |
| Persepolis | Iran (Persian Empire) | 515 BC | 331 BC | captured by Alexander the Great and incorporated into Macedonian Empire |
| Seleucia | Iran (Seleucid Empire) | 305 BC | 240 BC | انتقلت إلى Antioch |
| Antioch | Iran (Seleucid Empire) | 240 BC | 64 BC | conquered by Parthia |
| Ctesiphon, Hecatompylos, Mithridatkird-Nisa, Asaak | Iran (Parthian Empire) | 240 BC | 224 | conquered by Sassanid Empire |
| Firouzabad, Ctesiphon, Damghan | Iran (Sassanid Empire) | 224 | 637 | fell in Islamic conquest of Persia |
| Nishapur | Iran (Tahirid dynasty) | 821 | 873 | conquered by Saffarid dynasty |
| Zaranj, Amol | Iran (Saffarid dynasty, Alavids) | 861 | 900 | conquered by Samanid |
| Bukhara, Balkh, Samarkand, Herat | Iran (Samanid dynasty) | 875 | 999 | conquered by Ghaznavids |
| Ghazni | Iran (Ghaznavids, Ghurids) | 963 | 1212 | conquered by Seljuq dynasty |
| Nishapur, Rey, Konye-Urgench | Iran (Seljuq dynasty, Khwarezmid dynasty) | 1037 | 1231 | conquered by Ilkhanate |
| Maragheh, Soltaniyeh, Tabriz, Samarkand, Herat | Iran (Ilkhanate, Timurid dynasty) | 1231 | 1506 | conquered by Safavid Dynasty |
| Tabriz | Iran (Safavid Dynasty) | 1501 | 1548 | انتقلت إلى Qazvin |
| Qazvin | Iran (Safavid Dynasty) | 1548 | 1598 | انتقلت إلى Isfahan |
| Isfahan | Iran (Safavid Dynasty) | 1598 | 1736 | انتقلت إلى Mashhad |
| Mashhad | Iran (Afsharid dynasty) | 1736 | 1750 | انتقلت إلى Shiraz |
| Shiraz | Iran (Zand dynasty) | 1750 | 1782 | انتقلت إلى Sari |
| Sari | Iran (Qajar dynasty) | 1782 | 1795 | انتقلت إلى Tehran |
| Gibeah | Israel, Kingdom of | c.1030 BC | C.1010 BC | انتقلت إلى Mahanaim |
| Mahanaim | Israel, Kingdom of | c.1010 BC | c.1007 BC | انتقلت إلى Hebron |
| Hebron | Israel, Kingdom of | c.1007 BC | c.1000 BC | انتقلت إلى Jerusalem when the kingdom was reunited under King David |
| Jerusalem | Israel, Kingdom of | c.1000 BC | c.930 BC | country split in two |
| Shechem | Israel, Kingdom of (northern part) | c.930 BC | c.930 BC | انتقلت إلى Penuel |
| Penuel | Israel, Kingdom of (northern part) | c.930 BC | c.909 BC | انتقلت إلى Tirzah |
| Tirzah | Israel, Kingdom of (northern part) | c.909 BC | c.880 BC | انتقلت إلى Samaria |
| Samaria | Israel, Kingdom of (northern part) | c.880 BC | c.720 BC | Kingdom ceased to exist |
| Tel Aviv | Israel, State of | May 6, 1948 | December 30, 1948 | interim de facto capital, انتقلت إلى Jerusalem after captured from Jordanian forces in 1948 Arab-Israeli War |
| Jerusalem | Jerusalem, Kingdom of | 1099 | 1187 | انتقلت إلى Acre (Jerusalem captured by Saladin) |
| Acre | Jerusalem, Kingdom of | 1187 | 1291 | Kingdom ceased to exist |
| Jerusalem | Judah, Kingdom of | c.930 BC | 586 BC | Kingdom ceased to exist |
| Semey | Kazakhstan (Alash Orda) | 1917 | 1920 | Entity named Kyrgyz ASSR established, capital انتقلت إلى Orenburg |
| Orenburg | Kazakhstan (Kyrgyz ASSR) | 1920 | 1925 | انتقلت إلى Qyzylorda |
| Qyzylorda | Kazakhstan (Kazakh ASSR) | 1926 | 1929 | انتقلت إلى Alma-Ata |
| Almaty (Alma-Ata) | Kazakhstan (Kazakh ASSR, Kazakh SSR, independent Kazakhstan) | 1929 | 1998 | انتقلت إلى Astana |
| Salalah | Oman | 1932 | 1970 | انتقلت إلى Musqat |
| Omsk | Russia (White Movement) | 1918 | 1920 | White Movement defeated by Reds |
| Diriyah | Saudi Arabia | 1744 | 1818 | انتقلت إلى Riyadh after the Turks destroyed the city. |
| Aden | South Yemen | 1967 | 1990 | San'a, country ceased to exist after unification of Yemen |
| Samarkand | Uzbekistan (SSR) | 1925 | 1930 | انتقلت إلى Tashkent |
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Indian Sub-Continent
| Old capital city | Country, empire | From | Until | Change, reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mysore | Kingdom of Mysore | 1524 | 1947 | انتقلت إلى New Delhi, Kingdom of Mysore dissolved- the capital of the state was moved temporarily to Bangalore 1831 to 1881 by Mark Cubbon |
| Agra | Mughal Empire | 1504 | 1653 | انتقلت إلى Aurangabad, was انتقلت إلى Delhi during the reign of Shah Jahan and to Fatehpur Sikri during 1571-1585, during part of Akbar's reign |
| Pune | Maratha Empire | 1679 | 1818 | British captured the city and controlled from Calcutta |
| Fatehpur Sikri | Mughal Empire | 1571 | 1585 | انتقلت إلى Agra |
| Calcutta | India (British) | 1772 | 1912 | انتقلت إلى Delhi |
| Delhi | India (British) | 1912 | 1931 | انتقلت إلى New Delhi |
| Simla | India (British) | fl. 1850 | 1947 | Summer capital |
| Yangon (Rangoon) | Myanmar (Burma) | 1948 | 2005 | انتقلت إلى Naypyidaw |
| Karachi | Pakistan | 1947 | 1959 | انتقلت إلى Rawalpindi |
| Rawalpindi | Pakistan | 1959 | 1967 | انتقلت إلى Islamabad |
| Anuradapura | Lanka (Sri Lanka) | ~382 BC | 1018 | Capital انتقلت إلى possibly Polonnaruwa |
| Polonnaruwa | Sri Lanka | ~1055 | 1284 | Capital انتقلت إلى Dambadeniya |
| Kotte | Sri Lanka | ~1415 | ~1565 | Capital انتقلت إلى Kandy |
| Kandy | Sri Lanka | 1592 | 1815 | Capital انتقلت إلى Colombo |
| Colombo | Sri Lanka | 1815 | 1982 | Capital انتقلت إلى Kotte |
South-East Asia
| Old capital city | Country, empire | From | Until | Change, reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yogyakarta | Indonesia | 1946 | 1948 | Allied invasion, انتقلت إلى Bukittinggi |
| Bukittinggi | Indonesia | 1948 | 1949 | انتقلت إلى Jakarta |
| Marawi | Maguindanao Sultanate | ~1205 | 19th century (?) | Annexed into the Spanish East Indies |
| Bacolod | Negros, Cantonal Republic of | 1898 | 1899 | absorbed by الفلپين. |
| Malolos | Philippine Republic, First | 1898 | 1899 | Headquarters of the Revolutionary movement (Note: Several other towns became capitals at a succeeding rate, namely San Isidro, Cabanatuan, Bamban, Tarlac, Bayambang and Palanan, to avoid capture from the Americans). Moved back to Manila after capture of Aguinaldo on 1901. |
| Manila | Philippine Republic, Second | 1943 | 1945 | Liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese |
| Manila | Philippines, Commonwealth of the | 1934 | 1941 | Japanese occupation. Moved back to Manila in 1945 after the liberation of the Philippines |
| Baguio | Philippines | 1946 | 1976 | Summer Capital, moved back to Manila via Presidential Decree No. 940. |
| Quezon City | Philippines | 1948 | 1976 | Moved back to Manila via Presidential Decree No. 940. Quezon City, with Manila, became parts of Metro Manila. Several government offices remained in Quezon City, including the Batasang Pambansa, and ultimately the House of Representatives. Manila is the current capital. |
| Cebu | Spanish East Indies | 1562 | 1578 (?) | First Spanish settlement in the country. انتقلت إلى Manila (Formerly Maynilad) after capture. |
| Manila | Spanish East Indies | ~1578 | 1762 | Captured by the British during the Seven Years' War, returned to Spain after the Treaty of Paris. |
| Bacolor | Spanish East Indies | 1762 | 1764 | Capital of the exiled government Governor-general Simon de Anda during the Seven Years' War. Moved back to Manila |
| Manila | Spanish East Indies | 1764 | 1901 | Ceded to الولايات المتحدة via Treaty of Paris |
| Jolo | Sulu Sultanate | 1450 (?) | 1899 | Annexed by الولايات المتحدة |
| Sukhothai | تايلند (Kingdom of Siam) | 1238 | 1438 | انتقلت إلى Ayutthaya after sacked by Ayutthaya |
| Chiang Mai (Lanna) | تايلند (Kingdom of Siam) | 1259 | 1939 | Annexed by Siam |
| Ayutthaya | تايلند (Kingdom of Siam) | 1350 | 1767 | انتقلت إلى Thonburi after the Burmese destroyed the city |
| Thonburi | تايلند (Kingdom of Siam) | 1767 | 1782 | انتقلت إلى Bangkok after King Taksin was declared mad |
| Luang Prabang | Lan Prabang | 1707 | Luang Prabang was one of three successors states to Lan Xang. | |
| Luang Prabang | Laos, Kingdom of | 1949 | 1975 | abdication of King Savang Vatthana; the second capital |
| Vientiane | Lan Xang | 1354 | TBA | انتقلت إلى Luang Prabang |
| Vientiane | Vientiane Lao | 1707 (?) | 1828 | incorporated to Siam, then absorbed into French Indochina (in 1893) |
| Vientiane | Kingdom of Laos | 1949 | 1975 | abdication of King Savang Vatthana |
| Champasak | Champasak Kingdom | 1713 | 1946 | Became part of Kingdom of Laos. |
| Angkor | Khmer Empire | 802 | 1431 | Sacked by Ayutthaya |
| Lovek | Lovek Kingdom | 1525 | 1593 | Move to Oudong (in 1618) |
| Phnom Penh | Colonial Cambodia | 1863 | 1887 | annexed by France; انتقلت إلى Saigon |
| Phong Châu, Phú Thọ | Văn Lang (Hồng Bàng Dynasty) | 2879 BC | 258 BC | annexed by Thục Dynasty |
| Phong Châu, Phú Thọ | Vạn Xuân (Hậu Lý Nam Đế) | 571 | 602 | Third Chinese domination |
| Cổ Loa (Hanoi) | Âu Lạc (Thục Dynasty) | 257 BC | 207 BC | First Chinese domination |
| Cổ Loa (Hanoi) | (Ngô Dynasty) | 938 | 967 | the upheavals of Twelve warlords |
| Đại La (Hanoi) | An Nam (Phung Hung) | 8th Century | Annexed by Tang Dynasty | |
| Đại La (Hanoi) | An Nam (Khúc family) | 905 | 930 | Dương Dinh Nghe was killed by his legion commander Kiều Công Tiễn and thus ending Khúc rule. |
| Đại La (Hanoi) | An Nam (Duong Dinh Nghe and Kieu Cong Tien) | 931 | 937 | Ngo Quyen defeated Southern Han Dynasty |
| Đông Đô (Hanoi) | Đại Việt (Later Lê Dynasty and Mạc Dynasty) | 1428 | 1788 | |
| Mê Linh (Hanoi) | (Trưng Sisters) | 40 | 43 | Second Chinese domination |
| Long Biên (Hanoi) | Vạn Xuân (Anterior Lý dynasty and Triệu Việt Vương) | 544 | 571 | انتقلت إلى Phong Châu |
| Hoa Lư (Ninh Bình) | Đại Cồ Việt (Đinh Dynasty) | 968 | 980 | |
| Hoa Lư (Ninh Bình) | Đại Cồ Việt (Early Lê Dynasty) | 980 | 1009 | انتقلت إلى Đại La, then renamed into Thăng Long |
| Tây Đô, Thanh Hóa | Đại Ngu (Hồ Dynasty) | 1400 | 1407 | Fourth Chinese domination; it was the first capital of Hồ Dynasty |
| Tây Đô, Thanh Hóa | Đại Việt-Nam Triều (Restored Lê Dynasty) | 1533 | 1592 | انتقلت إلى Thăng Long after defeating Mạc Dynasty |
| Phú Xuân (Huế) | Đại Việt-Đàng Trong (Nguyễn Lords) | 1558 | 1777 | Tây Sơn Dynasty unified Đại Việt |
| Phú Xuân (Huế) | Đại Việt (Tây Sơn Dynasty) | 1788 | 1802 | Defeated by Nguyễn Ánh (Nguyễn Dynasty) |
| Phú Xuân (Huế) | Vietnam (Nguyễn Dynasty) | 1802 | 1945 | انتقلت إلى Hanoi after the abdication of Emperor Bảo Đại |
| Phú Xuân (Huế) | Empire of Vietnam | 1945 | August Revolution | |
| Hue | An Nam (Nguyễn Dynasty) | 1874 | 1955 | annexed by France, Geneva Conference (1954) led to the Partition of Vietnam |
| Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) | French Indochina | 1887 | 1901 | انتقلت إلى Hanoi |
| Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) | State of Vietnam | 1949 | 1955 | Geneva Conference (1954) led to the Partition of Vietnam; Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City in 1976. |
| Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) | Vietnam, South | 1954 | 1975 | Hanoi, country ceased to exist after unification of Vietnam |
| Thăng Long (Hanoi) | Đại Việt (Lý & Trần Dynasties) | 1010 | 1400 | Trần Dynasty renovated Thăng Long and renamed to Long Phượng |
| Thăng Long (Hanoi) | Đại Việt (Later Lê Dynasty) | 1428 | 1527 | Southern and Northern Dynasties of Vietnam |
| Thăng Long (Hanoi) | Đại Việt-Bắc Triều (Mạc Dynasty) | 1533 | 1592 | defeated by Trịnh Lords; renamed again to Đông Đô |
| Thăng Long (Hanoi) | Đại Việt-Đàng Ngoài (Later Lê Dynasty - Trịnh Lords) | 1593 | 1788 | Thăng Long was destroyed by Qing Dynasty and Tây Sơn Dynasty unified Đại Việt, then انتقلت إلى Phú Xuân; renamed to Bắc Thành; renamed to Hanoi in 1831. |
| Hanoi | French Indochina | 1902 | 1953 | Geneva Conference (1954) led to the Partition of Vietnam; in 1831, Emperor Minh Mạng renamed Thăng Long to Hanoi (Hà Nội) |
| Hanoi | Vietnam, North | 1954 | 1976 | unification of Vietnam |
| Yangon | Myanmar | 1948 | 2005 | انتقلت إلى newly built Naypyidaw |
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East Asia
| Old capital city | Country, empire | From | Until | Change, reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Victoria | British Hong Kong | 1841 | 1997 | colony dissolved, ceded over to China during the transitional handover from the United Kingdom |
| Anyang | China (Shang Dynasty) | c. 1600 BC | c. 1046 BC | انتقلت إلى Chang'an - end of Shang Dynasty |
| Chang'an | China (Zhou Dynasty) | c. 1046 BC | 722 BC | انتقلت إلى Luoyang |
| Luoyang | China (Zhou Dynasty) | 772 BC | 221 BC | انتقلت إلى Xianyang - fall of Zhou Dynasty |
| Xianyang | China (Qin Dynasty) | 221 BC | 206 BC | moved back to Chang'an - fall of Qin Dynasty |
| Chang'an | China (Han Dynasty) | 206 BC | 25 | moved back to Luoyang |
| Luoyang | China (Han Dynasty) | 25 | 220 | Fall of the Han Dynasty marking the beginning of the Six Dynasties period |
| Chang'an | China (Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty) | 581 | 907 | fall of the Tang Dynasty marking the beginning of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period |
| Kaifeng | China (Song Dynasty) | 960 | 1127 | انتقلت إلى Hangzhou |
| Hangzhou | China (Song Dynasty) | 1127 | 1279 | Kublai Khan integrated China into the Mongol Empire |
| Nanjing | China (Ming Dynasty) | 1368 | 1421 | انتقلت إلى Beijing |
| Nanking (Nanjing) | China, Republic of | 1928 | 1937 | انتقلت إلى Chongqing |
| Chungking (Chongqing) | China, Republic of | 1937 | 1945 | moved back to Nanjing |
| Nanking (Nanjing) | China, Republic of | 1945 | 1949 | انتقلت إلى Beijing - After the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China government fled to Taiwan and made Taipei the capital. |
| Hakodate | Ezo, Republic of | 1868 | 1869 | Ezo annexed by Japan |
| Taipei | Formosa, Republic of | 1895 | 1895 | انتقلت إلى Tainan |
| Tainan | Formosa, Republic of | 1895 | 1895 | Formosa annexed by Japan |
| Asuka | Japan (Asuka period) | 538 | 710 | انتقلت إلى Heijō-kyō (Nara) |
| Heijō-kyō (Nara) | Japan (Nara Period) | 710 | 784 | انتقلت إلى Nagaoka-kyō (Nagaoka) |
| Nagaoka-kyō (Nagaoka) | Japan (Nara Period) | 784 | 794 | انتقلت إلى Heian-kyō (Kyoto) |
| Heian-kyō (Kyoto) | Japan | 794 | 1868 | انتقلت إلى Tokyo (see also: Capital of Japan) |
| Wanggeom | Korea (Wiman Joseon) | Unknown | 108 BC | fall of Gojoseon |
| Jolbon | Korea (Goguryeo) | 37 BC | 3 | انتقلت إلى Gungnae |
| Gungnae | Korea (Goguryeo) | 3 | 427 | انتقلت إلى Pyongyang |
| Pyongyang | Korea (Goguryeo) | 427 | 668 | fall of Goguryeo |
| Gyeongju | Korea (Silla) | 57 BC | 935 | fall of Silla |
| Wirye | Korea (Baekje) | 18 BC | 476 | انتقلت إلى Ungjin |
| Ungjin | Korea (Baekje) | 476 | 538 | انتقلت إلى Sabi |
| Sabi | Korea (Baekje) | 538 | 660 | fall of Baekje |
| Gaegyeong | Korea (Goryeo) | 919 | 1392 | انتقلت إلى Hanyang (Seoul) - fall of Goryeo Dynasty |
| Shuri | Ryūkyū | 1429 | 1879 | Annexed by Japan |
| Tainan | Tungning, Kingdom of | 1662 | 1683 | Kingdom of Tungning conquered by Qing Dynasty. |
Europe
Northern Europe
| Old capital city | Country, empire | From | Until | Change, reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roskilde | Denmark | c.1020 | 1443 | انتقلت إلى Copenhagen |
| Winchester | England, Kingdom of | 927 | 1066 | انتقلت إلى لندن |
| Turku | Finland, Grand Duchy of | 1809 | 1812 | انتقلت إلى Helsinki |
| Vaasa | Finland, Republic of | 1918 | 1918 | Temporary capital during the Civil War |
| Hill of Tara | Ireland (under the High Kings) | 6th century | 12th century | Ireland invaded by Normans |
| Kilkenny | Ireland, Confederate | 1642 | 1651 | Cromwellian conquest of Ireland |
| Kaunas | Lithuania (details) | 1922 | 1940 | moved back to Vilnius |
| Castletown | Man, Isle of | 1090 | 1874 | انتقلت إلى Douglas |
| Nidaros (Trondheim) | Norway | 997 | 1070 | انتقلت إلى Bergen |
| Bjørgvin (Bergen) | Norway | 1070 | 1299 | انتقلت إلى Oslo |
| Christiania (Oslo) | Norway | 1624 | 1924 | (also written Kristiania from ca. 1877), renamed Oslo |
| Scone, near Perth | Scotland, Kingdom of | 846 | 1452 | انتقلت إلى Edinburgh |
| Edinburgh | Scotland, Kingdom of | 1452 | 1707 | Scotland was united with England under one monarch in 1603, and lost sovereignty fully in 1707. Edinburgh remains the capital of Scotland within the المملكة المتحدة. |
| Gamla Uppsala | Sweden | 9th century | 1273 | انتقلت إلى Uppsala |
| Uppsala | Sweden | 1273 | 1436 | انتقلت إلى Stockholm |
| Machynlleth | Wales | 1404 | 1416 | seat of Owain Glyndŵr's self-proclaimed parliament. Capital declared to be Cardiff in 1955 |
| York | Scandinavian York | 875 | 954 | fall of kingdom |
Southern Europe
| Old capital city | Country, empire | From | Until | Change, reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Córdoba | Umayyad Caliphate, Córdoba, Emirate of and Córdoba, Caliphate of |
750 | 1031 | country dissolved, became part of Taifa of Córdoba |
| Tharros | Arborea, Giudicato of | 9th century | 1070 | انتقلت إلى Oristano |
| Oristano | Arborea, Giudicato of | 1070 | 1410 | انتقلت إلى Sassari |
| Sassari | Arborea, Giudicato of | 1410 | 1420 | remaining territories sold to the Kingdom of Sardinia |
| Santa Igia | Cagliari, Giudicato of | 9th century | 1258 | country dissolved, territories annexed by Arborea, Gallura, Pisa and Gherardesca |
| Burgos | Castile | 11th century | 15th century | انتقلت إلى Valladolid |
| Corte | Corsica, Republic of | 1755 | 1769 | Corsican Republic annexed by France |
| Corte | Anglo-Corsican Kingdom | 1794 | 1795 | انتقلت إلى Bastia |
| Bastia | Anglo-Corsican Kingdom | 1795 | 1796 | Corsican Kingdom annexed by France |
| Milan | Cisalpine Republic | 1797 | 1802 | became the Italian Republic |
| Santiago | Couto Mixto | 12th century | 1864 | Couto Mixto annexed by Spain and Portugal |
| Florence | Florence, Duchy of | 1532 | 1569 | became Grand Duchy of Tuscany |
| Florence | Florence, Republic of | 1115 | 1532 | became Duchy of Florence |
| Olbia | Gallura, Giudicato of | 9th century | 1296 | country dissolved, territories annexed by Pisa and Arborea |
| Genoa | Genoa, Republic of | 11th century | 1805 | annexed by France |
| Rabat | Gozo | 1798 | 1800 | became part of the British Protectorate of Malta |
| Granada | Granada, Kingdom of | 1250 | 1492 | Kingdom ceased to exist after the Reconquista and incorporated into Castile |
| Milan | Italian Republic | 1802 | 1805 | Became the Kingdom of Italy |
| Salò | Italian Social Republic | 1943 | 1945 | Republic ceased to exist |
| Milan | Italy, Kingdom of (Napoleonic) | 1805 | 1814 | Kingdom ceased to exist |
| Turin | Italy, Kingdom of (Sardinian) | 1861 | 1865 | انتقلت إلى Florence |
| Florence | Italy, Kingdom of (Sardinian) | 1865 | 1871 | انتقلت إلى Rome |
| Rome | Italy, Kingdom of (Sardinian) | 1871 | 1946 | Kingdom became Republic |
| Salerno | Italy, Kingdom of (Sardinian) | 1944 | 1944 | temporarily; انتقلت إلى Rome after the latter's liberation |
| Milan | Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom | 1815 | 1859 | Milan ceded to Kingdom of Sardinia |
| Mdina | Malta | 700 BC | 1530 | انتقلت إلى Vittoriosa upon arrival of the Order of Saint John |
| Vittoriosa | Malta | 1530 | 1571 | انتقلت إلى Valletta |
| Mantua | Mantua, Duchy of | 1433 | 1708 | attached to the Duchy of Milan |
| Milan | Milan, Duchy of | 1395 | 1797 | became part of the Cisalpine Republic |
| Modena | Modena, Duchy of | 1452 | 1860 | became part of united Italy |
| Naples | Naples, Kingdom of | 1282 | 1816 | Kingdom of Naples merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies |
| Piacenza | Piacenza and Parma, Duchy of | 1545 | 1547 | انتقلت إلى Parma, following the assassination of the Duke Pierluigi Farnese |
| Parma | Parma and Piacenza, Duchy of | 1547 | 1860 | Became part of united Italy |
| Guimarães | Portugal | 1095 | 1131 | انتقلت إلى Coimbra |
| Coimbra | Portugal | 1131 | 1255 | انتقلت إلى Lisbon |
| Cagliari | Sardinia, Kingdom of | 1324 | 1720 | انتقلت إلى Turin |
| Turin | Sardinia, Kingdom of | 1720 | 1861 | Became part of unified Italy |
| Sassari | Sassari, Republic of | 1294 | 1323 | Became part of Kingdom of Sardinia |
| Turin | Savoy, Duchy of | 1563 | 1720 | Became part of Kingdom of Sardinia |
| Palermo | Sicily | 1130 | 1816 | Kingdom merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies |
| Toledo | Spain | 15th Century | 1561 | انتقلت إلى Madrid |
| Valladolid | Spain | 1600 | 1606 | انتقلت إلى Madrid |
| Valencia | Spain | 1936 | 1939 | Government of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War |
| Porto Torres | Torres, Giudicato of | 9th century | 11th century | انتقلت إلى Ardara |
| Ardara | Torres, Giudicato of | 11th century | 1272 | انتقلت إلى Sassari |
| Sassari | Torres, Giudicato of | 1272 | 1280 | country dissolved, territories annexed by Malaspina, Doria, Pisa and Arborea |
| Trieste | Trieste, Free Territory of | 1947 | 1954 | Territory dissolved, integrated into Italy and Yugoslavia |
| Florence | Tuscany | 1569 | 1860 | became part of unified Italy |
| Siena | Tuscany | 1125 | 1555 | Conquered by Florence |
| Naples | Two Sicilies, Kingdom of the | 1816 | 1861 | became part of unified Italy |
| Venice | Venice, Republic of | fl. 9th century | 1797 | annexed by Austria |
Western Europe
| Old capital city | Country, empire | From | Until | Change, reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tournai | Francia | 431 | 486 | Under kings Childeric I and Clovis I, Tournai was the capital of the Frankish empire. In the year 486, Clovis moved the center of power to Paris, as a result, the Low Countries region ceased to be the political center of the Frankish empire. |
| Aachen | Holy Roman Empire Carolingian Empire | 800 | 814 | became capital of Charlemagne as Imperator Augustus of the Holy Roman Empire and the Emperior of the Carolingian Empire |
| Zürich | Switzerland (Old Swiss Confederacy) | 1415 | 1530 | Vorort of the Swiss diet, after 1530 partially replaced by Lucerne.[1] |
| Vienna | Holy Roman Empire | 1558 | 1806 | became capital in Austrian Empire |
| Vienna | Austrian Empire | 1806 | 1867 | became capital in Austro-Hungarian Empire |
| Vienna | Austro-Hungarian Empire | 1867 | 1918 | became capital in Republic of Austria |
| Karlsruhe | Baden | 1771 | 1918 | Baden became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Karlsruhe remained the capital of the German state of Baden until 1945. |
| Munich | Bavaria | 14th century | 1918 | Bavaria became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Munich remains the capital of the German state of Bavaria. |
| Brunswick | Brunswick | 1815 | 1946 | Brunswick merged into Niedersachsen |
| Frankfurt | Confederation of the Rhine | 1806 | 1815 | dissolved in 1815 |
| Vichy | France | 1940 | 1944 | capital of Vichy France régime |
| Frankfurt | German Confederation | 1815 | 1866 | German Confederation was dissolved in 1866 |
| Berlin | German Empire, Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany |
1871 | 1945 | Separation of Germany to occupation zones for the Allied powers |
| Bonn | Germany, West | 1949 | 1990 | انتقلت إلى Berlin after re-unification of Germany |
| East Berlin | Germany, East | 1949 | 1990 | Berlin, country ceased to exist after re-unification of Germany |
| Hanover | Hanover | 1814 | 1866 | Hanover annexed by Prussia |
| Wiesbaden | Nassau | 1816 | 1866 | Nassau annexed by Prussia |
| Kelmis | Neutral Moresnet | 1816 | 1919 | Moresnet annexed by Belgium |
| Oldenburg | Oldenburg | 1180 | 1946 | Oldenburg merged into Niedersachsen |
| Heidelberg | Electorate of the Palatinate | 14th century | 1720 | انتقلت إلى Mannheim |
| Mannheim | Electorate of the Palatinate | 1720 | 1777 | Palatinate inherited by the Electors of Bavaria. |
| Dresden | Saxony | 1485 | 1952 | Saxony became part of the German Empire in 1871, and Saxony lost its statehood in 1952. Dresden became again the capital of the German state of Saxony in 1990. |
| Bückeburg | Schaumburg-Lippe | 1643 | 1946 | Schaumburg-Lippe merged into Niedersachsen |
| Aarau | Switzerland (Helvetic Republic) | 1798 | 1798 | انتقلت إلى Lucerne |
| Lucerne | Switzerland (Helvetic Republic) | 1798 | 1803 | Helvetic Republic abolished |
| Kassel | Westphalia | 1807 | 1813 | dissolved in 1813 |
| Stuttgart | Württemberg | ca. 1300 | 1918 | Württemberg became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Stuttgart remained the capital of the German state of Württemberg until 1947, and then became capital of the German state of Baden-Württemberg |
Eastern Europe
Southeastern Europe
| Old capital city | Country, empire | From | Until | Change, reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vlorë | Albania | 1912 | 1920 | moved briefly to Durres and finally Tirana. |
| Pliska | Bulgaria (First Bulgarian Empire) | 681 | 893 | انتقلت إلى Preslav |
| Preslav | Bulgaria (First Bulgarian Empire) | 893 | 972 | انتقلت إلى Skopie |
| Skopie | Bulgaria (First Bulgarian Empire) | 972 | 992 | انتقلت إلى Ohrid |
| Ohrid | Bulgaria (First Bulgarian Empire) | 992 | 1018 | Empire ceased to exist after Byzantine conquest |
| Veliko Tarnovo | Bulgaria (Second Bulgarian Empire) | 1185 | 1393 | انتقلت إلى Vidin |
| Vidin | Bulgaria (Second Bulgarian Empire) | 1393 | 1422 | Empire ceased to exist after the Ottoman conquest |
| Constantinople | Byzantine Empire | 330 | 661 | Emperor Constans II relocated his capital to Syracuse in Sicily. |
| Syracuse | Byzantine Empire | 661 | 668 | Constans II was assassinated and the seat of Byzantine government was returned to Constantinople. |
| Constantinople | Byzantine Empire | 668 | 1204 | The Fourth Crusade set out to replace the Greek Orthodox Byzantine Empire with a Latin version and there were several Byzantine successor states, the most memorable of which being the Empire of Nicaea. |
| Nicaea | Byzantine Empire | 1204 | 1261 | When the Empire of Nicaea recaptured Constantinople, they relocated the capital there as well |
| Constantinople | Byzantine Empire | 1261 | 1453 | Byzantine Empire conquered by the Ottoman Empire. |
| Chania | Crete | 1898 | 1913 | Cretan State united with Greece |
| Varaždin | Croatia | 1756 | 1776 | Moved back to Zagreb, when a fire destroyed most of the city. |
| Plovdiv | Eastern Rumelia | 1878 | 1885 | annexed as part of the Unification of Bulgaria |
| Fiume/Rijeka | Fiume, Free State of | 1920 | 1924 | annexed by Kingdom of Italy |
| Nafplion | Greece | 1821 | 1836 | انتقلت إلى Athens |
| Aegina | Greece | 1827 | 1829 | moved back to Nafplion |
| Siret | Moldavia | 1354 | 1388 | انتقلت إلى Suceava |
| Suceava | Moldavia | 1388 | 1564 | انتقلت إلى Iaşi |
| Iaşi | Moldavia | 1564 | 1859 | unified with Wallachia to form United Principalities of Romania |
| Prapratna | Montenegro | ... | 1042 | انتقلت إلى Skadar |
| Skadar | Montenegro | 1042 | 1385 | انتقلت إلى Ulcinj (Olcinium) |
| Ulcinj (Olcinium) | Montenegro | 1385 | 1403 | انتقلت إلى Bar (Antivari) |
| Bar (Antivari) | Montenegro | 1403 | 1408 | |
| Skadar | Montenegro | 1408 | 1474 | انتقلت إلى Žabljak (Žabljak Crnojevića) |
| Žabljak (Žabljak Crnojevića) | Montenegro | 1474 | 1475 | انتقلت إلى Obod |
| Obod | Montenegro | 1475 | 1482 | انتقلت إلى Cetinje |
| Cetinje | Montenegro | 1482 | 1946 | انتقلت إلى Podgorica |
| Bursa | Ottoman empire | 1335 | 1365 | انتقلت إلى Edirne |
| Edirne | Ottoman empire | 1365 | 1453 | انتقلت إلى Istanbul (Constantinople) |
| Istanbul | Ottoman empire | 1453 | 1923 | The Ottoman Empire became the Republic of Turkey. The capital انتقلت إلى Ankara |
| Ragusa | Ragusa, Republic of | 7th century | 1808 | annexed by France |
| Iaşi | Romania | 1859 | 1862 | one of the two capitals of the United Principalities, then انتقلت إلى Bucharest |
| Bucharest | Romania | 1859 | 1916 | انتقلت إلى Iaşi after partial occupation of the Kingdom of Romania during الحرب العالمية الأولى |
| Iaşi | Romania | 1916 | 1918 | moved back to Bucharest |
| Corfu | Septinsular Republic | 1800 | 1815 | Succeeded by the United States of the Ionian Islands, an amical protectorate of the المملكة المتحدة, which had Corfu as its capital, too, until 1864, when the Island country became part of the Kingdom of Greece. |
| Ras | Serbia | 950 | 1200 | capital of Serbian medieval state Raska انتقلت إلى Debrc |
| Debrc | Serbia | 1276 | 1289 | انتقلت إلى Belgrade |
| Prizren | Serbia | 1300 | 1345 | انتقلت إلى Skoplje |
| Skoplje | Serbia | 1345 | 1371 | capital of Serbian Empire, now capital of Republic of Macedonia |
| Smederevo | Serbia | 1430 | 1453 | capital of Serbian Despotate |
| Subotica | Serbia | 1526 | 1527 | capital of Serbia, انتقلت إلى Kragujevac |
| Kragujevac | Serbia | 1818 | 1841 | انتقلت إلى Belgrade |
| Câmpulung | Wallachia | fl.13th Century | fl.15th Century | انتقلت إلى Târgovişte |
| Târgovişte | Wallachia | 1418 | 1659 | انتقلت إلى Bucharest |
| Bucharest | Wallachia | 1659 | 1859 | unified with Moldavia to form United Principalities of Romania |
| Belgrade | Yugoslavia | 1918 | 2003 | State union dissolved, became capital of Serbia |
Central Europe
| Old capital city | Country, empire | From | Until | Change, reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prague | Czechoslovakia | 1918 | 1993 | became capital in Czech Republic |
| Székesfehérvár and Esztergom | Hungary | 972 (or 973) | 1256 | The capital moved from Esztergom to Buda after most of the city was destroyed by the Mongols in 1242 |
| Buda | Hungary | 1361 | 1536 | انتقلت إلى Pozsony after part of the nation captured by Ottoman Empire |
| Pozsony (Pressburg) | Hungary | 1536 | 1784 | The Capital was here because Turks captured Buda, in 1784 it was moved back to Buda |
| Buda | Hungary | 1784 | 1849 | becomes part of Austria, capital in Vienna |
| Buda | Hungary (as part of Austro-Hungarian Empire) | 1867 | 1873 | united with Óbuda and Pest to become Budapest |
| Płock | Masovia | c.1038 | 1047 | Masovia reincorporated into Poland |
| Płock | Masovia | 1138 | 1313 | انتقلت إلى Czersk |
| Czersk | Masovia | 1313 | 1413 | انتقلت إلى Warsaw |
| Warsaw | Masovia | 1413 | 1526 | Masovia reincorporated into Poland |
| Gniezno | Poland | 10th century | 1038 | انتقلت إلى Kraków |
| Poznań | Poland | 10th century | 1038 | انتقلت إلى Kraków |
| Kraków | Poland | 1038 | 1079 | انتقلت إلى Płock |
| Płock | Poland | 1079 | 1138 | انتقلت إلى Kraków |
| Kraków | Poland | 1138 | 1290 | انتقلت إلى Poznań |
| Poznań | Poland | 1290 | 1296 | انتقلت إلى Kraków |
| Kraków | Poland | 1296 | 1596 | انتقلت إلى Warsaw |
| Lublin | Poland | 1944 | 1945 | de facto capital |
| Łódź | Poland | 1945 | 1947 | de facto capital |
الاوقيانوسية
| Old capital city | Country, empire | From | Until | Change, reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Levuka | Fiji | 1874 | 1877 | انتقلت إلى Suva |
| Jabor, Jaluit Atoll | Marshall Islands | 1885 | 1944 | انتقلت إلى Majuro Atoll |
| Kolonia | Micronesia, Federated States of | 1914 | 1999 | انتقلت إلى Palikir |
| Russell | New Zealand | 1840 | 1841 | انتقلت إلى Auckland |
| Auckland | New Zealand | 1841 | 1865 | انتقلت إلى Wellington |
| Koror | Palau | 1994 | 2007 | انتقلت إلى Melekeok |
| Tulaghi | Solomon Islands | 1896 | 1942 | انتقلت إلى Honiara |
Note: Melbourne is sometimes said to have been the inaugural capital of Australia, from 1901 until 1927, when Parliament House, Canberra was opened. This is not so. Section 125 of the Constitution of Australia states that the seat of government is to be within the state of New South Wales but not less than 100 miles from Sydney, and that until that place (Canberra) was built, the Parliament of Australia would meet at Melbourne. That made Melbourne the de facto (but not de jure) seat of government 1901-1927, but it did not amount to Melbourne being declared the capital, and it was never so described in contemporary documents.
أمريكا الشمالية
- For the historical capitals of الولايات المتحدة، the Confederate States of America, the Republic of Texas, the Vermont Republic, the Kingdom and Republic of Hawaii, as well as various unrecognized nations within the present United States, see Former national capitals in the United States.
- For the many capitals of the former Province of Canada, see that article.
أمريكا الجنوبية
| Old capital city | Country, empire | From | Until | Change, reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cuzco | Peru (Inca Empire) | fl.13th Century | 1534 | Inca Empire conquered and taken over by the Spanish, who designated Jauja as their administration site |
| Coro | Venezuela, Captaincy General of | 1527 | 1578 | انتقلت إلى Caracas to prevent an invasion due to its large coastline. |
| Antimary | Acre, Republic of | 1899 | 1900 | returned to Bolivia, then incorporated into Brazil |
| Jauja | Peru (New Castile Governorate) | 1534 | 1535 | انتقلت إلى Lima along the coastline in 1535 |
| Perquenco | Araucanía and Patagonia, Kingdom of | 1860 | ? | incorporated to Chile and Argentina |
| Paraná | Argentine Confederation | 1853 | 1861 | انتقلت إلى Buenos Aires, after the secessionist State of Buenos Ayres rejoined Argentina |
| Salvador da Bahia | Brazil | 1549 | 1763 | انتقلت إلى Rio de Janeiro |
| Rio de Janeiro | Portugal | 1808 | 1815 | became capital of Portugal when the Portuguese king John VI انتقلت إلى the colony of Brazil during the war with Napoleonic France in 1808. |
| Rio de Janeiro | Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarve; Kingdom of | 1815 | 1825 | It came into being when the colony of Brazil was elevated to the rank of a Kingdom, and the Kingdoms of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve were united as a single State by the title of The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve by a Law issued on December 16, 1815. |
| Rio de Janeiro | Brazil | 1763 | 1960 | انتقلت إلى Brasília |
| Concepción | Chile, Kingdom of | 1565 | 1575 | انتقلت إلى Santiago |
| Concepción del Uruguay |
Entre Rios, Republic of |
1820 | 1821 | country dissolved (and incorporated to Argentina) after the death of Francisco Ramírez |
| Laguna | Juliana Republic | 1836 | 1836 | reincorporated into the Brazilian Empire after the War of the Farrapos |
| Purificación | Liga Federal | 1815 | 1820 | country dissolved |
| Tacna | Peru-Bolivian Confederation | 1837 | 1839 | country ceased to exist |
| Piratini | Riograndense Republic | 1836 | 1845 | reincorporated into the Brazilian Empire after the War of the Farrapos |
هذه القائمة غير مكتملة؛ بإمكانك المساعدة بتنميتها.
انظر أيضاً
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- Historical capitals of China
- قائمة العواصم المصرية
- Capital of France
- عاصمة ألمانيا
- عاصمة الهند
- List of capitals in the United States
- Location of European Union institutions
- Extinct countries, empires, etc.
- Countries by date of nationhood
الهامش
- ^ Vorort in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.