پالاو

Coordinates: 7°20′59″N 134°30′35″E / 7.34972°N 134.50972°E / 7.34972; 134.50972
(تم التحويل من Palau)
هذا المقال هو عن the country. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر پالاو (توضيح).
Republic of Palau

Beluu er a Belau (Palauan)
علم پالاو
العلم
{{{coat_alt}}}
Seal
النشيد: Belau rekid
"Our Palau"
0:52
Palau on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) (small islands magnified).svg
Palau - Location Map (2013) - PLW - UNOCHA.svg
الوضعUN member state under a Compact of Free Association with the United States[1]
العاصمةNgerulmud
7°30′N 134°37′E / 7.500°N 134.617°E / 7.500; 134.617
أكبر مدينةKoror
7°20′N 134°29′E / 7.333°N 134.483°E / 7.333; 134.483
اللغات الرسمية
اللغات الإقليمية المعترف بها
الجماعات العرقية
(2020 census[2])
الدين
(2020 census)[2]
صفة المواطنPalauan
الحكومةUnitary presidential republic under a non-partisan democracy
• President
Surangel Whipps Jr.
Raynold Oilouch
التشريعPalau National Congress
Senate
House of Delegates
Independence 
18 July 1947
• Constitution
2 April 1979
• Establishment of the Republic of Palau
1 January 1981
1 October 1994
المساحة
• الإجمالية
459 km2 (177 sq mi) (180th)
• الماء (%)
negligible
التعداد
• تقدير
21,503[3] (192nd)
• إحصاء 2021 [4]
16,766
• الكثافة
38.375/km2 (99.4/sq mi)
ن.م.إ. (ق.ش.م.)تقدير 2024 
• الإجمالي
▲ $308 million[5]
• للفرد
▲ $18,209[5] (81st)
ن.م.إ.  (الإسمي)تقدير 2024 
• الإجمالي
▲ $322 million[5]
• للفرد
▲ $17,448[5]
م.ت.ب. (2022)Decrease 0.797[6]
high · 71st
العملةUnited States dollar (USD)
التوقيتUTC+9 (PWT)
• الصيفي (التوقيت الصيفي)
not observed
صيغة التاريخDD-MM-YYYY
جانب السواقةright
مفتاح الهاتف+680
كود آيزو 3166PW
النطاق العلوي للإنترنت.pw
الموقع الإلكتروني
PalauGov.pw
  1. GDP estimate includes US subsidy (2004 estimate).

پالاو (Palau،[أ] officially the Republic of Palau,[ب][7]) هي دولة صغيرة تتكون من 340 جزيرة تقع في المحيط الهادي الغربي. وتمثل بالاو (تكتب أيضاً بيلاو) جزءاً من مجموعة الجزر الكارولينية في منطقة تسمى ميكرونيزيا. وتقع بالاو على بعد نحو 800 كم إلى الشرق من الفلبين، ويبلغ عدد سكانها نحو 20000 نسمة.

بسطت الولايات المتحدة هيمنتها على جزر بالاو تحت وصاية الأمم المتحدة في الفترة بين عامي 1947 و1994. وفي أكتوبر 1994، نالت بالاو استقلالها. وتقع عاصمة البلاد كورور في جزيرة كورور.

It has a total area of 466 square kilometers (180 sq mi), making it the sixteenth smallest country in the world.[8] The most populous island is Koror, home to the country's most populous city of the same name. The capital, Ngerulmud, is located on the largest island of Babeldaob, in Melekeok State. Palau shares maritime boundaries with international waters to the north, the Federated States of Micronesia to the east, Indonesia to the south, and the Philippines to the northwest.

The country was originally settled approximately 3,000 years BP by migrants from Maritime Southeast Asia.[9][10] Palau was first drawn on a European map by the Bohemian missionary Paul Klein[11] based on a description given by a group of Palauans shipwrecked on the Philippine coast on Samar. Palau islands were made part of the Spanish East Indies in 1885. Following Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War in 1898, the islands were sold to Germany in 1899 under the terms of the German–Spanish Treaty, where they were administered as part of German New Guinea.

After World War I, the islands were made a part of the Japanese-ruled South Seas Mandate by the League of Nations. During World War II, skirmishes including the major Battle of Peleliu were fought between American and Japanese troops as part of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, Palau was made a part of the United States-governed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947. Having voted in a referendum against joining the Federated States of Micronesia in 1978,[12][13] the islands gained full sovereignty in 1994 under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.

Politically, Palau is a presidential republic in free association with the United States, which provides defense, funding, and access to social services. Legislative power is concentrated in the bicameral Palau National Congress. Palau's economy is based mainly on tourism, subsistence agriculture and fishing, with a significant portion of gross national product (GNP) derived from foreign aid. The country uses the United States dollar as its official currency. The islands' culture mixes Micronesian, Melanesian, Asian, and Western elements. Ethnic Palauans, the majority of the population, are of mixed Micronesian, Melanesian, and Austronesian descent. A smaller proportion of the population is of Japanese descent. The country's two official languages are Palauan (a member of the Austronesian language family) and English, with Japanese, Sonsorolese, and Tobian recognized as regional languages.

أصل الاسم

The name for the islands in the Palauan language, Belau, derives from the Palauan word for "village", beluu (thus ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *banua),[14] or from aibebelau ("indirect replies"), relating to a creation myth.[15] The name "Palau" originated in the Spanish Los Palaos, eventually entering English via the German Palau. An archaic name for the islands in English was the "Pelew Islands".[16] The name of the country "Palau" is most likely not derived from the Malay word "Pulau," despite the similarity in its word form. In Malay, "pulau" means "island," which is also a geographical characteristic of Palau as an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean.


التاريخ

خط زمني لتاريخ پالاو
Bourbon Spain (Spanish East Indies) 1710–1785

Kingdom of Spain (Spanish East Indies) 1785–1808
Napoleonic Spain (Spanish East Indies) 1808–1813
Kingdom of Spain (Spanish East Indies) 1813–1873
First Spanish Republic (Spanish East Indies) 1873–1874
Kingdom of Spain (Spanish East Indies) 1873–1899
German New Guinea Company 1885–1899
First Philippine Republic January 23–February 12, 1899
German Empire (German New Guinea) 1899–1914
Empire of Japan (South Seas Mandate) 1914–1944
United States 1944–1962
United Nations (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) 1947–1965
United Nations (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) 1965–1979
Federated States of Micronesia 1979–1981

Palau 1981–present

التاريخ المبكر

Manila galleon in the Marianas and Carolinas, c. 1590 Boxer Codex

Palau was originally settled between the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE, most likely from the Philippines or Indonesia.[17] Sonsorol was sighted by the Spanish as early as 1522, when the Spanish mission of the Trinidad, the flagship of Ferdinand Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, sighted two small islands around the 5th parallel north, naming them "San Juan".[18]

In December 1696, a group of sailors from the Caroline Islands were stranded on Samar, near Guiuan, when they met European missionary Paul Klein. Using pebbles, the sailors attempted to show Klein the approximate location and size of the islands. He used this information to produce the first European map of the Palau area. Klein sent the map to Jesuit Superior General, along with a letter detailing the names of the islands, the culture of the people, and his experiences with them.[19]

Spanish era

المقالة الرئيسية: New Spain, Captaincy General of the Philippines, and Spanish East Indies
An 1888 map showing the Palau Islands of the Spanish East Indies (excluding the Philippine Islands)
Village on the Palau Islands, painting by Rudolf Hellgrewe c. 1908
Koror chiefs in 1915

The Klein map and letter caused a vast interest in the new islands. Another letter written by Fr. Andrés Serrano was sent to Europe in 1705, essentially copying the information given by Klein. The letters resulted in three unsuccessful Jesuit attempts to travel to Palau from Spanish Philippines in 1700, 1708, and 1709. The islands were first visited by the Jesuit expedition led by Francisco Padilla on 30 November 1710. The expedition ended with the stranding of the two priests, Jacques Du Beron and Joseph Cortyl, on the coast of Sonsorol, because the mother ship Santísima Trinidad was driven to Mindanao by a storm. Another ship was sent from Guam in 1711 to save them only to capsize, causing the death of three more Jesuit priests. The failure of these missions gave Palau the original Spanish name Islas Encantadas (Enchanted Islands).[20]

Transitions era

Palau in Japanese mandate

British traders became regular visitors to Palau in the 18th century (the British East India Company packet ship Antelope shipwrecked off Ulong Island in 1783, leading to Prince Lee Boo's visit to London), followed by expanding Spanish influence in the 19th century. Palau, under the name Palaos, was included in the Malolos Congress in 1898, the first revolutionary congress in the Philippines, which wanted full independence from colonialists. Palau was part of the Spanish East Indies headquartered in the Spanish Philippines. Palau had one appointed member to the Congress, becoming the only group of islands in the entire Caroline Islands granted high representation in a non-colonial Philippine Congress. Congress also supported the right of Palau to self-determination if ever it wished to pursue such a path.[21]

Later in 1899 as part of the Caroline Islands, Palau was sold by the Spanish Empire to the German Empire as part of German New Guinea in the German–Spanish Treaty (1899). During World War I, the Japanese Empire annexed the islands after seizing them from Germany in 1914. Following World War I, the League of Nations formally placed the islands under Japanese administration as part of the South Seas Mandate. In World War II, Palau was used by Japan to support its 1941 invasion of the Philippines, which succeeded in 1942. The invasion overthrew the American-installed Commonwealth government in the Philippines and installed the Japanese-backed Second Philippine Republic in 1943.[22]


United States era

During World War II, the United States captured Palau from Japan in 1944 after the costly Battle of Peleliu, when more than 2,000 Americans and 10,000 Japanese were killed, and later the Battle of Angaur. In 1945–1946, the United States re-established control of the Philippines and managed Palau through the Philippine capital of Manila. By the latter half of 1946, however, the Philippines was granted full independence with the formation of the Third Republic of the Philippines, shifting the U.S. Far West Pacific capital to Guam. Palau was passed formally to the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21.[بحاجة لمصدر][23][24]

Independence

TTPI High Commissioner and staff, 1960s

Four of the Trust Territory districts joined and formed the Federated States of Micronesia in 1979, but the districts of Palau and the Marshall Islands voted against the proposed constitution. Palau, the westernmost cluster of the Carolines, instead opted for independent status in 1978, which was widely supported by the Philippines, Taiwan, and Japan. It approved a new constitution and became the Republic of Palau on 1 January 1981.[25] It signed a Compact of Free Association with the United States in 1982. In the same year, Palau became one of the founding members of the Nauru Agreement. The compact entered into force on 1 October 1994,[26] concluding Palau's transition from trusteeship to independence[27] as the last portion of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to secure its independence pursuant to Security Council Resolution 956. Palau also became a member of the Pacific Islands Forum but withdrew in February 2021 after a dispute regarding Henry Puna's election as the forum's secretary-general.[28][29] Legislation making Palau an "offshore" financial center was passed by the U.S. Senate in 1998.[30]

In 2005, Palau led the Micronesia Challenge, which would conserve 30% of near-shore coastal waters and 20% of forest land of participating countries by 2020. In 2009, Palau created the world's first shark sanctuary, banning commercial shark fishing within its waters. In 2012, the Rock Islands of Palau was declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[31]

In 2015, Palau became a member of the Climate Vulnerable Forum under the chairmanship of the Philippines, and at the same time, the country officially protected 80% of its water resources, becoming the first country to do so.[32] The protection of its water resources made significant increases in the country's economy in less than two years.[33] In 2017, it became the first state in the world to establish an eco-promise, known as the Palau Pledge, which is stamped on local and foreign passports.[34] In 2018, Palau and the Philippines began re-connecting their economic and diplomatic relations. The Philippines supported Palau to become an observer state in ASEAN.

توحي الأدلة التي حصل عليها علماء الآثار بأن بالاو من أولى الجزر التي سكنها البشر في ميكرونيزيا. ومن المرجح أن أسلاف سكان الجزيرة قد جاءوا إليها من جنوب شرق آسيا منذ 4000 سنة على الأقل.

خضعت بالاو للسيطرة الأسبانية من عام 1885 إلى عام 1898م عندما سيطرت عليها ألمانيا. وبعد أن تجرعت ألمانيا الهزيمة في الحرب العالمية الأولى (1914-1918م) سيطرت اليابان عليها. وأصبحت الجزر مركزاً رئيسياً لمنطقة ميكرونيزيا كلها، واكتظت بالمستوطنين اليابانيين. وبعد أن وضعت الحرب العالمية الثانية أوزارها عام 1945م، أعيد المستوطنون اليابانيون في جزر بالاو إلى اليابان. وفي عام 1947م، بسطت حكومة الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية هيمنتها على جزر بالاو تحت وصاية الأمم المتحدة. وفي أكتوبر 1994م، نالت بالاو استقلالها بعد استفتاء ارتضى شعب بالاو بمقتضاه اتفاقية الاتحاد الحر. وفي 15 ديسمبر 1994م، انضمت بالاو لمنظمة الأمم المتحدة.

نظام الحكم

بالاو جمهورية ترتبط مع الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية باتفاقية تعرف باسم الاتحاد الحر. وبمقتضى هذه الاتفاقية تسيطر حكومة بالاو على الشؤون الداخلية والخارجية، بنما تتعهد الولايات المتحدة بالدفاع عن هذه الجزر.

ويتوزع نظام الحكم على السلطات الرئيسية الثلاث: التنفيذية والقضائية والتشريعية. ويتم انتخاب الرئيس لفترة أربع سنوات. ويتكون البرلمان من مجلسين، ويقوم الشعب بانتخاب 14 عضواً لمجلس الشيوخ و16 عضواً لمجلس النواب كل أربع سنوات. ويتم تعيين القضاة مدى الحياة بواسطة الرئيس بعد موافقة مجلس الشيوخ.

Politics and government

المقالة الرئيسية: Politics of Palau

Palau is a democratic republic. The President of Palau is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the Palau National Congress. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Palau adopted a constitution in 1981.

The Compact of Free Association between the United States and Palau[35] sets forth the free and voluntary association of their governments. It primarily focuses on the issues of government, economic, security, and defense relations.[36] Palau has no independent military, relying on the United States for its defense. Under the compact, the American military was granted access to the islands for 50 years. The U.S. Navy role is minimal, limited to a handful of Navy Seabees (construction engineers).[بحاجة لمصدر] The U.S. Coast Guard patrols in national waters. The government has agreed to host a large United States Air Force high-frequency radar station in Palau, an over-the-horizon-radar system costing well over $100 million, which is expected to be operational in 2026.[37][38]

In November 2020, Surangel Whipps Jr was elected as the new President of Palau to succeed President Tommy Remengesau.[39]

Foreign relations

As a sovereign state, Palau conducts its own foreign relations.[27] Since independence, Palau has established diplomatic relations with numerous countries, including many of its Pacific neighbors, like Micronesia and the Philippines. On 29 November 1994, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 963 recommending Palau's admission to the United Nations. The United Nations General Assembly approved admission for Palau pursuant to Resolution 49/63 on 15 December 1994.[40] Palau has since joined several other international organizations. In September 2006, Palau hosted the first Taiwan-Pacific Allies Summit. Its president has made official visits to other Pacific countries, including Japan.[41] Taiwan has provided financial support for Palau to maintain a presence at international fora, including the United Nations and United Nations Climate Change Conference.[42]

Flags of countries who have foreign relations with Palau, Palasia Hotel

The United States maintains a diplomatic delegation and an embassy in Palau, but most aspects of the countries' relationship have to do with compact-funded projects, which are the responsibility of the U.S. Department of the Interior's Office of Insular Affairs.[43][المصدر لا يؤكد ذلك] For example, as part of this compact, Palau was granted ZIP Codes 96939 and 96940, along with regular U.S. Mail delivery. In international politics, Palau often votes in tandem with the United States on United Nations General Assembly resolutions.[44]

Palau has maintained close ties with Japan, which has funded infrastructure projects, including the Koror–Babeldaob Bridge. In 2015, Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko visited Peleliu to honor the 70th anniversary of World War II.[45]

In 1981, Palau voted for the world's first nuclear-free constitution. This constitution banned the use, storage, and disposal of nuclear, toxic chemical, gas, and biological weapons without first being approved by a 75 percent majority in a referendum.[46] This ban delayed Palau's transition to independence because while negotiating the compact, the U.S. insisted on the option to operate nuclear-propelled vessels and store nuclear weapons within the territory,[47] prompting campaigns for independence.[48] In 2017, Palau signed the United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[49]

Palau is a member of the Nauru Agreement for the Management of Fisheries.[50] The Philippines, a neighboring ally of Palau to the west has expressed its intent to back Palau if ever it wishes to join ASEAN.[51]

In June 2009, Palau announced that it would accept up to seventeen Uyghurs who had previously been detained by the American military at Guantanamo Bay,[52] with some American compensation for the cost of their upkeep.[53] Only one of the Uyghurs initially agreed to resettlement,[54] but by the end of October, six of the seventeen had been transferred to Palau.[55] An aid agreement with the United States, finalized in January 2010, was reported to be unrelated to the Uyghur agreement.[56]

Administrative divisions

المقالة الرئيسية: States of Palau
The sixteen states of Palau
Republic of Palau

Palau is divided into sixteen states (until 1984 called municipalities). These are listed below with their areas (in square kilometers) and 2015 and 2020 Census populations:

State Area (km2) Population 2015 Census Population 2020 Census Notes
Flag of Kayangel.svg Kayangel 1.7 54 41 Comprises the islands of Kayangel Atoll
Flag of Ngarchelong.svg Ngarchelong 11.2 316 384 At the northern end of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Ngaraard State.svg Ngaraard 34 413 396 At the northern end of Babeldaob Island, just south of Ngarchelong State
Flag of Ngardmau State.png Ngardmau 34 185 238 On the western side of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Ngeremlengui State, Palau.svg Ngaremlengui 68 350 349 On the western side of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Ngatpang.svg Ngatpang 33 282 289 On the western side of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Ngiwal State.png Ngiwal 17 282 312 On the eastern side of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Melekeok.svg Melekeok 26 277 318 On the eastern side of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Ngchesar State.png Ngchesar 43 291 319 On the eastern side of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Aimeliik.svg Aimeliik 44 334 363 In the southwestern part of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Airai State.png Airai 59 2,455 2,529 In the southeastern part of Babeldaob Island
Flag of Koror State.png Koror 60.52 11,444 11,199 Comprises Koror, Ngerekebesang, and Malakal Islands, plus the Rock Islands (Chelbacheb) and Eil Malk to the southwest
Flag of Peleliu.svg Peleliu 22.3 484 470 Comprises Peleliu Island and some islets to its north, notably Ngercheu
Flag of Angaur State.svg Angaur 8.06 119 114 Angaur Island, 12 km south of Peleliu
Flag of Sonsorol.svg Sonsorol 3.1 40 53 Comprises Sonsorol, Fanna, Pulo Anna, and Merir Islands
Flag of Hatohobei.svg Hatohobei 0.9 25 39 Comprises Tobi Island and (uninhabited) Helen Reef

Historically, Palau's Rock Islands have been part of the State of Koror.


Maritime law enforcement

The Euatel, Kabekl M'tal and Bul provide littoral fishery protection.[57]

Palau's Division of Marine Law Enforcement patrols the nation's 600,000 square kilometers (230,000 square miles) exclusive economic zone. They operate two long-range patrol boats, the Kedam and the Remeliik II, to hunt for poachers and unlicensed fishermen.[58][59][60] Smaller boats are used for littoral operations.[57] They are based on Koror.[61]

Political economy

In the view of Islands Society president Michael Walsh, Palau is a key example of the successes of modern state-building in the Indo-Pacific region. It has successfully transitioned peacefully from colonial rule to full admission to the United Nations. Palau has maintained strong foreign relations with its neighbors in its region of Oceania. There have also been pushes for Palau to have observer status to the ASEAN as a demonstration of its growing influence in the region.[62] However, Palau's peaceful transition to fully autonomous sovereign state is not without debate.

Palau is hugely reliant on international aid, as demonstrated by President Surangel Whipps Jr address to the UN General Assembly in 2021.[63] American influence has led some to contest that there are challenges to its sovereignty with its reliance on the American military under the Compact of Free Association, although not officially designated a de facto protectorate or otherwise. American influence has resulted in huge changes to Palau's society, economy, and political processes, and as such Palau may not yet be seen as a fully independent state or a fully realized success of modern state-building.[64]

الجغرافيا

Share of forest area in total land area, top countries (2021). Palau has the fifth highest percentage of forest cover in the world.

Palau's territory consists of an archipelago located in the Pacific Ocean. Its most populous islands are Angaur, Babeldaob, Koror and Peleliu. The latter three lie together within the same barrier reef, while Angaur is an oceanic island several kilometers to the south. About two-thirds of the population lives on Koror. The coral atoll of Kayangel is north of these islands, while the uninhabited Rock Islands (about 200) are west of the main island group. A remote group of six islands, known as the Southwest Islands, some 604 kilometers (375 miles) from the main islands, make up the states of Hatohobei and Sonsorol.

السطح

تتكون بالاو من سلسلة من الجزر تشتمل على نحو 200 جزيرة. وتمتد السلسلة حوالي 160 كم من الشمال إلى الجنوب، وحوالي 32 كم من الشرق إلى الغرب. وتحيط الشعب المرجانية بجزر بالاو. وتتبع جزر أخرى متفرقة دولة بالاو. وتغطي الجزر مجتمعة نحو 459 كم²، زتعد جزيرة بابلدواب أكبرها.

ترجع جزر بالاو الشمالية إلى أصل بركاني، وبسبب خصوبة أراضيها تنمو بها الكثير من الأشجار. وتتكون الجزر من شعاب مرجانية بارزة من سطح الماء لدرجة جعلت معظمها أكثر وعورة من أن تتخذ مكاناً للعمران إلا أنها تعد منطقة جذب سياحي بسبب طبيعتها الخلابة. ومناخ بالاو مداري، ويبلغ متوسط درجة الحرارة في النهار نحو 27 درجة مئوية، بينما متوسط تساقط الأمطار السنوي نحو 380 سم.

خريطة پالاو

المناخ

Palau has a tropical rainforest climate with an annual mean temperature of 28 °C (82 °F). Rainfall is heavy throughout the year, averaging 3,800 mm (150 in). The average humidity is 82% and, although rain falls more frequently between June and October, there is still much sunshine. Palau lies on the edge of the typhoon belt. Tropical disturbances frequently develop near Palau every year, but significant tropical cyclones are quite rare. Mike, Bopha and Haiyan are the only systems that struck Palau as typhoons on record.[65]

Climate data for Palau Islands (1961–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.6
(87.1) 		30.6
(87.1) 		30.9
(87.6) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.6
(87.1) 		30.7
(87.3) 		30.9
(87.6) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.0
(87.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.3
(81.1) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.9
(82.2) 		28.0
(82.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.6
(81.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23.9
(75.0) 		23.9
(75.0) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.2
(75.6) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.2
(75.6) 		24.2
(75.6)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 271.8
(10.70) 		231.6
(9.12) 		208.3
(8.20) 		220.2
(8.67) 		304.5
(11.99) 		438.7
(17.27) 		458.2
(18.04) 		379.7
(14.95) 		301.2
(11.86) 		352.3
(13.87) 		287.5
(11.32) 		304.3
(11.98) 		3٬758٫3
(147.97)
Average rainy days 19.0 15.9 16.7 14.8 20.0 21.9 21.0 19.8 16.8 20.1 18.7 19.9 224.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 198.4 194.9 244.9 234.0 210.8 168.0 186.0 176.7 198.0 179.8 183.0 182.9 2٬357٫4
Source: Hong Kong Observatory[66]

Environment

Aerial view of Ngerukewid
Aerial view of Rock Islands
Rock Islands in Palau
An aerial view of limestone islands

Palau has a history of strong environmental conservation. For example, Ngerukewid islands and the surrounding area are protected under the Ngerukewid Islands Wildlife Preserve, which was established in 1956.[67] While much of Palau remains free of environmental degradation, areas of concern include illegal dynamite fishing, inadequate solid waste disposal facilities in Koror, and extensive sand and coral dredging in the Palau lagoon.

As with other Pacific island states, rising sea level presents a major environmental threat. However, according to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research average carbon dioxide emissions per person were 60 tonnes in 2019, the highest in the world, and mostly from transport.[68][مطلوب توضيح] Inundation of low-lying areas threatens coastal vegetation, agriculture, and an already insufficient water supply. Wastewater treatment is a problem, along with the handling of toxic waste from fertilizers and biocides.

One species of saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, is indigenous to Palau, occurring in varying numbers throughout the mangroves and in parts of the Rock Islands. Although this species is generally considered extremely dangerous, there has only been one fatal human attack, on 28 December 1965, in Palau in modern history.[69] This attack led to a crocodile eradication program and trade in crocodile hides that ran into the 1980s. A management and conservation program running since the 1990s has led to a stabilization of the Palauan crocodile population.[70]

On 5 November 2005, President Tommy E. Remengesau Jr. took the lead on a regional environmental initiative called the Micronesia Challenge, which would conserve 30% of near-shore coastal waters and 20% of forest land by 2020. Following Palau, the initiative was joined by the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and the US territories of Guam and Northern Mariana Islands. Together, this combined region represents nearly 5% of the marine area of the Pacific Ocean and 7% of its coastline.

Palau contains the Palau tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion.[71] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.09/10, ranking it 27th globally out of 172 countries.[72] The country is vulnerable to earthquakes, volcanic activity, and tropical storms.

Shark sanctuary

On 25 September 2009, Palau announced that it would create the world's first shark sanctuary.[73] Palau banned all commercial shark fishing within the waters of its exclusive economic zone. The sanctuary protects about 600,000 square kilometers (230,000 sq mi) of ocean,[74] a similar size to France.[75][76][77] President Johnson Toribiong announced the sanctuary at a meeting of the United Nations.[75][78][79] Toribiong proposed a worldwide ban on fishing for sharks.[75] In 2012, Palau received the Future Policy Award from World Future Council, because "Palau is a global leader in protecting marine ecosystems".[80]

الاقتصاد

The artificially made German Channel is one of the most popular dive sites. It is also a major transport route for boats that connects the lagoon to the Pacific Ocean in the south-west.
Aerial view of Koror–Babeldaob Bridge in 2016

يعمل معظم سكان بالاو في الدوائر الحكومية، تمول الولايات المتحدة معظم الأعمال التي تنفذها حكومة بالاو. وتستورد الدولة السلع الاستهلاكية ومعظم المواد الغذائية التي يحتاجها شعب بالاو. وتعد التونة أهم صادرات البلاد، وتشتري اليابان معظمها. وجوز الهند هو المحصول النقدي الرئيسي بالبلاد، وبدأت السياحة تصبح صناعة مهمة.

تنبع أهمية هذه الجزر الصغيرة ذات الموارد المحدودة من كونها أحد المواقع المهمة في تصدير السماد الطبيعي المؤلف من الزرق الذي تخلفه الطيور البحرية المعروف باسم «غوانو» Guano والذي أخذت كمياته بالتراجع. ومن وجود بعض الخامات المعدنية فيها، ولاسيما الفوسفات وهي محدودة الكمية، ومن كونها محطة تموين على طرق الملاحة البحرية والجوية الطويلة في المحيط الهادئ. وقد أخذت جزر بالاو تفقد أهميتها مع تحسن وسائل النقل الجوية والبحرية العابرة للقارات والمحيطات. وقبل قدوم الأوربيين إليها كان السكان الأصليون يعملون في الصيد البحري والزراعة البدائية المتنقلة. ومع أنهم كانوا يستخدمون أدوات بسيطة في أعمالهم، فقد نجحوا في تشييد تجمعات قروية تعتمد على منتجاتها المحلية.

مجموعة جزر بالاو

وإلى جانب الزراعات الغذائية التي تستأثر بالقسط الأكبر من النشاط الزراعي (كالكومازا واليام والساجو والتارو). فإن لنخيل جوز الهند الأهمية الكبرى في حياة السكان الاقتصادية. ويعد جوز الهند المجفف (الكوبرا Coprah) أهم صادرات هذه الجزر. كما تعد المادة السائلة داخل ثمار جوز الهند المشروب الوحيد تقريباً للسكان بسبب ندرة الماء العذب في جزرهم المرجانية. ويستخدم زيت جوز الهند في أغراض متنوعة أهمها الطهي. وتستخدم قشرته الخارجية أدوات طبخ. كما تستخدم ألياف النخيل في صنع الحبال والحقائب والشباك والقبعات وفي صناعة بعض الملابس. وهكذا تؤلف نخلة جوز الهند عصب الحياة في هذه الجزر المرجانية التي تبقى مقومات الإنتاج الاقتصادي الأخرى فيها محدودة جداً نتيجة لفقر التربة الكلسية المنشأ، ولقلة المياه العذبة وتعرض سطحها المنخفض لأمواج البحر العاتية. ولا تؤلف الثروة الحيوانية فيها مرفقاً اقتصادياً يذكر، فلا يبقى لسكانها سوى التوجه إلى العمل في الصيد البحري، على متن السفن التجارية إلى جانب جمع الثمار والزراعة البدائية المتنقلة.

وقد تغيرت معالم الإنتاج الاقتصادي بعد قدوم الأوربيين والأمريكيين إلى هذه الجزر فأدخلت الزراعة العلمية وانتشرت زراعة الرز وأشجار الكاكاو، ووجه الاهتمام إلى تربية بعض الحيوانات. وتحسنت عمليات استغلال المعادن، وصارت الخامات، على الرغم من كونها محدودة وكمياتها آخذة بالتراجع، تستغل بإشراف الوافدين، استغلالاً اقتصادياً لتصدر، ولاسيما السماد الطبيعي (الغوانو) والفوسفات. وقد رافق هذه النشاطات توجه أعداد قليلة من السكان، مؤخراً إلى العمل في بعض الصناعات الغذائية والنسيجية والخشبية مثل صناعة السكر والزيوت النباتية وتعليب اللحوم وقطع الأخشاب.

يضاف إلى ما تقدم تحول أماكن من هذه الجزر إلى محطات تموين على طرق الملاحة البحرية والجوية المهمة، وإلى قواعد عسكرية توفر لمستأجريها الحماية والسيطرة على مناطق واسعة في المحيط وفي أطرافه. لكن بالاو تعتمد على المساعدات الأمريكية اعتماداً كبيراً (نحو 90% من احتياجاتها). وتزيد وارداتها كثيراً على صادراتها وللسياحة أهمية بارزة في اقتصاد بالاو.

Healthcare

Palau is served by an 80-bed hospital, Belau National Hospital. With some medical specialties, there is no such specialty care in Palau necessitating medical care in Taiwan, the Philippines, or Hawaii.[81] There are no dermatologists or ophthalmologists (eye specialists) in Palau.[82] VEGF drugs for diabetic eye diseases cannot be given for eye conditions so laser surgery is done by visiting American ophthalmologists.[82] Belau National Hospital cannot treat certain brain hemorrhages necessitating emergency airlift to Taiwan.[83]

Transportation

Palau International Airport

Palau International Airport provides scheduled direct flights with Guam (Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport), Manila (Ninoy Aquino International Airport), and Taipei (Taoyuan International Airport). In addition, the states of Angaur and Peleliu have regular service to domestic destinations. Air service has at times been spotty. Palau Micronesia Air, Asian Spirit and Pacific Flier provided service to the Philippines and other destinations at various times during the 2000s, but all suspended service.[84] United Airlines provides near-daily service to and from Guam, and once-weekly service to Yap. Also, Korean Air provides service three times per week to Incheon. Two to four times per week , China Airlines provides service between Koror and Taipei, Taiwan.

In May 2024, Nauru Airlines started direct weekly flights to Brisbane, Australia. The six-hour flight operated by B-737 aircraft depart Brisbane on Tuesdays at 23:30, arriving at Palau International Airport on the main island of Babeldaob at 04:30. Southbound flights will depart Palau on Wednesdays at 10:30, arriving in Brisbane at 05:30.[85]

Freight, military, and cruise ships often call at Malaehaka Harbor, on Malakal Island outside Koror. The country has no railways, and of the 61 km or 38 mi of highways, only 36 km or 22 mi are paved. Driving is on the right, and the speed limit is 40 km/h (25 mph). Taxis are available in Koror. They are not metered, and fares are negotiable. Transportation between islands mostly relies on private boats and domestic air services. However, there are some state-run boats[86] between islands as a cheaper alternative.

السكان

المقالة الرئيسية: سكان بالاو
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1958 8٬987—    
1970 11٬210+24.7%
1980 12٬116+8.1%
1990 15٬122+24.8%
1995 17٬225+13.9%
2000 19٬129+11.1%
2005 19٬907+4.1%
2015 17٬661−11.3%
2020 17٬614−0.3%
Source:
  • "Island Areas". U.S. Census Bureau.
  • "Census of Population and Housing". PalauGov.pw.

ينحدر سكان بالاو من أسلاف جاءوا إليها منذ آلاف السنين، ويعيش حوالي ثلثيهم في جزيرة كورور. ويعمل معظم هؤلاء الناس في الدوائر الحكومية. أما بقية السكان فيعيشون في القرى الريفية كفلاحين، وإن كانوا لا ينتجون من المحاصيل إلا ما يكفي حاجتهم. ويأكل سكان بالاو الأسماك ونبات التارو.

اللغتان الرسميتان في بالاو هما: الپالاوية والإنگليزية. ويتلقى الأطفال بين سن السادسة والرابعة عشرة تعليماً نظامياً. ويعتنق 75% من شعب بالاو المسيحية، أما بقية السكان فيعتنقون ديانة محلية تعرف باسم مود كنجاي، وهي ديانة تؤكد على القيم والثقافة البالاوية.

ينتمي سكان بالاو إلى الميكرونيزيين (سكان جزر ميكرونيزية)، وهم آخر المجموعات السكانية التي وفدت إلى جزر أوقيانوسية، واستقرت في الجزر المرجانية الصغيرة المساحة، ويتميزون بظهور الصفات المغولية فيهم. ومنذ بداية القرن السادس عشر بدأت العناصر الأوربية، ومن بعدها الأمريكية، تتوافد إلى هذه الجزر. ومنذ أواخر القرن الثامن عشر بدأت عناصر صينية ويابانية وفيليبينية وإندونيسية تصل إليها أيضاً مما زاد في تعقيد التركيب العرقي للسكان. وقد عملت هذه الجماعات على تغيير أوجه النشاط الاقتصادي في هذه الجزر مما أدى إلى تراجع ثقافات السكان الأصليين بالتدريج، وإلى تناقص عددهم حتى صار عدد السكان فيها عام 1993 نحو 16100 نسمة والكثافة العددية فيها نحو 32 ن/كم². ونسبة النمو السكاني 1.9% سنوياً، ويدين معظم سكانها بالمسيحية وأغلبهم من الكاثوليك، ويتكلمون اللغة الإنگليزية، وهي اللغة الرسمية إلى جانب لغاتهم المحلية. ومدينة كورور التي تَعُد نحو عشرة آلاف وخمس مئة نسمة هي المدينة الأولى في البلاد، وهي العاصمة في الوقت نفسه.

Languages

The official languages of Palau are Palauan and English, except in two states (Sonsorol and Hatohobei) where the local languages, Sonsorolese and Tobian, respectively, along with Palauan, are official. Japanese is spoken by some older[بحاجة لمصدر] Palauans, and is an official language in Angaur.[87][88] Because of the inheritance of the education system from the Republic's time as a trust territory, English is a core subject within the Palauan Education System, with a majority of its population utilizing it as a second language. A local dialect influenced by Philippine English is developing.

Religion

المقالة الرئيسية: Religion in Palau

According to the 2020 census, 46.9% of the population is Roman Catholic, 25.9% Protestant (primarily evangelical), 5% Seventh-day Adventist, 5.1% Modekngei, 4.9% Muslim, 0.9% the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and 11.4% other religions.[2]

The German and Japanese occupations of Palau both subsidized missionaries to follow the Spanish. Germans sent Roman Catholics and Protestants, the Japanese sent Shinto and Buddhist, and the Spaniards sent Roman Catholic missionaries as they controlled Palau. Three-quarters of the population are Christians (mainly Roman Catholics and Protestants), while Modekngei (a combination of Christianity, traditional Palauan religion and fortune telling) and the ancient Palauan religion are commonly observed. Japanese rule brought Mahayana Buddhism and Shinto to Palau, which was the majority religion among Japanese settlers. However, following Japan's World War II defeat, the remaining Japanese largely converted to Christianity, while some continued to observe Buddhism but stopped practicing Shinto rites.[89] There are approximately 400 Bengali Muslims.

Culture

انظر أيضاً: Music of Palau
A traditional Palauan bai

Palauan society follows a very strict matrilineal system. Matrilineal practices are seen in nearly every aspect of Palauan traditions, especially in funerals, marriages, inheritance, and the passing of traditional titles.

The cuisine includes local foods such as cassava, taro, yam, potato, fish and pork. It is also heavily influenced by Japanese, American, and Filipino cuisine, because of the significant presence of Filipino migrant workers. Fruit bat soup is a Palauan delicacy.[90] Some local drinks include an alcoholic drink made from a coconut on the tree; a drink made from the roots of the kava; and the chewing of betel nuts. A dessert called tama was developed in Palau.[91]

Traditional government

المقالة الرئيسية: Traditional chiefs of Palau

Newspapers

Palau has several newspapers:[92][93]

  • Rengel Belau (1983–1985)
  • Tia Belau (1992–present)
  • Island Times

Sports

Baseball has been popular in Palau since its introduction to the country in the 1920s by the Japanese. The Palau national baseball team won the gold medal at the 1990, 1998 and 2010 Micronesian Games, as well as at the 2007 Pacific Games. On 20 June 2022, left fielder Bligh Madris played his first game for the Pittsburgh Pirates against the Chicago Cubs, thus becoming the first Palauan to play in the MLB. Palau has a national football team, organized by the Palau Football Association, but is not a member of FIFA. The association organizes the Palau Soccer League.

The Belau Omal Marathon began in 2023 as a partnership between Palau and Taiwan.

التعليم

Primary education is required until age 16. Schools include both public (including Palau High School) and private institutions as well as some fields of study available at Palau Community College. For further undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs, students travel abroad to attend tertiary institutions, primarily in the United States. Palau offers distance learning through San Diego State University and the University of the South Pacific.[94]

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ /pəˈlaʊ/; Palauan: Belau, pau
  2. ^ Palauan: Beluu er a Belau

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وصلات خارجية

الحكومة
معلومات عامة

7°20′59″N 134°30′35″E / 7.34972°N 134.50972°E / 7.34972; 134.50972

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=پالاو&oldid=4099163"