فنلندا
جمهورية فنلندا | |
|---|---|
 العلم
 الدرع
| |
.svg&filetimestamp=20240812113521&)  موقع فنلندا (dark green) – on the European continent (green & dark grey) | |
| العاصمة | هلسنكي 60°10′15″N 24°56′15″E / 60.17083°N 24.93750°E |
| أكبر مدينة | العاصمة |
| اللغات الرسمية | |
| اللغات الوطنية المعترف بها | |
| الجماعات العرقية (2023)[1] | |
| الدين (2023)[1] | |
| صفة المواطن | |
| الحكومة | Unitary parliamentary republic[2] |
| Alexander Stubb | |
| Petteri Orpo | |
| Jussi Halla-aho | |
| التشريع | Parliament |
| Independence | |
| 29 March 1809 | |
| 6 December 1917 | |
| 17 July 1919 | |
| المساحة | |
• الإجمالية | 338,145[4] km2 (130,559 sq mi) (65th) |
• الماء (%) | 9.71 (2015)[5] |
| التعداد | |
• تقدير 2023 |  5,603,851[1] (114th) |
• الكثافة | 18.4/km2 (47.7/sq mi) (213th) |
| ن.م.إ. (ق.ش.م.) | تقدير 2023 |
• الإجمالي | ▲ $335.760 billion[6] (59th) |
• للفرد | ▲ $59,869[6] (24th) |
| ن.م.إ. (الإسمي) | تقدير 2023 |
• الإجمالي | ▲ $305.689 billion[6] (48th) |
• للفرد | ▲ $54,507[6] (16th) |
| جيني (2023) |  26.6[7]low |
| م.ت.ب. (2022) | ▲ 0.942[8] very high · 12th |
| العملة | Euro (€) (EUR) |
| التوقيت | UTC+2 (EET) |
• الصيفي (التوقيت الصيفي) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| صيغة التاريخ | dd.mm.yyyy[9] |
| مفتاح الهاتف | +358 |
| النطاق العلوي للإنترنت | .fi, .axa, .eub |
فنلندا (Finland،[أ] رسمياً جمهورية فنلندا،[ب][ت] هي إحدى دول أوروبا الإسكندنافية، تقع شمال القارة الأوروبية. يحدها كل من روسيا والنرويج والسويد. تسمى فنلندا بالبلد الأخضر او ببلد الغابات لكثرة الغابات والبحيرات فيها. كما أنها موطن شركة الهاتف النقال نوكيا والإسم مأخوذ من إسم مدينة (نوكيا). فنلندا كانت أول دولة أوروبية عام 1907 تمنح المرأة حق الانتخاب. يوجد في فنلندا حوالي 188 ألف بحيرة و180 ألف جزيرة. منهم بحيرة سايما، التي تُعد خامس أكبر بحيرة في أوروبا. معظم أراضي البلاد سطحية مُغطاة ببعض الهضاب والجبال، أعلاها جبل هالتيتونتوري الذي يقع في شمال البلاد ويرتفع عن سطح البحر بحوالي 1328 متر. إلى جانب العدد الهائل من البحيرات، تُغطي الغابات ما مساحته 68% من المساحة الكلية لفنلندا. تقع معظم الجزر في الجنوب الغربي، كجزء من أرخبيل آلاند وعلى طول الساحل الغربي للبلاد. فنلندا هي أحد بلاد العالم القلائل التي ما زالت تنمو، فهي تنمو سنوياً بمساحة 7 كم مربع. طقس البلاد في الجنوب معتدل بينما هو قطبي في الشمال. ربع الأراضي الفنلندية يقع على الخط القطبي، و نتيجةً لذلك، تظهر شمس منتصف الليل كلما اتجهنا شمالاً. هذا يعني بأن الشمس لا تغيب في الليل. في أقصى نقطة بالشمال، لا تغيب الشمس لمدة 73 يوم بالصيف، ولا تظهر بتاتاً لمدة 51 يوماً في الشتاء.
Finland was first settled around 9000 BC after the last Ice Age.[10] During the Stone Age, various cultures emerged, distinguished by different styles of ceramics. The Bronze Age and Iron Ages were marked by contacts with other cultures in Fennoscandia and the Baltic region.[11] From the late 13th century, Finland became part of Sweden as a result of the Northern Crusades. In 1809, as a result of the Finnish War, Finland was captured from Sweden and became an autonomous grand duchy within the Russian Empire. During this period, Finnish art flourished and the independence movement began to take hold. Finland became the first territory in Europe to grant universal suffrage in 1906, and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office.[12][note 2] Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Finland declared its independence. A civil war was fought in Finland the following year, with the Whites emerging victorious. Finland's status as a republic was confirmed in 1919. During World War II, Finland fought against the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and later against Nazi Germany in the Lapland War. As a result, it lost parts of its territory but retained its independence.
Finland remained a largely agricultural country until the 1950s. After World War II, it industrialised quickly and established an advanced economy, with a welfare state built on the Nordic model. This allowed the country to experience overall prosperity and high per capita income.[13] During the Cold War, Finland officially embraced a policy of neutrality. Since then, it has become a member of the European Union in 1995, the Eurozone in 1999, and NATO in 2023. Finland is a member of various international organisations, such as the Nordic Council, the Schengen Area, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The nation performs exceedingly well in national performance metrics, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, and human development.[14][15][16][17]
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التاريخ
مقالة مفصلة: تاريخ فنلندا
قبل التاريخ
The area that is now Finland was settled in, at the latest, around 8,500 BC during the Stone Age towards the end of the last glacial period. The artefacts the first settlers left behind present characteristics that are shared with those found in Estonia, Russia, and Norway.[18] The earliest people were hunter-gatherers, using stone tools.[19]
The first pottery appeared in 5200 BC, when the Comb Ceramic culture was introduced.[20] The arrival of the Corded Ware culture in Southern coastal Finland between 3000 and 2500 BC may have coincided with the start of agriculture.[21] Even with the introduction of agriculture, hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy.
In the Bronze Age, permanent all-year-round cultivation and animal husbandry spread, but the cold climate slowed the change.[24] The Seima-Turbino phenomenon brought the first bronze artefacts to the region and possibly also the Finno-Ugric languages.[24][25] Commercial contacts that had so far mostly been to Estonia started to extend to Scandinavia. Domestic manufacture of bronze artefacts started 1300 BC.[26]
In the Iron Age, population grew. Finland Proper was the most densely populated area. Commercial contacts in the Baltic Sea region grew and extended during the eighth and ninth centuries. Main exports from Finland were furs, slaves, castoreum, and falcons to European courts. Imports included silk and other fabrics, jewelry, Ulfberht swords, and, in lesser extent, glass. Production of iron started approximately in 500 BC.[27] At the end of the ninth century, indigenous artefact culture, especially weapons and women's jewelry, had more common local features than ever before. This has been interpreted to be expressing common Finnish identity.[28]
An early form of Finnic languages spread to the Baltic Sea region approximately 1900 BC. Common Finnic language was spoken around Gulf of Finland 2000 years ago. The dialects from which the modern-day Finnish language was developed came into existence during the Iron Age.[29] Although distantly related, the Sami people retained the hunter-gatherer lifestyle longer than the Finns. The Sami cultural identity and the Sami language have survived in Lapland, the northernmost province.
The name Suomi (فنلندية for 'Finland') has uncertain origins, but a common etymology with saame (the Sami) has been suggested.[30][31] In the earliest historical sources, from the 12th and 13th centuries, the term Finland refers to the coastal region around Turku. This region later became known as Finland Proper in distinction from the country name Finland.[32]
العصر السويدي
منذ العام 1284 و فنلندا عبارة عن إقليم سويدي.
گراندوقية فنلندا
The Swedish era ended with the Finnish War of 1809. On 29 March 1809, after being conquered by the armies of Alexander I of Russia, Finland became an autonomous grand duchy within the Russian Empire, as recognised by the Diet of Porvoo.[33] This situation continued until the end of 1917.[34] In 1812, Alexander I incorporated the Russian province of Vyborg into the Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1854, Finland became involved in Russia's involvement in the Crimean War when the British and French navies bombed the Finnish coast and Åland during the so-called Åland War.[35]
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Although Swedish was still widely spoken, the Finnish language began to gain recognition during this period. From the 1860s, a strong Finnish nationalist movement, known as the Fennoman movement, grew. One of the movement's most prominent leaders was the philosopher and politician J.V. Snellman, who worked to stabilise the status of the Finnish language and its own currency, the Finnish markka, in the Grand Duchy of Finland.[35][36] Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland's national epic, the Kalevala, in 1835 and the legal equality of the Finnish language with Swedish in 1892. In the spirit of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson - "we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, so let us be Finns" - a Finnish national identity was established.[37] Nevertheless, there was no real independence movement in Finland until the early 20th century.[38]
The Finnish famine of 1866–1868 occurred after freezing temperatures in early September devastated crops and killed around 15% of the population, making it one of the worst famines in European history.[39] The famine led the Russian Empire to relax financial regulations, and investment increased in the following decades. Economic development was rapid.[40] The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was still half of that of the United States and a third of that of Britain.[40]
From 1869 to 1917, the Russian Empire pursued a policy of Russification, which was suspended between 1905 and 1908. In 1906, universal suffrage was introduced in the Grand Duchy of Finland. However, relations between the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government began to take steps to restrict Finland's special status and autonomy. For example, universal suffrage was virtually meaningless in practice, as the tsar did not have to approve any of the laws passed by the Finnish parliament. The desire for independence gained ground, first among radical liberals[41] and socialists, partly driven by a declaration called the February Manifesto by the last tsar of the Russian Empire, Nicholas II, on 15 February 1899.[42]
الحرب الأهلية والاستقلال المبكر
After the February Revolution of 1917, Finland's position as a Grand Duchy under the rule of the Russian Empire was questioned. The Finnish parliament, controlled by the Social Democrats, passed the so-called Power Act to give the parliament supreme authority. This was rejected by the Russian Provisional Government, which decided to dissolve the parliament.[43] New elections were held in which the right-wing parties won by a small majority. Some social democrats refused to accept the result, claiming that the dissolution of parliament and the subsequent elections were extra-legal. The two almost equally powerful political blocs, the right-wing parties and the Social Democratic Party, were deeply divided.
The October Revolution in Russia changed the geopolitical situation once again. Suddenly the right-wing parties in Finland began to reconsider their decision to block the transfer of supreme executive power from the Russian government to Finland when the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia. The right-wing government, led by Prime Minister P. E. Svinhufvud, presented the Declaration of Independence on 4 December 1917, which was officially approved by the Finnish Parliament on 6 December. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), led by Vladimir Lenin was the first country to recognise Finland's independence on 4 January 1918.[44]
On 27 January 1918, the government began to disarm the Russian forces in Ostrobothnia. The socialists took control of southern Finland and Helsinki, but the white government continued in exile in Vaasa.[45][46] This led to a short but bitter civil war. The Whites, backed by Imperial Germany, prevailed over the Reds[47] and their self-proclaimed Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic.[48] After the war, tens of thousands of Reds were interned in camps where thousands were executed or died of malnutrition and disease. A deep social and political enmity was sown between the Reds and the Whites that would last until the Winter War and beyond.[49][50] The civil war and the activist expeditions to Soviet Russia in 1918–1920, known as the "Kinship Wars", strained relations with the East.[51][52]
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After a brief experiment with monarchy, when an attempt to make Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse the king of Finland failed, a republican constitution was adopted and Finland became a presidential republic, with K. J. Ståhlberg elected as its first president on 25 July 1919.[53] A liberal nationalist with a legal background, Ståhlberg anchored the state in liberal democracy, promoted the rule of law and initiated internal reforms.[54] Finland was also one of the first European countries to strongly promote women's equality, with Miina Sillanpää becoming the first female minister in Finnish history in Väinö Tanner's cabinet in 1926–1927.[55] The Finnish-Russian border was established in 1920 by the Treaty of Tartu, which largely followed the historical border but gave Finland Pechenga (فنلندية: Petsamo) and its Barents Sea port.[34] Finnish democracy survived Soviet coup attempts and the anti-communist Lapua movement.
In 1917 there were three million people in the country. After the civil war, a credit-based land reform was introduced, increasing the proportion of the population with capital.[40] About 70% of the workforce was employed in agriculture and 10% in industry.[56]
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الحرب العالمية الثانية
The Soviet Union launched the Winter War on 30 November 1939 to annex Finland in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany to divide Europe into spheres of influence between the two dictatorships.[57][58] The Finnish Democratic Republic was set up by Joseph Stalin at the beginning of the war to govern Finland after Soviet conquest.[59] There was widespread international condemnation of the unprovoked attack and it led to the Soviet Union being expelled from the League of Nations.[60] The Red Army was defeated in numerous battles, most notably the Battle of Suomussalmi. After two months of negligible progress on the battlefield, as well as heavy losses in men and material,[61] Soviet forces began to advance in February and reached Vyborg (فنلندية: Viipuri) in March. The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed on 12 March 1940, and the war ended the following day. Finland had defended its independence, but ceded 9% of its territory to the Soviet Union.
Hostilities resumed in June 1941 with the Continuation War, when Finland allied itself with Germany following the latter's invasion of the Soviet Union; the main aim was to regain the territory lost to the Soviets barely a year earlier.[62] Finnish troops occupied Eastern Karelia from 1941 to 1944. The massive Soviet Vyborg-Petrozavodsk offensive in the summer of 1944 led to a breakthrough until the Finns finally repulsed it at Tali-Ihantala. This partial Soviet success led to a stalemate and later an armistice. This was followed by the Lapland War of 1944–1945, when Finland fought retreating German forces in northern Finland.
The Armistice and treaty signed with the Soviet Union in 1944 and 1948 included Finnish obligations, restraints, and reparations, as well as further territorial concessions. As a result of the two wars, Finland lost 12% of its land area, 20% of its industrial capacity, its second largest city, Vyborg (فنلندية: Viipuri), and the ice-free port of Liinakhamari (فنلندية: Liinahamari). The Finns lost 97,000 soldiers and were forced to pay war reparations of $300 million ($Format price error: cannot parse value "Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=US-GDP (parameter 1) not a recognized index." in 2022). However, the country avoided occupation by Soviet forces and managed to retain its independence. Along with Great Britain, Finland emerged from the war as the only European country to have taken part in hostilities that was never occupied and managed to preserve its democracy throughout.[63]
For a few decades after 1944, the Communists were a strong political party. Furthermore, the Soviet Union persuaded Finland to refuse Marshall Plan aid. However, in the hope of preserving Finland's independence, the United States provided secret development aid and supported the Social Democratic Party.[64]
بعد الحرب
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The development of trade with the Western powers, such as the United Kingdom, and the payment of reparations to the Soviet Union led to Finland's transformation from a primarily agrarian society to an industrialised one. Valmet, originally a shipyard and then several metal workshops, was established to produce materials for war reparations. After the reparations were paid, Finland continued to trade with the Soviet Union as part of bilateral trade.
In 1950, 46% of Finnish workers were employed in agriculture and a third lived in urban areas, but new jobs in manufacturing, services and trade quickly attracted people to the cities.[65] The average number of births per woman fell from a baby boom peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973. As the baby boomers entered the workforce, the economy failed to create jobs fast enough and hundreds of thousands emigrated to more industrialised Sweden, with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970.[65] Finland participated in trade liberalisation in the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
During the Cold War, Finland officially embraced a policy of neutrality. YYA treaty (Finno-Soviet Pact of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance) recognized Finland's desire to remain outside great-power conflicts. From 1956 president Urho Kekkonen had a virtual monopoly on relations with the Soviet Union, which was crucial to his continued popularity. In politics, there was a tendency to avoid any policy or statement that could be interpreted as anti-Soviet. This phenomenon was dubbed "Finlandisation" by the West German press.[66]
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A market economy was maintained in Finland. Various industries benefited from trade privileges with the Soviets. Economic growth was rapid in the post-war period, and by 1975 Finland's GDP per capita was the 15th highest in the world. During the 1970s and 1980s, Finland built one of the most extensive welfare states in the world. Finland negotiated a treaty with the European Economic Community (EEC, a forerunner of the European Union) that largely eliminated tariffs with the EEC from 1977.
Miscalculated macroeconomic decisions, a banking crisis, the collapse of its largest trading partner, the Soviet Union, and a global economic downturn caused a deep recession in Finland in the early 1990s. The recession bottomed out in 1993 and Finland enjoyed more than a decade of steady economic growth.[67] After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Finland began to integrate more closely with the West.[68] Finland joined the European Union in 1995 and the euro zone in 1999. Much of the economic growth of the late 1990s was fuelled by the success of mobile phone manufacturer Nokia.[69]
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القرن 21
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The Finnish people elected Tarja Halonen in the 2000 Presidential election, making her the first female President of Finland.[70] Her predecessor, President Martti Ahtisaari, later won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2008. Financial crises paralysed Finland's exports in 2008, leading to weaker economic growth throughout the decade.[71][72] Sauli Niinistö was elected President of Finland from 2012 until 2024, when Alexander Stubb took over.[73][74]
Finnish support for NATO rose sharply after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Before February 2022, opinion polls showed a narrow but decisive majority against NATO membership;[75] by April, a supermajority was in favour of membership.[76][77][78][79] On 11 May 2022, Finland signed a mutual security pact with the United Kingdom.[80] On 12 May, Finland's President and Prime Minister called for NATO membership "without delay".[81] Subsequently, on 17 May, the Finnish Parliament voted 188–8 in favour of Finland's accession to NATO.[82] Finland became a member of NATO on 4 April 2023.[83]
الجغرافيا
تبلغ مساحة فنلندا 337,032 كم، وسكانها في سنة 2024 نحو 5.6 مليون نسمة.[84] والعاصمة هلسنكي، وسكانها حوالي 500,000 نسمة. وأهم المدن تامبيري وتوركو، وكانت العاصمة السابقة، تحدها النرويج من الشمال، والاتحاد السوفيتي (سابقاً ) من الشرق ، والسويد وخليج بوثنيا من الغرب ، ويحدها بحر البلطيق من الجنوب. أرضها منخفضة بصورة عامة، وتكثر بها البحيرات، وأكثر أرضها ارتفاعاً في الشمال الغربي، وقد أثرت التعرية الجليدية في أرضها ، ووسط البلاد هضبة وبها أكثر من ستين ألف بحيرة صغيرة تنتشر في سائر أنحائها ، وبالقرب من شواطئها عدد كبير من الجرز يصل ألف جزيرة ، وتغطي الغابات ثلثي أرضها . يتحكم موقعها في أحوالها المناخية ، حيث تشغل أرضها العروض الشمالية من القارة، فالشتاء طويل وبارد ، وتنخفض الحرارة في الشتاء إلى مادون الصفر ، والشمال اكثر برودة، أما الصيف فدافيء رطب، ويتميز بالقصر وتشرق بها شمس منتصف الليل في شهور مايو ويونيو ويوليو، وذلك بسبب تطرف موقعها نحو الشمال ، وبرغم هذا فالصيف بارد بهذه المناطق بسبب ميل أشعة الشمس، ويتساقط المطر في الصيف .
92% من سكان فنلندا هم فنلنديون، 5,6% سويديون، 0,11% ساميون و الباقي عبارة عن أقليات مهاجرة. يتركز الشعب في المناطق الجنوبية من البلاد. ينكون سكان فناندا من ثلاث مجموعات ، فمنهم جماعات اللاب وهي قليلة العدد وتعيش في الشمال ، ثم الفلندين وهم الأغلبية حيث يشكلون حوالي 92% ، ثم جماعات من السويد وتعيش كأقلية في الجنوب والغرب وهناك أقلية من العناصر التركية المهاجرة وهي التي نقلت الإسلام إلى فنلندا ، وحوالي خمس السكان يعيشون في منطقة هلنسكي وحولها . تشكل الغابات مورداً اقتصادياً هاماً في فنلندا ، حبث تعتبر مصدراً للصناعات الخشبية والورق والكيميائيات ، وتشغل الأخشاب مكانةهامة في صادراتها، وتقوم الزراعة في النطاق الجنوبي ، ويزرع القمح والبنجر ، وفصب الزراعة في الشمال قصير ، إذ تتراوح مدته بين مئة وعشرين يوماَ مائة ثلاثين يوما وتربى الثروة الحيوانية بدرجة تصل إلى الاكتفاء الذاتي ، وتوجد بها ثروة معدنية لا بأس بها ، منها النحاس والكبريت ،و الحديد والنيكل والزنك ولقد نهضت الصناعة بفنلندا بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية .
التنوع الحيوي
Phytogeographically, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European, and northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Sarmatic mixed forests, and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands.[86] Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland. On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki-Rauma line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region. In the extreme north of Finland, near the tree line and Arctic Ocean, Montane Birch forests are common. Finland had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.08/10, ranking it 109th globally out of 172 countries.[87]
Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna. There are at least sixty native mammalian species, 248 breeding bird species, over 70 fish species, and 11 reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighbouring countries thousands of years ago. Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the brown bear, grey wolf, wolverine, and elk. Three of the more striking birds are the whooper swan, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland; the Western capercaillie, a large, black-plumaged member of the grouse family; and the Eurasian eagle-owl. The latter is considered an indicator of old-growth forest connectivity, and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation.[88] Around 24,000 species of insects are prevalent in Finland some of the most common being hornets with tribes of beetles such as the Onciderini also being common. The most common breeding birds are the willow warbler, common chaffinch, and redwing.[89] Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the northern pike, perch, and others are plentiful. Atlantic salmon remains the favourite of fly rod enthusiasts.
The endangered Saimaa ringed seal, one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 390 seals today.[90][91] The species has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation.[92]
A third of Finland's land area originally consisted of moorland, about half of this area has been drained for cultivation over the past centuries.[93]
المناخ
The main factor influencing Finland's climate is the country's geographical position between the 60th and 70th northern parallels in the Eurasian continent's coastal zone. In the Köppen climate classification, the whole of Finland lies in the boreal zone, characterized by warm summers and freezing winters. Within the country, the temperateness varies considerably between the southern coastal regions and the extreme north, showing characteristics of both a maritime and a continental climate. Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream combines with the moderating effects of the Baltic Sea and numerous inland lakes to explain the unusually warm climate compared with other regions that share the same latitude, such as Alaska, Siberia, and southern Greenland.[94]
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Winters in southern Finland (when mean daily temperature remains below 0 °C or 32 °F) are usually about 100 days long, and in the inland the snow typically covers the land from about late November to April, and on the coastal areas such as Helsinki, snow often covers the land from late December to late March.[95] Even in the south, the harshest winter nights can see the temperatures fall to −30 °C (−22 °F) although on coastal areas like Helsinki, temperatures below −30 °C (−22 °F) are rare. Climatic summers (when mean daily temperature remains above 10 °C or 50 °F) in southern Finland last from about late May to mid-September, and in the inland, the warmest days of July can reach over 35 °C (95 °F).[94] Although most of Finland lies on the taiga belt, the southernmost coastal regions are sometimes classified as hemiboreal.[96]
In northern Finland, particularly in Lapland, the winters are long and cold, while the summers are relatively warm but short. On the most severe winter days in Lapland can see the temperature fall to −45 °C (−49 °F). The winter of the north lasts for about 200 days with permanent snow cover from about mid-October to early May. Summers in the north are quite short, only two to three months, but can still see maximum daily temperatures above 25 °C (77 °F) during heat waves.[94] No part of Finland has Arctic tundra, but Alpine tundra can be found at the fells Lapland.[96]
The Finnish climate is suitable for cereal farming only in the southernmost regions, while the northern regions are suitable for animal husbandry.[97]
A quarter of Finland's territory lies within the Arctic Circle and the midnight sun can be experienced for more days the farther north one travels. At Finland's northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter.[94]
المناطق
Finland consists of 19 regions (maakunta). The counties are governed by regional councils which serve as forums of cooperation for the municipalities of a county. The main tasks of the counties are regional planning and development of enterprise and education. In addition, the public health services are usually organized based on counties. Regional councils are elected by municipal councils, each municipality sending representatives in proportion to its population. In addition to inter-municipal cooperation, which is the responsibility of regional councils, each county has a state Employment and Economic Development Centre which is responsible for the local administration of labour, agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and entrepreneurial affairs. Historically, counties are divisions of historical provinces of Finland, areas that represent local dialects and culture more accurately.
Six Regional State Administrative Agencies are responsible for one of the counties called alue in Finnish; in addition, Åland was designated a seventh county.[98]
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The county of Eastern Uusimaa (Itä-Uusimaa) was consolidated with Uusimaa on 1 January 2011.[100]
التقسيمات الإدارية
The fundamental administrative divisions of the country are the municipalities, which may also call themselves towns or cities. They account for half of the public spending. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state subsidies, and other revenue. اعتبارا من 2021[تحديث], there are 309 municipalities,[101] and most have fewer than 6,000 residents.
In addition to municipalities, two intermediate levels are defined. Municipalities co-operate in seventy sub-regions and nineteen counties. These are governed by the member municipalities and have only limited powers. The autonomous province of Åland has a permanent democratically elected regional council. Sami people have a semi-autonomous Sami native region in Lapland for issues on language and culture.
Health, social and emergency services are organised by the Wellbeing services counties. Finland has 21 Wellbeing services counties and the county structure is mainly based on the region structure. The County council, which is responsible for the operation, administration and finances of the area, is the highest decision-making body in the Wellbeing services county. The delegates and deputy commissioners of the county council are elected in the county elections for a term of office of four years. Wellbeing services counties are self-governing. However, they do not have the right to levy taxes and their funding is based on central government funding.[102]
The capital region – comprising Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen – forms a continuous conurbation of approximately 1٫17 million people. However, common administration is limited to voluntary cooperation of all municipalities, e.g. in Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council.
اللغة
هناك لغتان رسميتان بالبلاد: الفنلندية و السويدية. 93,4% يتحدثون بالأولى و 5,7% بالثانية. لغات الأقليات الأخرى هي الروسية، الاستونية و السامية.
الديانة
84% من الفنلنديين ينتمون للكنيسة الإيفانغلية اللوثرية الفنلندية، 1% للكنيسة الأورثوذكسية الفنلندية، باقي السكان يدينون بالبروتستانتية، الكاثوليكية، الإسلام (أنظر مسلمو فنلندا) واليهودية، إلى جانب 14% بدون ديانة.
الأعياد و العطل
الأعياد الدينية هي رأس السنة الميلادية (الأول من كانون الثاني/يناير)، عيد الغطاس (السادس من كانون الثاني/يناير)، عيد الفصح، عيد الصعود، عيد العنصرة، عيد جميع القديسين (أول سبت من تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر) و ليلة و عيد الميلاد المجيد (24-26 كانون الأول/ديسمبر). اليوم الوطني هو (6 كانون الأول/ديســمبر).
الحكومة والسياسة
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Constitution
The Constitution of Finland defines the political system; Finland is a parliamentary republic within the framework of a representative democracy. The Prime Minister is the country's most powerful person. Citizens can run and vote in parliamentary, municipal, presidential, and European Union elections.
President
Finland's head of state is the President of the Republic. Finland has had for most of its independence a semi-presidential system of government, but in the last few decades the powers of the President have become more circumscribed, and consequently the country is now considered a parliamentary republic.[2] A new constitution enacted in 2000, have made the presidency a primarily ceremonial office that appoints the Prime Minister as elected by Parliament, appoints and dismisses the other ministers of the Finnish Government on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, opens parliamentary sessions, and confers state honors. Nevertheless, the President remains responsible for Finland's foreign relations, including the making of war and peace, but excluding matters related to the European Union. Moreover, the President exercises supreme command over the Finnish Defence Forces as commander-in-chief. In the exercise of his or her foreign and defense powers, the President is required to consult the Finnish Government, but the Government's advice is not binding. In addition, the President has several domestic reserve powers, including the authority to veto legislation, to grant pardons, and to appoint several public officials. The President is also required by the Constitution to dismiss individual ministers or the entire Government upon a parliamentary vote of no confidence.[103]
The President is directly elected via runoff voting and may serve for a maximum of two consecutive 6-year terms. The current president is Alexander Stubb, who took office on 1 March 2024. His predecessors were Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg (1919–1925), Lauri Kristian Relander (1925–1931), Pehr Evind Svinhufvud (1931–1937), Kyösti Kallio (1937–1940), Risto Ryti (1940–1944), Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (1944–1946), Juho Kusti Paasikivi (1946–1956), Urho Kekkonen (1956–1982), Mauno Koivisto (1982–1994), Martti Ahtisaari (1994–2000), Tarja Halonen (2000–2012), and Sauli Niinistö (2012–2024).
Parliament
The 200-member unicameral Parliament of Finland (فنلندية: Eduskunta) exercises supreme legislative authority in the country. It may alter the constitution and ordinary laws, dismiss the cabinet, and override presidential vetoes. Its acts are not subject to judicial review; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament's constitutional law committee. The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional D'Hondt method within several multi-seat constituencies through the most open list multi-member districts. Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation.
Significant parliamentary parties are Centre Party, Christian Democrats, Finns Party, Green League, Left Alliance, National Coalition Party, Social Democrats and Swedish People's Party.
Cabinet
After parliamentary elections, the parties negotiate among themselves on forming a new cabinet (the Finnish Government), which then has to be approved by a simple majority vote in the parliament. The cabinet can be dismissed by a parliamentary vote of no confidence, although this rarely happens, as the parties represented in the cabinet usually make up a majority in the parliament.
The cabinet exercises most executive powers and originates most of the bills that the parliament then debates and votes on. It is headed by the Prime Minister of Finland, and consists of him or her, other ministers, and the Chancellor of Justice. Each minister heads his or her ministry, or, in some cases, has responsibility for a subset of a ministry's policy. After the prime minister, the most powerful minister is often the minister of finance.
As no one party ever dominates the parliament, Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions. As a rule, the post of prime minister goes to the leader of the biggest party and that of the minister of finance to the leader of the second biggest.
The Orpo Cabinet is the incumbent 77th government of Finland. It took office on 20 June 2023. The cabinet is headed by Petteri Orpo and is a coalition between the National Coalition Party, Finns Party, the Swedish People's Party, and the Christian Democrats.[104]
القانون
The judicial system of Finland is a civil law system divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Finnish law is codified and based on Swedish law and in a wider sense, civil law or Roman law. The court system for civil and criminal jurisdiction consists of local courts, regional appellate courts, and the Supreme Court. The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts and the Supreme Administrative Court. In addition to the regular courts, there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration. There is also a High Court of Impeachment for criminal charges against certain high-ranking officeholders.
Around 92% of residents have confidence in Finland's security institutions.[105] The overall crime rate of Finland is not high in the EU context. Some crime types are above average, notably the high homicide rate for Western Europe.[106] A day fine system is in effect and also applied to offenses such as speeding. Finland has a very low number of corruption charges; Transparency International ranks Finland as one of the least corrupt countries in Europe.
السياسة الخارجية
لكونها أحد الدول الإسكندنافية وبسبب قربها من الاتحاد السوفياتي السابق، أثر ذلك على السياسة الخارجية الفنلندية. فقد كانت تحاول استقطاب كل من الكتلة الغربية والكتلة الشرقية لها وتلعب دور الوسيط أحياناً في الحرب الباردة بينهما. انضمت عام 1995 إلى الاتحاد الأوروبي وعام 1999 إلى اتحاد العملة الأوروبي الذي أدخل العملة الموحدة اليورو عام 2001. ّ According to the 2012 constitution, the president leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government, except that the president has no role in EU affairs.[107] In 2008, president Martti Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[108]
Finland's relationship with Russia deteriorated following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, with a number of Russian diplomats expelled for spying, Russians restricted from visiting Finland and the general opinion immediately changing for Finland to join NATO,[109] while it has also had a significant impact on the increasing strengthold of relations between the United States and Finland.[110] According to the 2024 Global Peace Index, Finland is the 13th most peaceful country in the world.[111]
Military
The Finnish Defence Forces consist of a cadre of professional soldiers (mainly officers and technical personnel), currently serving conscripts, and a large reserve. The standard readiness strength is 34,700 people in uniform, of which 25% are professional soldiers. A universal male conscription is in place, under which all male Finnish nationals above 18 years of age serve for 6 to 12 months of armed service or 12 months of civilian (non-armed) service. Voluntary post-conscription overseas peacekeeping service is popular, and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO, and EU missions. Women are allowed to serve in all combat arms. In 2022, 1211 women entered voluntary military service.[112] The army consists of a highly mobile field army backed up by local defence units. With a high capability of military personnel,[113] arsenal[114] and homeland defence willingness, Finland is one of Europe's militarily strongest countries.[115]
Finnish defence expenditure per capita is one of the highest in the European Union.[116] The branches of the military are the army, the navy, and the air force. The border guard is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required for defence readiness.
Finland became a member of NATO on 4 April 2023,[83] though it participated in the NATO Response Force before becoming a member. Before NATO membership, Finland has been part of the Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF) since 2017.[117] Finland also contributes to the EU Battlegroup.[118][119][120] Finland sent personnel to the Kosovo Force and the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan.[121][122] On 18 December 2023, Finland signed the DCA agreement with the United States, which regulates the presence of the US armed forces and their dependents on the territory of Finland, as well as the presence and activities of US suppliers.[123]
حقوق الإنسان
Finland has one of the world's most extensive welfare systems, one that guarantees decent living conditions for all residents. The welfare system was created almost entirely during the first three decades after World War II.[124]
Section 6 of the Finnish Constitution states: "No one shall be placed in a different position on situation of sex, age, origin, language, religion, belief, opinion, state of health, disability or any other personal reason without an acceptable reason".[125]
Finland has been ranked above average among the world's countries in democracy,[126] press freedom,[127] and human development.[128] Amnesty International has expressed concern regarding some issues in Finland, such as the imprisonment of conscientious objectors, and societal discrimination against Romani people and members of other ethnic and linguistic minorities.[129][130]
In the report of the European umbrella organization ILGA-Europe published in May 2023, Finland ranked sixth in a European comparison of LGBTQ+ rights.[131]
التقسيم الإداري وأهم المدن
هناك 6 تقسيمات إدارية رئيسية (läänit) في فنلندا:
كما أن هناك 444 بلدية.
أهم المدن: هلسنكي (559330 نسمة في 2003)، توركو (175000 نسمة في 2003),تامبيريه (200980 نسمة في 2003)، و أولو (125970 نسمة في 2003).المدينتين الأولى و الثانية تقعان على البحر.
الاقتصاد
- مقالة مفصلة: اقتصاد فنلندا
Military
The Finnish Defence Forces consist of a cadre of professional soldiers (mainly officers and technical personnel), currently serving conscripts, and a large reserve. The standard readiness strength is 34,700 people in uniform, of which 25% are professional soldiers. A universal male conscription is in place, under which all male Finnish nationals above 18 years of age serve for 6 to 12 months of armed service or 12 months of civilian (non-armed) service. Voluntary post-conscription overseas peacekeeping service is popular, and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO, and EU missions. Women are allowed to serve in all combat arms. In 2022, 1211 women entered voluntary military service.[132] The army consists of a highly mobile field army backed up by local defence units. With a high capability of military personnel,[133] arsenal[134] and homeland defence willingness, Finland is one of Europe's militarily strongest countries.[135]
Finnish defence expenditure per capita is one of the highest in the European Union.[136] The branches of the military are the army, the navy, and the air force. The border guard is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required for defence readiness.
Finland became a member of NATO on 4 April 2023,[83] though it participated in the NATO Response Force before becoming a member. Before NATO membership, Finland has been part of the Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF) since 2017.[137] Finland also contributes to the EU Battlegroup.[138][139][120] Finland sent personnel to the Kosovo Force and the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan.[140][141] On 18 December 2023, Finland signed the DCA agreement with the United States, which regulates the presence of the US armed forces and their dependents on the territory of Finland, as well as the presence and activities of US suppliers.[123]
Human rights
Finland has one of the world's most extensive welfare systems, one that guarantees decent living conditions for all residents. The welfare system was created almost entirely during the first three decades after World War II.[124]
Section 6 of the Finnish Constitution states: "No one shall be placed in a different position on situation of sex, age, origin, language, religion, belief, opinion, state of health, disability or any other personal reason without an acceptable reason".[142]
Finland has been ranked above average among the world's countries in democracy,[143] press freedom,[144] and human development.[145] Amnesty International has expressed concern regarding some issues in Finland, such as the imprisonment of conscientious objectors, and societal discrimination against Romani people and members of other ethnic and linguistic minorities.[146][147]
In the report of the European umbrella organization ILGA-Europe published in May 2023, Finland ranked sixth in a European comparison of LGBTQ+ rights.[148]
النقل
- مقالة مفصلة: النقل في فنلندا
لدى فنلندا 5865 كم من السكك الحديدية، 49853 كم من الطرق المعبدة و6675 كم من الطرق الملاحية حسب إحصاءات عام 1998. أهم موانئ البلاد: هامينا، هلسنكي وكوكولا. مطار هلسنكي فانتا الدولي هو أكبر مطار في البلاد. يوجد ثلاث شركات طيران أهمها فين إير (Finnair) وشركة قطارات واحدة تملك معظمها الدولة. هلسنكي هي المدينة الوحيدة في البلاد التي تتمتع بخدمة قطار الأنفاق (مترو). الملاحة البحرية والنهرية تُشكل عامل مهم في حركة المواصلات بالبلاد ومع الدول المجاورة وخاصة السويد وألمانيا ودول البلطيق.
The main international passenger gateway is Helsinki Airport, which handled about 21 million passengers in 2019 (5 million in 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic). Oulu Airport is the second largest with 1 million passengers in 2019 (300,000 in 2020), whilst another 25 airports have scheduled passenger services.[149] The Helsinki Airport-based Finnair, Blue1, and Nordic Regional Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle sell air services both domestically and internationally.
The Government annually spends around €350 million to maintain the 5,865-kilometre-long (3,644 mi) network of railway tracks. Rail transport is handled by the state-owned VR Group.[150] Finland's first railway was opened in 1862,[151][152] and today it forms part of the Finnish Main Line, which is more than 800 kilometers long. Helsinki opened the world's northernmost metro system in 1982.
The majority of international cargo shipments are handled at ports. Vuosaari Harbour in Helsinki is the largest container port in Finland; others include Kotka, Hamina, Hanko, Pori, Rauma, and Oulu. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn, Stockholm and Travemünde. The Helsinki-Tallinn route is one of the busiest passenger sea routes in the world.[153]
الصناعة
Finland rapidly industrialized after World War II, achieving GDP per capita levels comparable to that of Japan or the UK at the beginning of the 1970s. Initially, most of the economic development was based on two broad groups of export-led industries, the "metal industry" (metalliteollisuus) and "forest industry" (metsäteollisuus). The "metal industry" includes shipbuilding, metalworking, the automotive industry, engineered products such as motors and electronics, and production of metals and alloys including steel, copper and chromium. Many of the world's biggest cruise ships, including MS Freedom of the Seas and the Oasis of the Seas have been built in Finnish shipyards.[154][155] The "forest industry" includes forestry, timber, pulp and paper, and is often considered a logical development based on Finland's extensive forest resources, as 73% of the area is covered by forest. In the pulp and paper industry, many major companies are based in Finland; Ahlstrom-Munksjö, Metsä Board, and UPM are all Finnish forest-based companies with revenues exceeding €1 billion. However, in recent decades, the Finnish economy has diversified, with companies expanding into fields such as electronics (Nokia), metrology (Vaisala), petroleum (Neste), and video games (Rovio Entertainment), and is no longer dominated by the two sectors of metal and forest industry. Likewise, the structure has changed, with the service sector growing. Despite this, production for export is still more prominent than in Western Europe, thus making Finland possibly more vulnerable to global economic trends.
In 2017, the Finnish economy was estimated to consist of approximately 2.7% agriculture, 28.2% manufacturing, and 69.1% services.[156] In 2019, the per-capita income of Finland was estimated to be $48,869. In 2020, Finland was ranked 20th on the ease of doing business index, among 190 jurisdictions.
السياسة العامة
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Finnish politicians have often emulated the Nordic model.[157] Nordics have been free-trading for over a century. The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products.[157] Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global Index of Economic Freedom and ninth in Europe.[158] According to the OECD, only four EU-15 countries have less regulated product markets and only one has less regulated financial markets.[157] The 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most competitive.[159] The World Economic Forum 2008 index ranked Finland the sixth most competitive.[160]
The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries.[158] Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured.[158] Finland is rated the least corrupt country in the world in the Corruption Perceptions Index[161] and 13th in the Ease of doing business index.[162]
In Finland, collective labour agreements are universally valid. These are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level, with only a few jobs outside the system. The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50% of the employees support it, in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union. The unionization rate is high (70%), especially in the middle class (AKAVA, mostly for university-educated professionals: 80%).[157]
السياحة
In 2017, tourism in Finland grossed approximately €15.0 billion. Of this, €4.6 billion (30%) came from foreign tourism.[164] In 2017, there were 15.2 million overnight stays of domestic tourists and 6.7 million overnight stays of foreign tourists.[165] Tourism contributes roughly 2.7% to Finland's GDP.[166]
Lapland has the highest tourism consumption of any Finnish region.[166] Above the Arctic Circle, in midwinter, there is a polar night, a period when the sun does not rise for days or weeks, or even months, and correspondingly, midnight sun in the summer, with no sunset even at midnight (for up to 73 consecutive days, at the northernmost point). Lapland is so far north that the aurora borealis, fluorescence in the high atmosphere due to solar wind, is seen regularly in the fall, winter, and spring. Finnish Lapland is also locally regarded as the home of Santa Claus, with several theme parks, such as Santa Claus Village and Santa Park in Rovaniemi.[167][168] Other significant tourist destinations in Lapland also include ski resorts (such as Levi, Ruka and Ylläs)[167][169] and sleigh rides led by either reindeer or huskies.[170][171]
Tourist attractions in Finland include the natural landscape found throughout the country as well as urban attractions. Finland contains 40 national parks (such as Koli National Park in North Karelia), from the Southern shores of the Gulf of Finland to the high fells of Lapland. Outdoor activities range from Nordic skiing, golf, fishing, yachting, lake cruises, hiking, and kayaking, among many others. Bird-watching is popular for those fond of avifauna, however, hunting is also popular.
The most famous tourist attractions in Helsinki include the Helsinki Cathedral and the Suomenlinna sea fortress.[167] The most well-known Finnish amusement parks include Linnanmäki in Helsinki and Särkänniemi in Tampere.[172] St. Olaf's Castle (Olavinlinna) in Savonlinna hosts the annual Savonlinna Opera Festival,[173] and the medieval milieus of the cities of Turku, Rauma and Porvoo also attract spectators.[167][174] Commercial cruises between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region play a significant role in the local tourism industry.
السكان
The population of Finland is currently about 5.6 million. The current birth rate is 7.8 per 1,000 residents, for a fertility rate of 1.26 children born per woman,[176] one of the lowest in the world, significantly below the replacement rate of 2.1. In 1887 Finland recorded its highest rate, 5.17 children born per woman.[177] Finland has one of the oldest populations in the world, with a median age of 42.6 years.[178] Approximately half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old.[179][65][180][181] Finland has an average population density of 18 inhabitants per square kilometre. This is the third-lowest population density of any European country, behind those of Norway and Iceland, and the lowest population density of any European Union member country. Finland's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, a phenomenon that became even more pronounced during 20th-century urbanization. Three of the four largest cities in Finland are situated in the Helsinki metropolitan area —Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa.[182] In the largest cities of Finland, Tampere holds the third place after Helsinki and Espoo while also Helsinki-neighbouring Vantaa is the fourth. Other cities with population over 100,000 are Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Kuopio, and Lahti.
Finland's immigrant population is growing.[183] اعتبارا من 2023[تحديث], there were 571,268 people with a foreign background living in Finland (10.2% of the population), most of whom are from the former Soviet Union, Estonia, Sweden, Iraq, China and India.[1] The children of foreigners are not automatically given Finnish citizenship, as Finnish nationality law practices and maintain jus sanguinis policy where only children born to at least one Finnish parent are granted citizenship. If they are born in Finland and cannot get citizenship of any other country, they become citizens.[184] Additionally, certain persons of Finnish descent who reside in countries that were once part of Soviet Union, retain the right of return, a right to establish permanent residency in the country, which would eventually entitle them to qualify for citizenship.[185] اعتبارا من 2023[تحديث], 535,451 people in Finland were born in another country, representing 9,6 % of the population. The 10 largest foreign born groups are (in order) from Estonia, Sweden, Iraq, Russia, China, Ukraine, India, Somalia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and Turkey.[186]
Finland's national minorities include the Sami, Romani people, the Jews and the Tatars. Romani people of the Finnish Kale group settled in the country at the end of the sixteenth century.[187]
اللغة
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Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south (with towns such as Ekenäs,[188] Pargas,[189] Närpes,[189] Kristinestad,[190] Jakobstad[191] and Nykarleby.[192]) and in the autonomous region of Åland, which is the only monolingual Swedish-speaking region in Finland.[193] اعتبارا من 2023[تحديث], the native language of 84.9% of the population was Finnish,[1] which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic language. The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin, and has no relation through descent to the other national languages of the Nordics. Conversely, Finnish is closely related to Estonian and Karelian, and more distantly to Hungarian and the Sami languages.
Swedish is the native language of 5.1% of the population (Swedish-speaking Finns).[1] Swedish is a compulsory school subject and general knowledge of the language is good among many non-native speakers.[194] Likewise, a majority of Swedish-speaking non-Ålanders can speak Finnish.[195] The Finnish side of the land border with Sweden is unilingually Finnish-speaking. The Swedish across the border is distinct from the Swedish spoken in Finland. There is a sizeable pronunciation difference between the varieties of Swedish spoken in the two countries, although their mutual intelligibility is nearly universal.[196]
Finnish Romani is spoken by some 5,000–6,000 people; there are 13,000-14,000 Romani people in Finland[197] Romani and Finnish Sign Language are also recognized in the constitution. There are two sign languages: Finnish Sign Language, spoken natively by 4,000–5,000 people,[198] and Finland-Swedish Sign Language, spoken natively by about 150 people. Tatar is spoken by a Finnish Tatar minority of about 800 people whose ancestors moved to Finland mainly between the 1870s and 1920s.[199]
The Sámi languages have an official status in parts of Lapland, where the Sámi, numbering over 10,000[200] are recognized as an indigenous people. About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue.[201] The Sami languages that are spoken in Finland are Northern Sami, Inari Sami, and Skolt Sami.[note 4] The rights of minority groups (in particular Sami, Swedish speakers, and Romani people) are protected by the constitution.[202] The Nordic languages and Karelian are also specially recognized in parts of Finland.
اعتبارا من 2023[تحديث], the most common foreign languages are Russian (1.8%), Estonian (0.9%), Arabic (0.7%), English (0.6%) and Ukrainian (0.5%).[1]
English is studied by most pupils as a compulsory subject from the first grade (at seven years of age), formerly from the third or fifth grade, in the comprehensive school (in some schools other languages can be chosen instead).[203][204][205][206] German, French, Spanish and Russian can be studied as second foreign languages from the fourth grade (at 10 years of age; some schools may offer other options).[207]
أكبر المدن
أكبر المدن أو البلدات في فنلندا
"Population increased most in Uusimaa in 2023" (in الإنجليزية). Statistics Finland. 31 December 2023. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الترتيب | المنطقة | التعداد | الترتيب | المنطقة | التعداد | ||||
| 1 | هلسنكي | Uusimaa | 650٬058 | 11 | Kouvola | Kymenlaakso | 83٬149 | ||
| 2 | إسپو | Uusimaa | 284٬444 | 12 | Joensuu | North Karelia | 76٬543 | ||
| 3 | Tampere | Pirkanmaa | 235٬615 | 13 | Lappeenranta | South Karelia | 72٬661 | ||
| 4 | Vantaa | Uusimaa | 228٬678 | 14 | Vaasa | Ostrobothnia | 67٬588 | ||
| 5 | Oulu | North Ostrobothnia | 203٬750 | 15 | Hämeenlinna | Kanta-Häme | 67٬530 | ||
| 6 | Turku | Southwest Finland | 191٬603 | 16 | Seinäjoki | South Ostrobothnia | 63٬366 | ||
| 7 | Jyväskylä | Central Finland | 141٬374 | 17 | Rovaniemi | Lapland | 62٬945 | ||
| 8 | Kuopio | North Savo | 118٬667 | 18 | Mikkeli | South Savo | 53٬781 | ||
| 9 | Lahti | Päijät-Häme | 120٬081 | 19 | Porvoo | Uusimaa | 50٬345 | ||
| 10 | Pori | Satakunta | 84٬318 | 20 | Salo | Southwest Finland | 52٬312 | ||
الدين
Registered members of religions groups in Finland by the Statistics Finland (2023)[1]
With 3.5 million members,[208] the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is Finland's largest religious body; at the end of 2023, 63.6% of Finns were members of the church.[1] The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has seen its share of the country's population declining by roughly one percent annually in recent years. The decline has been due to both church membership resignations and falling baptism rates.[209][210] The second largest group, accounting for 26.3% of the population[211] in 2017, has no religious affiliation. A small minority belongs to the Finnish Orthodox Church (1.1%). Other Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church are significantly smaller, as are the Jewish and other non-Christian communities (totalling 1.6%). The Pew Research Center estimated the Muslim population at 2.7% in 2016.[212]
Finland's state church was the Church of Sweden until 1809. As an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia from 1809 to 1917, Finland retained the Lutheran State Church system, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland was established. After Finland had gained independence in 1917, religious freedom was declared in the constitution of 1919, and a separate law on religious freedom in 1922. Through this arrangement, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the Finnish Orthodox Church, whose position however is not codified in the constitution. The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches have special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools.[213]
In 2016, 69.3% of Finnish children were baptized[214] and 82.3% were confirmed in 2012 at the age of 15,[215] and over 90% of the funerals are Christian. However, the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 1.8% of its members attend church services weekly.[216] The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two.[217]
According to a 2010 Eurobarometer poll, 33% of Finnish citizens responded that they "believe there is a God"; 42% answered that they "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"; and 22% that they "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".[218] According to ISSP survey data (2008), 8% consider themselves "highly religious", and 31% "moderately religious". In the same survey, 28% reported themselves as "agnostic" and 29% as "non-religious".[219]
الصحة
Life expectancy was 79 years for men and 84 years for women in 2017.[220] The under-five mortality rate was 2.3 per 1,000 live births in 2017, ranking Finland's rate among the lowest in the world.[221] The fertility rate in 2014 stood at 1.71 children born/per woman and has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 since 1969.[222] With a low birth rate women also become mothers at a later age, the mean age at first live birth being 28.6 in 2014.[222] A 2011 study published in The Lancet medical journal found that Finland had the lowest stillbirth rate out of 193 countries.[223]
There has been a slight increase or no change in welfare and health inequalities between population groups in the 21st century. Lifestyle-related diseases are on the rise. More than half a million Finns suffer from diabetes, type 1 diabetes being globally the most common in Finland. Many children are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The number of musculoskeletal diseases and cancers are increasing, although the cancer prognosis has improved. Allergies and dementia are also growing health problems in Finland. One of the most common reasons for work disability are due to mental disorders, in particular depression.[224] Without age standardization, the suicide rates were 13 per 100 000 in 2015, close to the North European average.[225] Age-standardized suicide rates are still among the highest among developed countries in the OECD.[226]
There are 307 residents for each doctor.[227] About 19% of health care is funded directly by households and 77% by taxation.
In April 2012, Finland was ranked second in Gross National Happiness in a report published by The Earth Institute.[228] Since 2012, Finland has every time ranked at least in the top 5 of world's happiest countries in the annual World Happiness Report by the United Nations,[229][230][231] as well as ranking as the happiest country since 2018.[232][233]
التعليم والعلوم
أما في المجال الرياضي فإن هوكي الجليد و ألعاب الشتاء تعتبر من أهم الرياضات التي تزاول في فنلندا. و قد استضافت فنلندا الدورة الأولمبية في عام 1952.و تألق في تلك الفترة العداء الفنلندي الأسطوريٍٍ بافو نورمي. التعليم المدرسي مجاني و إجباري لغاية سن السادسة عشر. فنلندا كانت دوماً من الأوائل عالمياً في امتحان مستوى التعليم المدرسي (بيزا). يوجد عدة جامعات بالبلاد أهمها جامعة هلسنكي وجامعة هلسنكي التقنية وجامعة تامبيريه.
Most pre-tertiary education is arranged at the municipal level. Around 3 percent of students are enrolled in private schools (mostly specialist language and international schools).[235] Formal education is usually started at the age of 7. Primary school takes normally six years and lower secondary school three years.
The curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Education Board. Education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 18. After lower secondary school, graduates may apply to trade schools or gymnasiums (upper secondary schools). Trade schools offer a vocational education: approximately 40% of an age group choose this path after the lower secondary school.[236] Academically oriented gymnasiums have higher entrance requirements and specifically prepare for Abitur and tertiary education. Graduation from either formally qualifies for tertiary education.
_(cropped).jpeg&filetimestamp=20240812120222&)
In tertiary education, two mostly separate and non-interoperating sectors are found: the profession-oriented polytechnics and the research-oriented universities. Education is free and living expenses are to a large extent financed by the government through student benefits. There are 15 universities and 24 Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) in the country.[237][238] The University of Helsinki is ranked 75th in the Top University Ranking of 2010.[239] Other reputable universities of Finland include Aalto University in Espoo, both University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University in Turku, University of Jyväskylä, University of Oulu, LUT University in Lappeenranta and Lahti, University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio and Joensuu, and Tampere University.[240]
The World Economic Forum ranks Finland's tertiary education No. 1 in the world.[241] Around 33% of residents have a tertiary degree, similar to Nordics and more than in most other OECD countries except Canada (44%), United States (38%) and Japan (37%).[242] In addition, 38% of Finland's population has a university or college degree, which is among the highest percentages in the world.[243][244] Adult education appears in several forms, such as secondary evening schools, civic and workers' institutes, study centres, vocational course centres, and folk high schools.[124]
More than 30% of tertiary graduates are in science-related fields. Forest improvement, materials research, environmental sciences, neural networks, low-temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology, genetic technology, and communications showcase fields of study where Finnish researchers have had a significant impact.[245] Finland is highly productive in scientific research. In 2005, Finland had the fourth most scientific publications per capita of the OECD countries.[246] In 2007, 1,801 patents were filed in Finland.[247]
الثقافة
الفنلنديون، على غرار السويديون والنروجيون، بشكل عام شعب محافظ محب للطبيعة والهدوء.
الأدب
ركيزة الأدب الفنلندي هو الأديب الياس لونروت (Lönnrot). أيضاً يُعد يوهان لودفغ رونيبيرغ (Runeberg) وأرتو باسيلينا (Paasilinna) أحد أكبر كتاب فنلندا. حصل فرانز إيميل سيلانبا (Sillanpää) على جائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 1939. جان سيبيليوس (Sibelius) هو أهم مؤلف موسيقي فنلندي.
After Finland became independent, there was a rise of modernist writers, most famously the Swedish-speaking poet Edith Södergran. Finnish-speaking authors explored national and historical themes. Most famous of them were Frans Eemil Sillanpää, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939, historical novelist Mika Waltari, and Väinö Linna with his The Unknown Soldier and Under the North Star trilogy. Beginning with Paavo Haavikko, Finnish poetry adopted modernism. Besides Lönnrot's Kalevala and Waltari, the Swedish-speaking Tove Jansson, best known as the creator of The Moomins, is the most translated Finnish writer;[248] her books have been translated into more than 40 languages.[249]
Visual arts, design, and architecture
The visual arts in Finland started to form their characteristics in the 19th century when Romantic nationalism was rising in autonomic Finland. The best known Finnish painters, Akseli Gallen-Kallela, started painting in a naturalist style but moved to national romanticism. Other notable painters of the era include Pekka Halonen, Eero Järnefelt, Helene Schjerfbeck and Hugo Simberg. In the late 20th century, the homoerotic art of Touko Laaksonen, pseudonym Tom of Finland, found a worldwide audience.[250][251]
Finland's best-known sculptor of the 20th century was Wäinö Aaltonen, remembered for his monumental busts and sculptures. The works of Eila Hiltunen and Laila Pullinen exemplifies the modernism in sculpture.
Finns have made major contributions to handicrafts and industrial design: among the internationally renowned figures are Timo Sarpaneva, Tapio Wirkkala and Ilmari Tapiovaara. Finnish architecture is famous around the world, and has contributed significantly to several styles internationally, such as Jugendstil (or Art Nouveau), Nordic Classicism and functionalism. Among the top 20th-century Finnish architects to gain international recognition are Eliel Saarinen and his son Eero Saarinen. Architect Alvar Aalto is regarded as among the most important 20th-century designers in the world;[252] he helped bring functionalist architecture to Finland, but soon was a pioneer in its development towards an organic style.[253] Aalto is also famous for his work in furniture, lamps, textiles, and glassware, which were usually incorporated into his buildings.
الموسيقى
- Folk
Finnish folk music can be divided into Nordic dance music and the older tradition of poem singing, poems from which the national epic, the Kalevala, was created. Much of Finland's classical music is influenced by traditional Finnish and Karelian melodies and lyrics, as comprised in the Kalevala. In the historical region of Finnish Karelia, as well as other parts of Eastern Finland, the old poem singing traditions were preserved better than in the western parts of the country, thus Karelian culture is perceived as less influenced by Germanic influence than the Nordic folk dance music that largely replaced the kalevaic tradition. Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival and has become a part of popular music. The people of northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway, the Sami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called joik.
- Classical
The first Finnish opera was written by the German-born composer Fredrik Pacius in 1852. Pacius also wrote the music to the poem Maamme/Vårt land (Our Country), Finland's national anthem. In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread, and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo. In 1899 he composed Finlandia, which played an important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures.
Alongside Sibelius, the distinct Finnish style of music was created by Oskar Merikanto, Toivo Kuula, Erkki Melartin, Leevi Madetoja and Uuno Klami. Important modernist composers include Einojuhani Rautavaara, Aulis Sallinen and Magnus Lindberg, among others. Kaija Saariaho was ranked the world's greatest living composer in a 2019 composers' poll.[254] Many Finnish musicians have achieved international success. Among them are the conductor Esa-Pekka Salonen, the opera singer Karita Mattila and the violinist Pekka Kuusisto.
- الموسيقى الشعبية
Iskelmä (coined directly from the German word Schlager, meaning "hit") is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song.Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music; tango, a style of Argentine music, is also popular.[255] The light music in Swedish-speaking areas has more influences from Sweden. At least a couple of Finnish polkas are known worldwide, such as Säkkijärven polkka[256] and "Ievan polkka".[257]
During the 1970s, progressive rock group Wigwam and rock and roll group Hurriganes gained respect abroad. The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally acknowledged names including Terveet Kädet in the 1980s. Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering glam rock act.[258] Many Finnish metal bands have gained international recognition; Finland has been often called the "Promised Land of Heavy Metal" because there are more than 50 metal Bands for every 100,000 inhabitants – more than any other nation in the world.[259][260] Modern Finnish popular music includes a number of prominent rock musicians, pop musicians, jazz musicians, hip hop performers, and dance music acts.[261][262][263][264]
Finland has won the Eurovision Song Contest once in 2006 when Lordi won the contest with the song ''Hard Rock Hallelujah''.[265] The Finnish pop artist Käärijä also got second place in the contest in 2023 with his worldwide hit song ''Cha Cha Cha''.[266][267]
السينما والتلفزيون
In the film industry, notable modern directors include brothers Mika and Aki Kaurismäki, Dome Karukoski, Antti Jokinen, Jalmari Helander, and Renny Harlin. Some Finnish drama series are internationally known, such as Bordertown.[268]
One of the most internationally successful Finnish films are The White Reindeer, directed by Erik Blomberg in 1952, which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film in 1956;[269][270] The Man Without a Past, directed by Aki Kaurismäki in 2002, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2002 and won the Grand Prix at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival;[271] and The Fencer, directed by Klaus Härö in 2015, which was nominated for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards in the Best Foreign Language Film category as a Finnish/German/Estonian co-production.[272]
In Finland, the most significant films include The Unknown Soldier, directed by Edvin Laine in 1955.[273] Here, Beneath the North Star from 1968, is also one of the most significant works in Finnish history.[274] A 1960 crime comedy film Inspector Palmu's Mistake, directed by Matti Kassila, was voted in 2012 the best Finnish film of all time by Finnish film critics and journalists,[275] but the 1984 comedy film Uuno Turhapuro in the Army, the ninth film in Uuno Turhapuro film series, remains Finland's most seen domestic film made since 1968 by Finnish audience.[276]
الإعلام
Today, there are around 200 newspapers, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, and 67 commercial radio stations. The largest newspaper is Helsingin Sanomat, its circulation being 339,437 اعتبارا من 2019[تحديث].[277] Yle, the Finnish Broadcasting Company, operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels. Each year, around 12,000 book titles are published.[278]
Thanks to its emphasis on transparency and equal rights, Finland's press has been rated the freest in the world.[279] Worldwide, Finns, along with other Nordic peoples and the Japanese, spend the most time reading newspapers.[280] In regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Finland is the highest ranked country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies.[281]
الساونا
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The Finns' love for saunas is generally associated with Finnish cultural tradition in the world. Sauna is a type of dry steam bath practiced widely in Finland, which is especially evident in the strong tradition around Midsummer and Christmas. The word sauna is of Proto-Finnish origin (found in Finnic and Sami languages) dating back 7,000 years.[282] Steam baths have been part of European tradition elsewhere as well, but the sauna has survived best in Finland, in addition to Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Norway, and parts of the United States and Canada. Moreover, nearly all Finnish houses have either their own sauna or in multi-story apartment houses, a timeshare sauna. Municipal swimming halls and hotels have often their own saunas. The Finnish sauna culture is inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[283][284]
المطبخ
Finnish cuisine generally combines traditional country fare and contemporary style cooking. Potato, meat and fish play a prominent role in traditional Finnish dishes. Finnish foods often use wholemeal products (rye, barley, oats) and berries (such as bilberries, lingonberries, cloudberries, and sea buckthorn). Milk and its derivatives like buttermilk are commonly used as food and drink. The most popular fish food in Finland is salmon.[286][287]
Finland has the world's second highest per capita consumption of coffee.[288] Milk consumption is also high, at an average of about 112 litres (25 imp gal; 30 US gal), per person, per year,[289] even though 17% of the Finns are lactose intolerant.[290]
العطلات العامة
There are several holidays in Finland, of which perhaps the most characteristic of Finnish culture include Christmas (joulu), Midsummer (juhannus), May Day (vappu) and Independence Day (itsenäisyyspäivä). Of these, Christmas and Midsummer are special in Finland because the actual festivities take place on eves, such as Christmas Eve[291][292] and Midsummer's Eve,[293][294] while Christmas Day and Midsummer's Day are more consecrated to rest. Other public holidays in Finland are New Year's Day, Epiphany, Good Friday, Easter Sunday and Easter Monday, Ascension Day, All Saints' Day and Saint Stephen's Day. All official holidays in Finland are established by Acts of Parliament.[295]
Sports
Various sporting events are popular in Finland. Pesäpallo, the Finnish equivalent of American baseball, is the national sport of Finland,[298][299] although the most popular sport in terms of spectators is ice hockey.[300] Other popular sports include athletics, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, football, volleyball, and basketball.[301] Association football is the most played team sport in terms of the number of players in the country.[302][303] Finland's national basketball team has received widespread public attention.[304]
In terms of medals and gold medals won per capita, Finland is the best-performing country in Olympic history.[305] Finland first participated as a nation in its own right at the Olympic Games in 1908. At the 1912 Summer Olympics, three gold medals were won by the original "Flying Finn" Hannes Kolehmainen. In the 1920s and '30s, Finnish long-distance runners dominated the Olympics, with Paavo Nurmi winning a total of nine Olympic gold medals and setting 22 official world records between 1921 and 1931. Nurmi is often considered the greatest Finnish sportsman and one of the greatest athletes of all time. The 1952 Summer Olympics were held in Helsinki.
The javelin throw event has brought Finland nine Olympic gold medals, five world championships, five European championships, and 24 world records. Finland also has a notable history in figure skating. Finnish skaters have won 8 world championships and 13 junior world cups in synchronized skating.
Finnish competitors have achieved significant success in motorsport. In the World Rally Championship, Finland has produced eight world champions, more than any other country.[306] In Formula One, Finland has won the most world championships per capita, with Keke Rosberg, Mika Häkkinen and Kimi Räikkönen all having won the title.[307]
Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include Nordic walking, running, cycling and skiing. Floorball is the most popular youth and workplace sport.[308]
انظر أيضاً
ملاحظات
- ^ Includes Finland-Swedes, Romani, Tatar and Sámi people.
- ^ Finland was the first nation in the world to give all (adult) citizens full suffrage, in other words the right to vote and to run for office, in 1906. New Zealand was the first country in the world to grant all (adult) citizens the right to vote in 1893, but women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature until 1919.
- ^ The role that the regional councils serve on Mainland Finland are on Åland handled by the autonomous Government of Åland.
- ^ The names for Finland in its Sami languages are: Suopma (Northern Sami), Suomâ (Inari Sami) and Lää'ddjânnam (Skolt Sami). See Geonames.de.
- ^ فنلندية: Suomi [ˈsuo̯mi] (
استمع)؛ سويدية: Finland [ˈfɪ̌nland] ( استمع)
- ^ فنلندية: Suomen tasavalta؛ سويدية: Republiken Finland؛ استمع لهم جميعاً
- ^ "جمهورية فنلندا"، أو Suomen tasavalta بالفنلندية، Republiken Finland بالسويدية، و Suoma dásseváldi بالسامي، هو الاسم الپروتوكولي الطويل، الذي هو بالرغم من ذلك غير مُعرَّف في القانون. ويعترف التشريع فقط بالاسم القصير.
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للاستزادة
- Insight Guide: Finland (ISBN 981-4120-39-1).
- Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko. A History of Finland (ISBN 0-88029-260-1).
- Klinge, Matti. Let Us Be Finns: Essays on History (ISBN 951-1-11180-9).
- Lavery, Jason. The History of Finland, Greenwood Press, 2006 (ISBN 0-313-32837-4.
- Lewis, Richard D. Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf (ISBN 1-931930-18-X).
- Lonely Planet: Finland (ISBN 1-74059-791-5).
- Partanen, Anu: The Nordic Theory of Everything, 2017 (ISBN 9780715652039).
- Singleton, Fred. A Short History of Finland (ISBN 0-521-64701-0).
- Swallow, Deborah. Culture Shock! Finland: A Guide to Customs and Etiquette (ISBN 1-55868-592-8).
مواقع خارجية
المصادر
- ويكيبيديا الفنلندية
- ويكيبيديا الانجليزية
- ويكيبيديا الألمانية
- معجم هارينبيرغ للبلدان (Harenberg)
- موسوعة بروكهاوس (Brockhaus)
- أطلس برتلزمان (Bertelsmann)
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