لوبلن

Coordinates: 51°15′N 22°34′E / 51.250°N 22.567°E / 51.250; 22.567
(تم التحويل من Lublin)
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين لوبلن or دبلن.
For other uses, see لوبلن (توضيح).
لوبلن
Lublin
علم لوبلن
Flag
ملف:POL Lublin COA 1.svg
Coat of arms
الشعار: 
Fidelitatem et Constantinam (in Latin)
Wiernością i Stałością (in Polish)[1]
لوبلن is located in پولندا
لوبلن
لوبلن
لوبلن is located in Lublin Voivodeship
لوبلن
لوبلن
لوبلن is located in أوروپا
لوبلن
لوبلن
الإحداثيات: 51°15′N 22°34′E / 51.250°N 22.567°E / 51.250; 22.567
CountryFlag of Poland.svg بولندا
Voivodeship محافظة لوبين
PowiatCity County
(Capital of Lublin County but not part of it)
Establishedbefore 12th century
City rights1317
الحكومة
 • City mayorKrzysztof Żuk
المساحة
 • المدينة147 كم² (57 ميل²)
التعداد
 (31 December 2021)
 • المدينة336٬339 Decrease (9th)[2]
 • الكثافة2٬310/km2 (6٬000/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
664٬000
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
20-001 to 20-999
مفتاح الهاتف+48 81
Car platesLU
Primary airportLublin Airport
HighwaysS12-PL.svg S17-PL.svg S19-PL.svg
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.lublin.eu/en

Lublin[أ] is the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the center of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021).[2] Lublin is the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River and is about 170 km (106 mi) to the southeast of Warsaw by road.

One of the events that greatly contributed to the city's development was the Polish-Lithuanian Union of Krewo in 1385. Lublin thrived as a centre of trade and commerce due to its strategic location on the route between Vilnius and Kraków; the inhabitants had the privilege of free trade in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Lublin Parliament session of 1569 led to the creation of a real union between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, thus creating the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Lublin witnessed the early stages of Reformation in the 16th century. A Calvinist congregation was founded and groups of radical Arians appeared in the city, making it an important global centre of Arianism.[6]

Until the partitions at the end of the 18th century, Lublin was a royal city of the Crown Kingdom of Poland. Its delegates and nobles had the right to participate in the royal election. In 1578, Lublin was chosen as the seat of the Crown Tribunal, the highest appeal court in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and for centuries, the city has been flourishing as a centre of culture and higher learning.

In 2011, the analytical Financial Times Group found Lublin to be one of the best cities for business in Poland.[7] The Foreign Direct Investment ranking placed Lublin second among larger Polish cities in the cost-effectiveness category. Lublin is noted for its green spaces and a high standard of living;[8] the city has been selected as the 2023 European Youth Capital.[9] Its historical Old Town is one of Poland's national monuments (Pomnik historii) tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland.[10]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

History

انظر أيضاً: Timeline of Lublin
Krakowska Gate in the Old Town is among the city's most recognisable landmarks.

Archaeological finds indicate a long presence of cultures in the area. A complex of settlements started to develop on the future site of Lublin and in its environs in the sixth to seventh centuries. Remains of settlements dating back to the sixth century were discovered in the centre of today's Lublin on Czwartek ("Thursday") Hill.

The period of the early Middle Ages was marked by an intensification of habitation, particularly in the areas along river valleys. The settlements were centred around the stronghold on Old Town Hill, which was likely one of the main centres of Lendians tribe. When the tribal stronghold was destroyed in the 10th century, the centre shifted to the northeast, to a new stronghold above Czechówka valley and, after the mid-12th century, to Castle Hill. At least two churches are presumed to have existed in Lublin in the early medieval period. One of them was most probably erected on Czwartek Hill during the rule of Casimir the Restorer in the 11th century.[11] The castle became the seat of a castellan, first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but was quite possibly present from the start of the 12th or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier.[11]

The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it military significance. During the first half of the 13th century, Lublin was a target of attacks by Mongols, Tatars, Ruthenians, and Lithuanians, which resulted in its destruction.[11] It was also ruled by Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia between 1289 and 1302.[11] Lublin was founded as a town by Władysław I the Elbow-high or between 1258 and 1279 during the rule of the prince Bolesław V the Chaste.[11] Casimir III the Great, appreciating the site's strategic importance, built a masonry castle in 1341 and encircled the city with defensive walls.[12] From 1326, if not earlier, the stronghold on Castle Hill included a chapel in honor of the Holy Trinity. A stone church dating to 1335–1370 exists to this day.[11]


Jagiellonian Poland

Neogothic façade of Lublin Castle
Castle courtyard with a fortified keep

In 1392, the city received an important trade privilege from the king Władysław II Jagiełło. With the coming of peace between Poland and Lithuania, it developed into a trade centre, handling a large portion of commerce between the countries. In 1474, the area around Lublin was carved out of Sandomierz Voivodeship and combined to form the Lublin Voivodeship, the third voivodeship of Lesser Poland.

During the 15th and 16th centuries, the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were held in Lublin. In the 16th century, the parliaments (Sejm) of the Kingdom of Poland were held in Lublin several times. On 26 June 1569, one of the most important proclaimed the Union of Lublin, which united Poland and Lithuania. Lublin as one of the most influential cities[11] of the state enjoyed voting rights during the royal elections in Poland.

Some of the artists and writers of the 16th century Polish renaissance lived and worked in Lublin, including Sebastian Klonowic and Jan Kochanowski, who died in the city in 1584. In 1578, the Crown Tribunal, the highest court of the Lesser Poland Province, was established in Lublin.[11]

Since the second half of the 16th century, Protestant Reformation movements devolved in Lublin, and a large congregation of Polish Brethren was present in the city. One of Poland's most important Jewish communities was established in Lublin around this time.[11] Jews established a widely respected yeshiva, Jewish hospital, synagogue, cemetery, and education centre (kahal) and built the Grodzka Gate (known as the Jewish Gate) in the historic district. Jews were a vital part of the city's life until the Holocaust, during which they were relocated by Nazi Germany to the infamous Lublin Ghetto and ultimately murdered.[11]

Union of Lublin, painting by Jan Matejko at the National Museum of Lublin

The yeshiva became a centre of learning of Talmud and Kabbalah, leading the city to be called "the Jewish Oxford."[11] In 1567, the rosh yeshiva (headmaster) received the title of rector from the king along with rights and privileges equal to those of the heads of Polish universities.

The city declined due to the disastrous Deluge, when it was invaded by Russo-Cossack forces in 1655, and Sweden in 1656.

19th and early 20th century

After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Lublin was located in the Austrian empire, then following the Austro-Polish War of 1809 it was part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, and then in 1815 it became part of the Congress Poland in the Russian Partition of Poland.

19th-century drawing of the Lublin Old Town by Adam Lerue

At the beginning of the 19th century, new squares, streets, and public buildings were built. In 1877, a railway connection to Warsaw and Kovel and Lublin Station were constructed, spurring industrial development. Lublin's population grew from 28,900 in 1873 to 50,150 in 1897 (including 24,000 Jews).[13]

Russian rule ended in 1915, when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918, Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland - the first government of independent Poland operated in Lublin for a short time. In the interwar years, the city continued to modernise and its population grew; important industrial enterprises were established, including the first aviation factory in Poland, the Plage i Laśkiewicz works, later nationalised as the LWS factory. The Catholic University of Lublin was founded in 1918.

In 1921, Roman Catholics constituted 58.9% of the city's population, Jews - 39.5%. In 1931, 63.7% of the inhabitants were Roman Catholic and 34.7% Jewish.[14]

World War II

German and Soviet troops in Lublin during the invasion of Poland in September 1939

In early September 1939, during the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish gold reserve from Warsaw to Lublin, and then further east to Łuck,[15] before the city was occupied by Germany, and found itself in the newly formed General Government territory. The Polish population became a target of severe Nazi persecutions focusing on intelligentsia and Polish Jews. In November 1939, during the Intelligenzaktion, the Germans carried out mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, including teachers, judges, lawyers, engineers, lecturers and students of the Catholic University of Lublin, priests, and lecturers of the local theological seminary.[16] The occupiers also closed down the Catholic University of Lublin.[16] Arrested Poles were held in a prison established in the Lublin Castle, and many were afterwards deported to concentration camps.[16]

On December 23–25, 1939, the Germans carried out massacres of 31 Poles in several locations in Lublin.[17] Among the victims were lawyers, professors, school principals, starosts of Lublin and Lubartów counties and other well-known and respected citizens of the region.[17] In January and February 1940, the occupiers arrested 23 Capuchin friars and 43 Jesuit friars.[18] Persecution of Polish intelligentsia was continued with the AB-Aktion. On June 24, 1940, the Germans carried out mass arrests of over 800 Poles in Lublin, who were then imprisoned in the castle, along with dozens of Poles who were arrested at the same time in other towns in the region, including Biała Podlaska, Chełm, Puławy.[19] Many of the prisoners were then deported to the Sachsenhausen and Auschwitz concentration camps, while around 500 Poles were murdered in five large massacres carried out in the present-day district of Rury in 1940.[20] Among the victims of the massacres were both men and women: doctors, engineers, local officials, lawyers, judges, activists, military officers, parliamentarians, Polish resistance members, policemen, teachers and school and university students.[19]

An attempt to "Germanise" the city led to an influx of the ethnic Volksdeutsche, increasing the number of German minority from 10 to 15% in 1939 to 20–25%. Near Lublin, the so-called 'reservation' for the Jews was built based on the idea of racial segregation known as the "Nisko or Lublin Plan".[21]

Monument and cemetery in Rury where the Germans massacred around 500 Poles in 1940

The Germans established and operated a Baudienst forced labour camp for Poles in Lublin.[22] Many Poles from or associated with Lublin, including 94 lecturers, alumni and students of the Catholic University of Lublin were murdered by the Soviets in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940.[23]

The site of the former Majdanek concentration camp, located on the outskirts of Lublin

The Jewish population was forced into the newly established Lublin Ghetto near Podzamcze. The city served as headquarters for Operation Reinhardt, the main German effort to exterminate all Jews in occupied Poland. The majority of the ghetto inmates, about 26,000 people, were deported to the Bełżec extermination camp between 17 March and 11 April 1942. The remainder were moved to facilities around the Majdanek concentration camp established at the outskirts of the city. Almost all of Lublin's Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in Poland. The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota", established by the Polish resistance movement operated in the city.[24] There are also known cases of local Polish men and women, who were captured and sent to either forced labour or concentration camps by the Germans for sheltering and aiding Jews.[25] Poles who saved Jews in other places in the region were also temporarily imprisoned in the local castle, before being sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp.[26]

After the war, some survivors emerged from hiding with the Christian rescuers or returned from the Soviet Union, and re-established a small Jewish community in the city, but their numbers were insignificant. Most survivors left Poland for Israel, the United States and other countries.[27]

In the first years of the occupation, many expelled Poles from Gdańsk and German-annexed Pomerania were deported to Lublin,[28] and later on, in 1943, around 9,000 expelled Poles from the nearby Zamojszczyzna region were brought to Lublin and imprisoned in the Majdanek concentration camp and in a transit camp at Krochmalna Street; many were afterwards deported to forced labour in Germany.[29] In August 1943, thanks to efforts of the Polish Rada Główna Opiekuńcza charity organisation, around 2,200 people were released from those two camps.[29] Many of the released people, including hundreds of kidnapped Polish children, were extremely exhausted or sick, and were taken to local hospitals,[29] which quickly became overcrowded.[30] Many exhausted children died soon.[30] Lublin pharmacists and residents organized help for the children, and after leaving the hospital, the people were taken in by the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, which resulted in an epidemic typhus outbreak, which caused many deaths among the population.[30]

On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the Soviet Army and became the temporary headquarters of the Soviet-controlled communist Polish Committee of National Liberation established by Joseph Stalin, which was to serve as the basis for a puppet government. The Soviets carried out arrests of Polish resistance members, including the regional delegate of the Polish government-in-exile Władysław Cholewa and the commander of the regional branch of the Home Army Colonel Kazimierz Tumidajski, who was eventually killed in Russian captivity in 1947.[31] The capital of new Poland was moved to Warsaw in January 1945 after the Soviet westward offensive.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Post-war period

In the postwar years, Lublin continued to grow, tripling its population and greatly expanding its area. A considerable scientific and research base was established around the newly founded Maria Curie-Sklodowska University. A large automotive factory, Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych (FSO), was built in the city.

Geography

Climate

Lublin has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with cold, damp winters and warm summers.

Climate data for Lublin (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.0
(53.6) 		16.9
(62.4) 		23.2
(73.8) 		29.3
(84.7) 		31.6
(88.9) 		34.1
(93.4) 		35.1
(95.2) 		35.3
(95.5) 		33.8
(92.8) 		26.6
(79.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		14.8
(58.6) 		35.3
(95.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.6
(43.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		19.1
(66.4) 		22.4
(72.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.3
(75.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		12.5
(54.5) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.2
(34.2) 		12.6
(54.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.5
(27.5) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		2.4
(36.3) 		8.6
(47.5) 		13.6
(56.5) 		16.9
(62.4) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.4
(65.1) 		13.4
(56.1) 		8.2
(46.8) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		8.2
(46.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.9
(23.2) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.4
(47.1) 		11.7
(53.1) 		13.6
(56.5) 		13.1
(55.6) 		9.0
(48.2) 		4.6
(40.3) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		4.3
(39.7)
Record low °C (°F) −33.7
(−28.7) 		−30.6
(−23.1) 		−24.2
(−11.6) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		0.2
(32.4) 		4.1
(39.4) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		−20.6
(−5.1) 		−24.5
(−12.1) 		−33.7
(−28.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 33.6
(1.32) 		31.5
(1.24) 		37.9
(1.49) 		42.3
(1.67) 		70.7
(2.78) 		66.8
(2.63) 		82.2
(3.24) 		54.9
(2.16) 		62.8
(2.47) 		47.4
(1.87) 		36.5
(1.44) 		34.5
(1.36) 		601.0
(23.66)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 9.2
(3.6) 		10.8
(4.3) 		8.1
(3.2) 		3.0
(1.2) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.8
(0.3) 		4.0
(1.6) 		6.2
(2.4) 		10.8
(4.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.10 15.01 14.83 12.50 13.43 13.17 14.07 10.93 11.97 13.07 14.47 16.33 166.88
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 18.8 17.8 9.6 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 4.8 14.4 67.5
Average relative humidity (%) 87.9 85.5 78.7 70.5 72.9 74.5 74.4 73.4 80.1 84.5 89.0 89.5 80.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 44.5 70.3 127.5 187.7 253.1 262.8 263.2 246.4 166.2 116.5 52.8 30.3 1٬821٫3
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[40][41][42]

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1950116٬629—    
1960183٬400+57.3%
1970238٬500+30.0%
1980304٬424+27.6%
1990351٬353+15.4%
2000358٬933+2.2%
2010348٬450−2.9%
2020338٬586−2.8%
source [43]
Marie Curie Monument near the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (UMCS


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Economy and infrastructure

The Lublin region is a part of eastern Poland, which has benefited less from the economic transformation after 1989 than regions of Poland located closer to Western Europe. Despite the fact that Lublin is one of the closest neighbour cities for Warsaw, the investment inflow in services from the Polish capital has secured a steady growth due to relatively fast connection, while external investments are progressing, enabling nearby satellite municipality Świdnik for large-scale industrial investments.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Polish MPs in the PZL Świdnik helicopter factory
Perła – Browary Lubelskie

Lublin is a regional centre of IT companies. Asseco Business Solutions S.A., eLeader Sp z o.o., CompuGroup Medical Polska Sp. z o.o., Abak-Soft Sp. z o.o. and others have their headquarters here. Other companies (for example Comarch S.A., Britenet Sp. z o.o., Simple S.A., Asseco Poland S.A.) outsourced to Lublin, to take advantage of the educated specialists. There is a visible growth in professionals eager to work in Lublin,[بحاجة لمصدر] due to reasons like quality of life, culture management, the environment, improving connection to Warsaw, levels of education, or financial, because of usually higher operating margins of global organisations present in the area.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The large car factory Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych (FSC) was acquired by the South Korean Daewoo conglomerate in the early 1990s. With Daewoo's financial troubles in 1998 related to the Asian financial crisis, the production at FSC practically collapsed and the factory entered bankruptcy.[44] Efforts to restart its van production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company to keep its prime market.[بحاجة لمصدر] With the decline of Lublin as a regional industrial centre, the city's economy has been reoriented toward service industries. Currently, the largest employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University.

The price of land and investment costs are lower than in western Poland. However, the Lublin area has to be one of the main beneficiaries of the EU development funds.[45] Jerzy Kwiecinski, the deputy secretary of state in the Ministry for Regional Development at the Conference of the Ministry for Regional Development (Poland in the European Union — new possibilities for foreign investors) said:

In the immediate financial outlook, between 2007 and 2013, we will be the largest beneficiaries of the EU — every fifth Euro will be spent in Poland. In total, we will have at our disposal 120 billion EUR, assigned exclusively for post-development activities. This sum will be an enormous boost for our country.[46]

In September 2007, the prime minister signed a bill creating a special economic investment zone in Lublin that offers tax incentives. It is part of “Park Mielec” — the European Economic Development area.[47] At least 13 large companies had declared their wish to invest here, e.g., Carrefour, Comarch, Safo, Asseco, Aliplast, Herbapol, Modern-Expo and Perła Browary Lubelskie.[48][49] At the same time, the energy conglomerate, Polska Grupa Energetyczna, which will build Poland's first nuclear power station, is to have its main offices in Lublin.

Modern shopping centers built in Lublin like Tarasy Zamkowe (Castle Terraces), Lublin Plaza, Galeria Olimp, Galeria Gala, the largest shopping mall in the city, covering 33,500 square meters of area. Similar investments are planned for the near future such as Park Felin (Felicity) and a new underground gallery ("Alchemy") between and beneath Świętoduska and Lubartowska Streets.[50]

Media

There is a public TV station in the city: TVP Lublin which owns a 104-meter-tall concrete television tower.[51] The station put its first program on the air in 1985. In recent years it contributed programming to TVP3 channel and later TVP Info.

The radio stations airing from Lublin include 'Radio eR - 87.9 FM', Radio 'Eska Lublin' - 103.6 FM, Radio Lublin (regional station of the Polish Radio) - 102.2 FM, [ Radio Centrum (university radio station)] - 98.2 FM, Radio 'Free' (city station of the Polish Radio) - 89,9 FM, and Radio 'Złote Przeboje' (Golden Hits) Lublin - 95.6 FM.

Local newspapers include Kurier Lubelski daily, regional partner of the national newspaper Dziennik Wschodni daily, Gazeta Wyborcza [ Lublin Edition] daily (regional supplement to the national newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza), [ Metro] (daily, free) and Nasze Miasto Lublin weekly (free).

Transport

Airport

Lublin Airport

The Lublin Airport (Port Lotniczy Lublin) (IATA: LUZ) is located about 10 km (6.2 miles) SE of Lublin. With approximately 8 destinations and over 450 000 passengers served in 2018, it is the biggest airport in Eastern Poland. There is a direct train and bus link from the airport to downtown.

Railways

From Lublin Główny railway station, ten trains depart each day to Warsaw, and three to Kraków, as in other major cities in Poland. Lublin has also direct train connections with Rzeszów, Szczecin, Gdynia and other Polish cities and towns in the region as Nałęczów, Chełm or Zamość. The express train to Warsaw takes about two hours.[52]

Lublin Główny railway station, the city's main train station

There are other smaller stations in Lublin for local trains:

Roads

Lublin has one of four trolleybus systems in Poland

Lublin is located at the intersection of expressways S12, S17 and S19. Expressway S17 between Lublin and Warsaw is currently finishing construction and should be ready by the second half of 2020. S19 between Lublin and Rzeszów is currently under construction and should be finished by 2023. The rest of the planned expressway network around the city that will be built in the coming years consists of S12 to the east in the direction Chełm, S19 north towards Białystok and S17 southeast towards Zamość. The expressway bypass of Lublin allows transit traffic to avoid the city centre.

Long-distance buses depart from near the Castle in the Old Town and serve most of the same destinations as the rail network.

المقالة الرئيسية: Trolleybuses in Lublin

Lublin is one of only four towns in Poland to have trolleybuses (the others are Gdynia, Sopot and Tychy).[53]

Culture and tourism

The Centre for the Meeting of Cultures and Teatralny Square, view from the Lublin Conference Center

Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and serves as an important regional cultural capital. Since then, many important international events have taken place here, involving international artists, researchers and politicians. The frescos at the Holy Trinity Chapel in Lublin Castle are a mixture of Roman Catholic motifs with eastern Byzantine styles, reinforcing how the city connects the west with the east.

The arts

Museum

National Museum in Lublin

The premier museum in the city is the National Museum of Lublin, one of the oldest and largest museums of Eastern Poland, as well as the Majdanek State Museum with 121,404 visitors in 2011.[54]

Cinema

Lublin is a city with a proactive approach towards filmmaking industry. The city is featured at some of the most notable films, and that include Oscar-winning The Reader which was partially filmed at the Nazi Majdanek concentration camp.[55]

In 2008, Lublin collaborated with Ukrainian Lviv, to film and distribute promotional materials which painted both cities as attractive to the filmmaking industry. Films were handed out between filmmakers present at Cannes Festival.[56] This was sponsored by the European Union. There are numerous movie theatres in Lublin including a few multiplexes, i.e. Cinema City and Multikino chains, also smaller venues like Cinema Bajka, Cinema Chatka Żaka, Cinema Perla, Cinema Grazyna and Cinema Medyk.

The Lublin Film Fund has been active since 2009, actively caring for cultivation of cinematographic talents in Lublin and promoting the city by provision of financial and organizational support. Numerous feature films have been partially financed by the fund, including Kamienie na Szaniec, Panie Dulskie, Volta and award-winning Carte Blanche.[57]

Theatres

Old Theatre in Lublin, opening night

There are many cultural organizations in Lublin, either municipal, governmental and/or non-governmental. Among the popular venues are municipal theatres and playhouses such as:

Fringe theatres:

Galleries

There are numerous art galleries in Lublin; some are run by private owners, and some are municipal, government, NGO, or associations' venues. The Labyrinth Gallery (formerly "BWA", is the Artistic Exhibitions Office - Biuro Wystaw Artystycznych).

Old Town

Crown Tribunal in the Old Town
Historic tenement houses at the Market Square

Lublin's Old Town shares several traditions with Lesser Poland, mostly the dialect and historic architecture that brings a unique ambience comparable with Kraków. It is, however, a distinct experience, which benefits from artistic renovation, that progressed somehow slower and more modestly focusing more on quality and less on commercialization. Historic buildings, including ruined townhouses that await for new owners, create a unique atmosphere of the renaissance city. Lublin's Old Town has cobbled, narrow streets and mostly medieval layout and design. Many venues around Old Town enjoy an architecture applicable for restaurants, art hotels, pubs galleries, and clubs. Apart from entertainment, the area houses small businesses and prestigious offices. There are several historic churches in the Old Town, including the landmark Renaissance St. Stanislaus Basilica and Baroque St. John the Baptist Cathedral.

Catering to students, who account for 35% of the population, the city offers a vibrant music and nightclub scene[58] Lublin has many theatres and museums and a professional orchestra, the Lublin Philharmonic.[59][60][61][62]

Pubs and restaurants

In the Old Town and the immediate surrounding, over 100 unique restaurants, fine-dining venues, cafes, pubs, clubs and other catering outlets are located. In the latter half of the 2010s, the robust international community gathered around Lublin's Medical University has impacted the growth of restaurants offering various world cuisines.

City of festivals

Litewski Square
Krakowskie Przedmieście, one of the main streets of the historic city center
Grand Hotel Lublinianka

Lublin aims to be known as the Polish Capital of Festivals.[11] Most years, Lublin increases the number of festivals held in the city. The most significant of them include:

  • Carnaval Sztukmistrzów - held in last days of July is the largest new circus festival in Poland, name of the Carnival is inspired by the character of The Magician of Lublin from a novel by Isaac Bashevis Singer[63]
  • Urban Highline Festival - held in last days of July[64]
  • Night of Culture (Noc Kultury) - usually held on the first Saturday night of June. Consisting of hundreds of events spanning the city, it is a cultural manifestation of Lublin's potential. Admission to all events is free.[65]
  • OpenCity Festival - outdoor performances festival. International artists and performers create art installations in public places in Lublin[66]
  • Night of Museums - Lublin's culture institutions become open to visitors at night
  • The Jagiellonian Fair (Jarmark Jagielloński) - held in late August is a chance to meet numerous artists, artisans, craftspeople from Central and Eastern Europe
  • St Nicolas Day International Festival of Folk Music (Mikołajki Folkowe)[67] - the oldest folk music festival in Poland held in the first decade of December[68]
  • East Of Culture – Different Sounds Art’n’Music Festival (Wschód Kultury – Inne Brzmienia Art’n’Music Festival) held in late June is a meeting of world-class artists that represent various nationalities and practise diverse music styles[69]
  • Lubelskie Dni Kultury Studenckiej - Lublin's Days of Student Culture - an annual students' holiday. Usually celebrated for about three weeks between May and June. Due to the city's large student population, the festival in Lublin is the longest in Poland[بحاجة لمصدر]
  • Lublin. Miasto Poezji - Poetry Festival organised by Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN" and Polish Literature Institute of Catholic University in Lublin.
  • Noc z Czechowiczem - A Night with Czechowicz - walking tour, inspired by the "Poem about the City of Lublin" written by Józef Czechowicz. Held at first full moon in July, organized by Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN"
  • Najstarsze Pieśni Europy - The oldest songs of Europe - Festival of Muzyka Kresów Foundation.
  • Future Shorts - World Short Film Label
  • International Lublin Dance Festival - Międzynarodowe Spotkania Teatrów Tańca - one of the leading dance art festivals in Europe[70]
  • International Theatre Festival "Confrontations" - Międzynarodowy Festiwal Teatralny "Konfrontacje"[71]
  • Ukraine in the Center of Lublin - Ukraina w Centrum Lublina[72] - Festival held in November since 2008 is a showcase of contemporary Ukrainian culture as well as space for the Polish-Ukrainian intercultural dialogue
  • '“Falkon” - Fantasy and Science Fiction Festival - Ogólnopolski Festiwal Fantastyki Falkon - held in November is one of the biggest fantasy conventions in Poland[73]
  • Polish Students' Theatre Festival - Studencki Ogólnopolski Festiwal Teatralny Kontestacje
  • International Folk Dance Festival - Międzynarodowe Spotkania Folklorystyczne im. Ignacego Wachowiaka
  • Scena Młodych - Youth Scene, music festival
  • Zwierciadła - Mirrors - High School Theatres Revision
  • Zaduszki Jazzowe - Jazz Souls' Day - which take place in Dominican Order Monastery

European Capital of Culture

In 2007, Lublin joined the group of Polish cities as candidates for the title of European Capital of Culture. Lublin was shortlisted, but ultimately Wrocław was chosen. Lublin is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.

Sports

Arena Lublin

International events

Education

Faculty of Biotechnology, KUL
Faculty of Information Technology, UMCS

There are five public schools of higher education:

Lublin is home to private higher education establishments.

  • University of Economics and Innovation in Lublin
  • Lubelska Szkoła Biznesu
  • Wyższa Szkoła Nauk Społecznych z siedzibą w Lublinie
  • Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Administracji
  • Vincent Pol University in Lublin

It is home to one of the oldest still-functioning schools in Poland, The Staszic School, which was established in 1586. The school has many notable alumni, such as Bolesław Prus, one of the most influential Polish writers and novelists, and Lesław Paga, the co-founder of the Warsaw Stock Exchange.

Politics and local government

Lublin is the capital of the province called Lublin Voivodeship, a province (voivodeship) created in 1999. The city is a separate urban gmina and city county (powiat).

Municipal government

Lublin City Hall

Lublin is governed by the municipal legislature known as the city council (Rada Miasta) and the city's mayor (Prezydent Miasta). The city council is made up of 31 councillors directly elected by the city's inhabitants. The remit of the council and president extends to all areas of municipal policy and development planning, up to and including the development of local infrastructure, transport, and planning permission. The city's current mayor is Krzysztof Żuk, who has served in this position since 2010.[74]

Symbols

Lublin has an official flag, a 5:8 rectangle divided into three horizontal stripes: white (top), green (narrow, middle), and red (bottom). In the central part, there is the coat of arms of Lublin. It is also allowed to hang the flag in the form of a vertical ribbon: then white should be on the left side or near the spar.

Districts

Lublin is divided into 27 administrative divisions (dzielnica):[75] Abramowice, Bronowice, Czechów Południowy, Czechów Północny, Czuby Południowe, Czuby Północne, Dziesiąta, Felin, Głusk, Hajdów-Zadębie, Kalinowszczyzna, Konstantynów, Kośminek, Ponikwoda, Rury, Sławin, Sławinek, Stare Miasto, Szerokie, Śródmieście, Tatary, Węglin Południowy, Węglin Północny, Wieniawa, Wrotków, Za Cukrownią, Zemborzyce.

International relations

Lublin is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the EU Intercultural cities programme.[76] In 2017, Lublin was awarded the Europe Prize by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.[77] In 2023, Lublin was selected as the European Youth Capital[78] by international jury of the European Youth Forum. Lublin is a signatory of the European charter for equality of women and men in local life.[79]

Two settlements outside of Poland were created that were named Lublin. Lublin, Wisconsin is a village in Taylor County in the United States, while Lublin, Moldova was a Jewish agricultural colony founded during the Russian Empire in what is now the village of Niemirówka in 1842.

Twin towns — sister cities

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Lublin is twinned with:[80]

Former twin towns:

Gallery

  • Juliusz Osterwa Theatre

    Juliusz Osterwa Theatre

  • Lublin Cathedral

    Lublin Cathedral

  • Interior of the Cathedral

    Interior of the Cathedral

  • Trinitarian Tower

    Trinitarian Tower

  • St. Stanislaus Basilica

    St. Stanislaus Basilica

  • Courtyard of the Dominican Abbey

    Courtyard of the Dominican Abbey

  • UMCS Botanical Gardens

    UMCS Botanical Gardens

  • 14th-century Holy Trinity Chapel

    14th-century Holy Trinity Chapel

  • Frescoes inside the chapel

    Frescoes inside the chapel

  • Grodzka Gate

    Grodzka Gate

  • A street fair in the Old Town

    A street fair in the Old Town

  • 440th anniversary of the Union of Lublin

    440th anniversary of the Union of Lublin

  • Birthplace of composer Henryk Wieniawski

    Birthplace of composer Henryk Wieniawski

  • House of poet Sebastian Klonowic

    House of poet Sebastian Klonowic

  • Zemborzyce Lake

    Zemborzyce Lake

  • Saints Peter and Paul church

    Saints Peter and Paul church

  • Transfiguration church

    Transfiguration church

  • The first part of a bypass road around Lublin

    The first part of a bypass road around Lublin

  • Radio & TV tower in Lublin

    Radio & TV tower in Lublin

Notable residents

Stanisław Kostka Potocki
Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
Henryk Wieniawski

See also

Notes

  1. ^

References

  1. ^ (in pl)Interpelacja w sprawie mozliwosci i stanu realizacji postulatow. Przewodniczago Rady Miasta Lublin. August 19, 2013. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. http://bip.lublin.eu/radydzielnic/index.php?t=210&id=196894. Retrieved on September 24, 2016. 
  2. ^ أ ب "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 18 July 2022. Data for territorial unit 0663000.
  3. ^ "Lublin". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-08-03.
  4. ^ "Lublin". Lexico UK English Dictionary US English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2021-08-25.
  5. ^ "Lublin". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  6. ^ "Local history - Information about the town - Lublin - Virtual Shtetl". Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  7. ^ lublin.eu (21 February 2012): Lublin ahead of Wrocław, Gdańsk and Łódź (and behind Warsaw, Cracow, Katowice and Poznań).
  8. ^ Lublin, UM. "Standard of living in Lublin / Lublin – investment destination / Investors / Business / Lublin City Office". Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  9. ^ "Our European Youth Capital for 2023 is…. Lublin!". European Youth Forum (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  10. ^ RP, Kancelaria Sejmu. "Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych".
  11. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س 'Origines Polonorum': Lublin wczesnośredniowieczny. TRIO / FNP. 2006. pp. 199–203. Summary translated by Philip Earl Steele (PDF). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  12. ^ "Tourist Guide: Lublin" (PDF). Lublin City Council. 2009. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2015.
  13. ^ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews and the Politics of Nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-299-19464-2, Google Print, p. 16
  14. ^ Sadkowski, Konrad (1995). Church, nation and state in Poland: Catholicism and national identity formation in the Lublin region, 1918–1939. University of Michigan. pp. 85–86.
  15. ^ Wróbel, Janusz (2002). "Wojenne losy polskiego złota". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in البولندية). No. 8-9 (19-20). IPN. p. 56. ISSN 1641-9561.
  16. ^ أ ب ت Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in البولندية). Warszawa: IPN. p. 247.
  17. ^ أ ب Wardzyńska. Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. p. 247–248
  18. ^ Wardzyńska. Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. p. 248
  19. ^ أ ب Wardzyńska. Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. p. 264–265
  20. ^ Wardzyńska. Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. p. 265
  21. ^ Diemut Majer; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2003). "Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945. JHU Press. p. 759. ISBN 978-0-8018-6493-3. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  22. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). "Obozy niemieckie na okupowanych terenach polskich". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in البولندية). Vol. 4, no. 99. IPN. p. 29. ISSN 1641-9561.
  23. ^ Pawelec, Marek (2010). ""Lista Katyńska" KUL". Przegląd Uniwersytecki (in البولندية). Vol. 4, no. 126. Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. p. 8. ISSN 0866-9961.
  24. ^ Datner, Szymon (1968). Las sprawiedliwych (in البولندية). Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza. p. 69.
  25. ^ Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej (in البولندية). Warszawa: IPN. 2014. pp. 64, 250, 271.
  26. ^ Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej, pp. 80, 255, 263
  27. ^ Helena Ziemba née Herszenborn; Irena Gewerc-Gottlieb (2001). "Ścieżki Pamięci, Żydowskie Miasto w Lublinie – Losy, Miejsca, Historia (Path of Memory. Jewish Town in Lublin - Fate, Places, History)". 1. Mój Lublin Szczęśliwy i Nieszczęśliwy; 2. W Getcie i Kryjówce w Lublinie (PDF file, direct download 4.9 MB) (in البولندية). Rishon LeZion, Israel; Lublin, Poland: Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN" & Towarzystwo Przyjaźni Polsko-Izraelskiej w Lublinie. pp. 24, 27, 29, 30.
  28. ^ Drywa, Danuta (2020). "Germanizacja dzieci i młodzieży polskiej na Pomorzu Gdańskim z uwzględnieniem roli obozu koncentracyjnego Stutthof". In Kostkiewicz, Janina (ed.). Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945) (in البولندية). Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska. p. 184.
  29. ^ أ ب ت "Wysiedleńcy z Zamojszczyzny w obozie koncentracyjny na Majdanku". Majdanku.eu (in البولندية). Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  30. ^ أ ب ت Gajderowicz, Magdalena; Skrzyniarz, Ryszard (2020). "Dzieci Zamojszczyzny w obozie na Majdanku (w wybranych aktach archiwalnych i relacjach)". In Kostkiewicz, Janina (ed.). Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945) (in البولندية). Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska. pp. 144–145.
  31. ^ Grabowski, Waldemar (2002). "Na drodze do powstania". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in البولندية). No. 8-9 (19-20). IPN. p. 42. ISSN 1641-9561.
  32. ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in البولندية). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  33. ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in البولندية). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  34. ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in البولندية). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  35. ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in البولندية). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  36. ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in البولندية). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  37. ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in البولندية). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  38. ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in البولندية). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  39. ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in البولندية). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  40. ^ "Lublin-Radawiec Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in البولندية). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  41. ^ "Lublin-Radawiec Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in البولندية). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  42. ^ "Katowice Średnia wilgotność" (in البولندية). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  43. ^ "Lublin (Lubelskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia".
  44. ^ "Daewoo Polish Truck Factory Bankrupt". AP NEWS (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  45. ^ "Samorząd Miasta Lublin". Um.lublin.pl. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  46. ^ internet ART; www.internetart.pl (2007-05-31). "PAIiIZ | News | Inwestycje w Polsce". Paiz.gov.pl. Retrieved 2009-05-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ Marcin Bielesz (2007-09-27). "Lublin fetuje specjalną strefę ekonomiczną". Miasta.gazeta.pl. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  48. ^ "Wyborcza.pl". Lublin.wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  49. ^ "Serwis regionalny Lublin". 18 August 2007. Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  50. ^ opracowali: tn, dil, msa, ms, jb, pr, wa (2007-01-01). "Taki był 2006 rok". Miasta.gazeta.pl. Retrieved 2009-05-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ "Przegląd obiektów z emisjami". Emi.emitel.pl. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  52. ^ "Lublin - Rozkład jazdy pociągów PKP, autobusów PKS oraz komunikacji miejskiej dla miasta Lublin". Rozklad.mortin.pl. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  53. ^ "Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Lublinie". Ztm.lublin.eu. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  54. ^ "Statystyki". Frekwencja zwiedzających. Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku. 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-28.
  55. ^ "The Reader". IMDb.com. 30 January 2009.
  56. ^ "Lublin, Lwów | miasto filmowe - Aktualności". Film.lublin.eu. 2008-04-08. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
  57. ^ "Lublin filmowy / lublin.eu - oficjalny portal miasta Lublin". Lublin.eu. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
  58. ^ "Lublin-Lubelski Serwis Informacyjny-lublin". Lsi.lublin.pl. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  59. ^ "Teatr Lubelski". 18 August 2007. Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  60. ^ "Teatr Stary W Lublinie - the Old Theatre in Lublin". Archived from the original on 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
  61. ^ "Filharmonia im. H. Wieniawskiego w Lublinie, filharmonia lubelska, filharmonia w Lublinie, orkiestra symfoniczna, koncerty, muzyka kameralna, zespoły :: Strona główna". Filkarmonialubelska.pl.
  62. ^ "Muzeum Lubelskie w Lublinie". Archived from the original on 2006-02-23. Retrieved 2006-02-10.
  63. ^ "Carnaval Sztukmistrzów 2021 |22-25 lipca, Lublin". Sztukmistrze.eu. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  64. ^ "Strona Główna". Urbanhighline.pl. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  65. ^ "Strona główna". Nockultury.pl. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  66. ^ "Otwarte Miasto". Opencity.pl. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  67. ^ "The Saint Nicholas Orchestra - main". Mikolaje.lublin.pl. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  68. ^ Stelmaszczuk, Marcin. "XXXI Międzynarodowy Festiwal Muzyki Ludowej Mikołajki Folkowe". Mikolajki.folk.pl. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  69. ^ "About Festival | Different Sounds". En.innebrzmienia.eu. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  70. ^ "IDTF – International Dance Theatres Festival". Mstt.pl. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  71. ^ "Homepage". Konfrontacje.pl. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  72. ^ "Wydarzenia / Kultura / lublin.eu - oficjalny portal miasta Lublin". Lublin.eu. Retrieved 2020-03-13.
  73. ^ "Wydarzenia / Kultura / lublin.eu - oficjalny portal miasta Lublin". Lublin.eu. Retrieved 2020-03-13.
  74. ^ "Mayor of Lublin City / Lublin City Office". Lublin.eu. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
  75. ^ "Dzielnice Lublina / O mieście / Lublin / lublin.eu - oficjalny portal miasta Lublin". Lublin.eu. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
  76. ^ Council of Europe (2011). "Intercultural city: Lublin, Poland". coe.int. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  77. ^ "Wyborcza.pl". lublin.wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
  78. ^ "Our European Youth Capital for 2023 is…. Lublin!". European Youth Forum (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  79. ^ "Poland: 16 pioneering cities commit to going above and beyond for local equality". ccre.org. Retrieved 2021-11-16.
  80. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل "Lublin's Partner and Friend Cities" [Lublin's Partner and Friend Cities]. Lublin.eu (in البولندية). Archived from the original on 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  81. ^ Офіційний сайт міста Івано-Франківська. mvk.if.ua (in الأوكرانية). Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  82. ^ "Portrait of Münster: Die Partnerstädte". Stadt Münster. Archived from the original on 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
  83. ^ "The Municipality of Lublin City". Um.lublin.eu. 1992-10-01. Archived from the original on 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  84. ^ "Lublin's Partner and Friend Cities". The Municipality of Lublin City. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
  85. ^ "Lublin zrywa współpracę z Brześciem" (in البولندية). 3 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for لوبلن.
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=لوبلن&oldid=2547853"