زغرب

(تم التحويل من Zagreb)
هذا المقال هو عن the Croatian capital city. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر زغرب (توضيح).
Zagreb
Capital city
Grad Zagreb
City of Zagreb
Zagreb Cathedral and Ban Jelačić Square
Croatian National Theater in Zagreb
St. Mark's Square
Church Of Christ The King, Mirogoj
Highrise buildings
King Tomislav square and Art Pavilion
علم Zagreb
Flag
درع Zagreb
Coat of arms
موقع زغرب في كرواتيا
موقع زغرب في كرواتيا
Zagreb is located in كرواتيا
Zagreb
Zagreb
موقع زغرب في كرواتيا
Zagreb is located in أوروپا
Zagreb
Zagreb
Zagreb (أوروپا)
الإحداثيات: 45°49′0″N 15°59′0″E / 45.81667°N 15.98333°E / 45.81667; 15.98333
البلدكرواتيا
المقاطعةزغرب
ابراشية روم كاثوليك1094
مدينة ملكية حرة1242
توحدت1850
الحكومة
 • رئيس البلديةميلان بانديچ (SDP)
المساحة
[1]
 • Capital city641٫29 كم² (247٫60 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2007 estimate)[2]
 • Capital city784٬900
 • الكثافة1٬223٫9/km2 (3٬170/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
1٬093٬900
 • تعداد 2001
779٬145
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
10000
مفتاح الهاتف01
Licence plateZG
أدنى نقطة122 m
أعلى نقطة1,035 m (سلييمه)
الموقع الإلكترونيzagreb.hr

زغرب (Zagreb ؛ /ˈzɑːɡrɛb,_ˈzæɡrɛb,_zɑːˈɡrɛb/ ZAH-greb, ZAG-reb, zah-GREB,[3] كرواتية: [zǎːɡreb]  ( استمع)[أ])[5] هي عاصمة كرواتيا وأكبر مدنها.[6] قدر عدد سكانها عام 2001 northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb stands near the international border between Croatia and Slovenia at an elevation of approximately 122 m (400 ft) above sea level.[7] The population of the Zagreb urban agglomeration is 1,071,150,[8] approximately a quarter of the total population of Croatia, while at the 2021 census the city itself had a population of 767,131.[9]

Zagreb is a city with a rich history dating from Roman times. The oldest settlement in the vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia, in today's Ščitarjevo.[10] The historical record of the name "Zagreb" dates from 1134, in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094. Zagreb became a free royal city in 1242.[11] In 1851 Janko Kamauf became Zagreb's first mayor.[12]

Zagreb has special status as a Croatian administrative division - it comprises a consolidated city-county (but separate from Zagreb County),[13] and is administratively subdivided into 17 city districts.[14] Most of the city districts lie at a low elevation along the valley of the river Sava, but northern and northeastern city districts, such as Podsljeme[15] and Sesvete[16] districts are situated in the foothills of the Medvednica mountain,[17] making the city's geographical image quite diverse. The city extends over 30 km (19 mi) east-west and around 20 km (12 mi) north-south.[18][19]

Zagreb ranks as a global city, with a Beta − rating from the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[20]

The transport connections, the concentration of industry, scientific, and research institutions and industrial tradition underlie its leading economic position in Croatia.[21][22][23] Zagreb is the seat of the central government, administrative bodies, and almost all government ministries.[24][25][26] Almost all of the largest Croatian companies, media, and scientific institutions have their headquarters in the city. Zagreb is the most important transport hub in Croatia: here Central Europe, the Mediterranean and Southeast Europe meet, making the Zagreb area the centre of the road, rail and air networks of Croatia. It is a city known for its diverse economy, high quality of living, museums, sporting, and entertainment events. Major branches of Zagreb's economy include high-tech industries and the service sector.

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الاسم

The etymology of the name Zagreb is unclear. It was used for the united city only from 1852, but it had been in use as the name of the Zagreb Diocese since the 12th century and was increasingly used for the city in the 17th century.[27] The name is first recorded in a charter by archbishop of Esztergom Felician, dated 1134, mentioned as Zagrabiensem episcopatum.[28]

The older form of the name is Zagrab. The modern Croatian form Zagreb is first recorded in a 1689 map by Nicolas Sanson. An even older form is reflected in Hungarian Zabrag (recorded from c. 1200 and in use until the 18th century). For this, Hungarian linguist Gyula Décsy proposes the etymology of Chabrag, a well-attested hypocorism of the name Cyprian. The same form is reflected in a number of Hungarian toponyms, such as Csepreg.[29]

The name might be derived from Proto-Slavic word *grębъ which means hill, uplift. (However, note Croatian brȇg < Proto-Slavic *bergъ, which also means '(smaller) hill', and za brȇg 'to or toward the hill' for the seemingly metathesized variant in Hungarian, Zabrag – possibly modified from assumed *Zabreg because of Hungarian vowel harmony.) An Old Croatian reconstructed name *Zagrębъ is manifested through the German name of the city Agram.[30]

The name Agram was used in German in the Habsburg period; this name has been classified as "probably of Roman origin"[31] but according to Décsy (1990) it could be an Austrian German reanalysis of *Zugram. [29] In Middle Latin and Modern Latin, Zagreb is known as Agranum (the name of an unrelated Arabian city in Strabo), Zagrabia or Mons Graecensis (also Mons Crecensis, in reference to Grič (Gradec)).

In Croatian folk etymology, the name of the city has been derived from either the verb za-grab-, meaning "to scoop" or "to dig". One folk legend illustrating this derivation ties the name to a drought of the early 14th century, during which Augustin Kažotić (c. 1260–1323) is said to have dug a well which miraculously produced water.[32] In another legend,[33][34][35][36][37] a city governor is thirsty and orders a girl named Manda to "scoop" water from the Manduševac well (nowadays a fountain in Ban Jelačić Square), using the imperative: Zagrabi, Mando! ("Scoop, Manda!").[38]


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ زغرب
ميدان بورزا، في عقد 1930
ميدان بان يلاچيچ في 1880.
كاتدرائية زغرب

ورد اسم زغرب أول مرة في وثيقة تعود إلى عام 1094م في زمن الملك لاديسلاس الأول Ladislas ملك المجر وكرواتيا، حين أصبحت مقراً لأسقفية تابعة للكنيسة الكاثوليكية بروما. في تلك الفترة كانت المناطق المأهولة تقتصر على منطقتين هما گرادك Gradec وكاپتول Kaptol، وقد أصبحت زغرب عاصمة في عام 1557. وفي عام 1669 أسس اليسوعيون في زغرب أول أكاديمية، وتم تأسيس جامعة زغرب، وفي عام 1776 انتقل مركز الحكومة من ڤارازدين Varazdin إلى زغرب.

وفى القرن التاسع عشر، أصبحت زغرب مركزاً سياسياً وعلمياً وأدبياً مهماً في كرواتيا وفي عام 1918، أصبحت كرواتيا جزءاً من المملكة الجديدة التى كانت تضم سكاناً من الصرب والكروات والسلوفين، والتي أطلق عليها اسم يوغوسلافيا فيما بعد.

وفي عام 1946 أصبحت زغرب عاصمة لكرواتيا الحديثة في الاتحاد اليوغسلافي تحت زعامة تيتو، وفي عام 1981 مات تيتو رئيس الاتحاد اليوغسلافي، وبموته اشتعلت جذوة النضال من أجل الانفصال القومي. في عام 1991 أعلن البرلمان الكرواتي استقلال كرواتيا رسمياً عن الاتحاد اليوغسلافي، ودخلت المنطقة في الحرب الأهلية بين السلاف والكروات (فيما يسمى حرب البلقان). وبعد انتهاء حرب البلقان في العام 1995 وتقسيم الاتحاد اليوغسلافي، صارت زغرب العاصمة السياسية والإدارية لجمهورية كرواتيا.

الجغرافيا

تقع على المنحدرات الجنوبية لجبل ميدفيدنيشا وعلى الضفة الشمالية لنهر ساڤا. متوسط ارتفاعها عن سطح البحر هو 120 م تقريبا. موقعها متميز فهي تصل أوروبا الوسطى بالبحر الأدرياتيكي.

الموقع الاستراتيجي والمؤسسات التعليمية، مراكز الأبحاث العلمية, الصناعات التقليدية والمتقدمة هي أهم عوامل كون زغرب ذات مكانة اقتصادية هامة. زغرب هي المقر الرئيس لجميع المرافق الحكومية ومعظم الوزارات.

الميدان الرئيسي، ميدان بان يلاچيچ، في زغرب


المناخ

Panoramic view of Upper Town – Gradec

The climate of Zagreb is classified as an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) with significant continental influences, very closely bordering on a humid continental climate (Dfa/Dfb) as well as a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). Zagreb has four separate seasons. Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. In late May it gets significantly warmer, temperatures start rising and it often becomes very warm or even hot with occasional afternoon and evening thunderstorms. Heatwaves can occur but are short-lived. Temperatures rise above 30 °C (86 °F) on average 14.6 days each summer. During summertime, rainfall is abundant and it mainly falls during thunderstorms. With 840 mm of precipitation per year, Zagreb is Europe's ninth wettest capital, receiving less precipitation than Luxembourg but more than Brussels, Paris or London. Compared to these cities, however, Zagreb has less rainy days, but the annual rainfall is higher due to heavier showers occurring mainly in late spring and summer. Autumn in its early stage often brings pleasant and sunny weather with occasional episodes of rain later in the season. Late autumn is characterized by a mild increase in the number of rainy days and a gradual decrease in daily temperature averages. Morning fog is common from mid-October to January, with northern city districts at the foothills of the Medvednica mountain as well as south-central districts along the Sava river being more prone to longer fog accumulation. Winters are relatively cold, bringing overcast skies and a precipitation decrease pattern. February is the driest month, averaging 39 mm of precipitation. On average there are 29 days with snowfall, with the first snow usually falling in early December. However, in recent years, the number of days with snowfall in wintertime has decreased considerably. As the season progresses, sunny days become more frequent, bringing higher temperatures. However, sometimes cold spells can occur, mostly in the early stages of spring. Sometimes cold spells can occur as well, mostly in the season's early stages. The average daily mean temperature in the winter is around 1 °C (34 °F) (from December to February) and the average temperature in the summer is 22.0 °C (71.6 °F).[39]

Mount Medvednica seen from Jarun Lake

The highest recorded temperature at the Maksimir weather station was 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) in July 1950, and lowest was −27.3 °C (−17.1 °F) in February 1956.[40] A temperature of −30.5 °C (−22.9 °F) was recorded on the since defunct Borongaj Airfield in February 1940.[41]

Climate data for Zagreb Maksimir (1971–2000, extremes 1949–2019)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.4
(66.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		26.0
(78.8) 		30.5
(86.9) 		33.7
(92.7) 		37.6
(99.7) 		40.4
(104.7) 		39.8
(103.6) 		34.0
(93.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		25.4
(77.7) 		22.5
(72.5) 		40.4
(104.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.7
(38.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		11.9
(53.4) 		16.3
(61.3) 		21.5
(70.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.3
(79.3) 		22.1
(71.8) 		15.8
(60.4) 		8.9
(48.0) 		4.6
(40.3) 		15.8
(60.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.3
(32.5) 		2.3
(36.1) 		6.4
(43.5) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.8
(60.4) 		18.8
(65.8) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.1
(68.2) 		15.9
(60.6) 		10.5
(50.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		1.4
(34.5) 		10.7
(51.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.0
(26.6) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		1.6
(34.9) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.8
(49.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		14.7
(58.5) 		14.4
(57.9) 		10.8
(51.4) 		6.2
(43.2) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		5.9
(42.6)
Record low °C (°F) −24.3
(−11.7) 		−27.3
(−17.1) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		2.5
(36.5) 		5.4
(41.7) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−13.5
(7.7) 		−19.8
(−3.6) 		−27.5
(−17.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43.2
(1.70) 		38.9
(1.53) 		52.6
(2.07) 		59.3
(2.33) 		72.6
(2.86) 		95.3
(3.75) 		77.4
(3.05) 		92.3
(3.63) 		85.8
(3.38) 		82.9
(3.26) 		80.1
(3.15) 		59.6
(2.35) 		840.1
(33.07)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 9.8 9.4 11.0 13.0 13.5 13.7 11.2 10.4 10.4 10.9 11.3 11.0 135.6
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 10.3 7.1 1.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 6.7 29.0
Average relative humidity (%) 82.5 76.4 70.3 67.5 68.3 69.7 69.1 72.1 77.7 81.3 83.6 84.8 75.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 55.8 98.9 142.6 168.0 229.4 234.0 275.9 257.3 189.0 124.0 63.0 49.6 1٬887٫5
Percent possible sunshine 23 39 43 45 54 55 63 63 54 41 26 23 47
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 5 7 8 8 7 5 3 1 1 4
Source: Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service[39][40] and Weather Atlas[42]
Climate data for Zagreb
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily daylight hours 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 11.0 9.0 9.0 12.3
Source: Weather Atlas[42]


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أفق المدينة

Panoramic view of Zagreb.

The most important historical high-rise constructions are Neboder (1958) on Ban Jelačić Square, Cibona Tower (1987), and Zagrepčanka (1976) on Savska Street, Mamutica in Travno (Novi Zagreb – istok district, built in 1974) and Zagreb TV Tower on Sljeme (built in 1973).[43]

In the 2000s, the City Assembly approved a new plan that allowed for the many recent high-rise buildings in Zagreb, such as the Almeria Tower, Eurotower, HOTO Tower, Zagrebtower and one of the tallest skyscrapers Sky Office Tower.[44][45]

In Novi Zagreb, the neighbourhoods of Blato and Lanište expanded significantly, including the Zagreb Arena and the adjoining business centre.[46]

Due to a long-standing restriction that forbade the construction of 10-story or higher buildings, most of Zagreb's high-rise buildings date from the 1970s and 1980s and new apartment buildings on the outskirts of the city are usually 4–8 floors tall. Exceptions to the restriction have been made in recent years, such as permitting the construction of high-rise buildings in Lanište or Kajzerica.[47]

Panorama of the city at night.

محيط زغرب

للمزيد من المعلومات: Zagreb County, Prigorje, Hrvatsko Zagorje, and Turopolje

The wider Zagreb area has been continuously inhabited since the prehistoric period, as witnessed by archaeological findings in the Veternica cave from the Paleolithic and excavation of the remains of the Roman Andautonia near the present village of Šćitarjevo.

Picturesque former villages on the slopes of Medvednica, Šestine, Gračani, and Remete, maintain their rich traditions, including folk costumes, Šestine umbrellas, and gingerbread products.

To the north is the Medvednica Mountain (كرواتية: Zagrebačka gora), with its highest peak Sljeme(1,035 m), where one of the tallest structures in Croatia, Zagreb TV Tower is located. The Sava and the Kupa valleys are to the south of Zagreb, and the region of Hrvatsko Zagorje is located on the other (northern) side of the Medvednica hill. In mid-January 2005, Sljeme held its first World Ski Championship tournament.

Medvedgrad fortress

From the summit, weather permitting, the vista reaches as far as Velebit Range along Croatia's rocky northern coast, as well as the snow-capped peaks of the towering Julian Alps in neighboring Slovenia. There are several lodging villages, offering accommodation and restaurants for hikers. Skiers visit Sljeme, which has four ski-runs, three ski-lifts, and a chairlift.

The old Medvedgrad, a recently restored medieval burg was built in the 13th century on Medvednica hill. It overlooks the western part of the city and also hosts the Shrine of the Homeland, a memorial with an eternal flame, where Croatia pays reverence to all its heroes fallen for homeland in its history, customarily on national holidays. The ruined medieval fortress Susedgrad is located on the far-western side of Medvednica hill. It has been abandoned since the early 17th century, but it is visited during the year.

Zagreb occasionally experiences earthquakes, due to the proximity of Žumberak-Medvednica fault zone.[48] It's classified as an area of high seismic activity.[49] The area around Medvednica was the epicentre of the 1880 Zagreb earthquake (magnitude 6.3), and the area is known for occasional landslide threatening houses in the area.[50] The proximity of strong seismic sources presents a real danger of strong earthquakes.[50] Croatian Chief of Office of Emergency Management Pavle Kalinić stated Zagreb experiences around 400 earthquakes a year, most of them being imperceptible. However, in case of a strong earthquake, it's expected that 3,000 people would die and up to 15,000 would be wounded.[51]

السكان

المقالة الرئيسية: سكان زغرب
Zagreb population pyramid in 2021
Ban Jelačić Square with statue

Zagreb is by far the largest city in Croatia in terms of area and population. The 2021 census counted 767,131 residents.[9]

Zagreb metropolitan area population is slightly above 1.0 million inhabitants,[52] as it includes the Zagreb County.[53] Zagreb metropolitan area makes approximately a quarter of a total population of Croatia. In 1997, the City of Zagreb itself was given special County status, separating it from Zagreb County,[54] although it remains the administrative centre of both.

The majority of its citizens are Croats making up 93% of the city's population (2011 census). The same census records around 55,000 residents belonging to ethnic minorities: 17,526 Serbs (2.22%), 8,119 Bosniaks (1.03%), 4,292 Albanians (0.54%), 2,755 Romani (0.35%), 2,132 Slovenes (0.27%), 1,194 Macedonians (0.15%), 1,191 Montenegrins (0.15%), and a number of other smaller communities.[55]

After the easing of Covid-19 pandemic restrictions, thousands of foreign workers immigrated to Zagreb due to the shortage of labor force in Croatia. These workers primarily come from countries such as Nepal, the Philippines, India, and Bangladesh, as well as some European countries including Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and North Macedonia.[56]

City of Zagreb: Population trends 1857–2021
population
48266
54761
67188
82848
111565
136351
167765
258024
356529
393919
478076
629896
723065
777826
779145
790017
767131
18571869188018901900191019211931194819531961197119811991200120112021
Sources: Croatian Bureau of Statistics publications

أحياء المدينة

المقالة الرئيسية: أحياء زغرب
Districts of Zagreb
Mamutica is the largest residential building of the so-called skyscraper (by volume) in Zagreb

Since 14 December 1999 City of Zagreb is divided into 17 city districts (gradska četvrt, pl. gradske četvrti):

# District Area (km2) Population
(2001)[57] 		Population
(2011)[58] 		Population
density (2011)
1. Donji Grad 3.01 45,108 37,024 12,333
2. Gornji Grad–Medveščak 10.12 36,384 30,962 3,091
3. Trnje 7.37 45,267 42,282 5,716
4. Maksimir 14.35 49,750 48,902 3,446
5. Peščenica – Žitnjak 35.30 58,283 56,487 1,599
6. Novi Zagreb – istok 16.54 65,301 59,055 3,581
7. Novi Zagreb – zapad 62.59 48,981 58,103 927
8. Trešnjevka – sjever 5.83 55,358 55,425 9,493
9. Trešnjevka – jug 9.84 67,162 66,674 6,768
10. CČrnomerec 24.33 38,762 38,546 1,605
11. Gornja Dubrava 40.28 61,388 61,841 1,545
12. Donja Dubrava 10.82 35,944 36,363 3,370
13. Stenjevec 12.18 41,257 51,390 4,257
14. Podsused – Vrapče 36.05 42,360 45,759 1,270
15. Podsljeme 60.11 17,744 19,165 320
16. Sesvete 165.26 59,212 70,009 427
17. Brezovica 127.45 10,884 12,030 94
TOTAL 641.43 779,145 790,017 1,236

City districts are subdivided in 218 local committees as primary units of local self-government.[59]


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المستوطنات

The city itself is not the only standalone settlement in the City of Zagreb administrative area – there are a number of larger urban settlements like Sesvete and Lučko and a number of smaller villages attached to it whose population is tracked separately.[60]

There are 70 settlements in the City of Zagreb administrative area:

Politics and government

انظر أيضاً: Politics of Croatia
Croatian Parliament (Sabor) on Saint Mark's Square
George W. Bush giving a speech on St. Mark's Square in front of Banski Dvori, the seat of the Croatian government, 4 April 2008

Zagreb is the capital of the Republic of Croatia, its political center and the center of various state institutions. On the St. Mark's Square are the seats of the Government of the Republic of Croatia in the Banski Dvori complex, the Croatian Parliament (Sabor), as well as the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia. Various ministries and state agencies are located in the wider area of the City of Zagreb.

City governance

انظر أيضاً: List of mayors of Zagreb and Zagreb Assembly

The current mayor of Zagreb is Tomislav Tomašević ('We can!'), elected in the 2021 Zagreb local elections, the second round of which was held on 30 May 2021. There are two deputy mayors elected from the same list, Danijela Dolenec and Luka Korlaet.

The Zagreb Assembly is composed of 51 representatives, elected in the 2021 Zagreb local elections.

Zagreb Assembly

The Zagreb Assembly is composed of 51 representatives, elected in the 2021 Zagreb local elections.

According to the Constitution, the city of Zagreb, as the capital of Croatia, has a special status. As such, Zagreb performs self-governing public affairs of both city and county. It is also the seat of the Zagreb County which encircles Zagreb.

The Strossmayer Promenade, commonly known as "Štros"(Stross), walkway built on top of the old city walls
Maksimir Park, opened in 1794 it is the oldest public park in Zagreb and region

The city administration bodies are the Zagreb City Assembly (Gradska skupština Grada Zagreba) as the representative body and the mayor of Zagreb (Gradonačelnik Grada Zagreba) who is the executive head of the city.

The City Assembly is the representative body of the citizens of the City of Zagreb elected for a four-year term on the basis of universal suffrage in direct elections by secret ballot using proportional system with d'Hondt method in a manner specified by law. There are 51 representatives in the City Assembly, among them the president and vice-presidents of the assembly are elected by the representatives.

The oldest known coat of arms of the city of Zagreb is engraved on the northwestern part of the Church of St. Mark

Before 2009, the mayor was elected by the City Assembly. It was changed to direct elections by majoritarian vote (two-round system) in 2009. The mayor is the head of the city administration and has two deputies (directly elected together with him/her).

The term of office of the mayor (and his/her deputies) is four years. The mayor (with the deputies) may be recalled by a referendum according to the law (not less than 20% of all electors in the City of Zagreb or not less than two-thirds of the Zagreb Assembly city deputies have the right to initiate a city referendum regarding recalling of the mayor; when a majority of voters taking part in the referendum vote in favor of the recall, provided that majority includes not less than one-third of all persons entitled to vote in the City of Zagreb, i.e. 1⁄3 of persons in the City of Zagreb electoral register, the mayor's mandate shall be deemed revoked and special mayoral by-elections shall be held).

In the City of Zagreb, the mayor is also responsible for the state administration (due to the special status of Zagreb as a "city with county rights", there isn't a State Administration Office which in all counties performs tasks of the central government).

City administration offices, institutions and services (18 city offices, 1 public institute or bureau and 2 city services) have been founded for performing activities within the self-administrative sphere and activities entrusted by the state administration. The city administrative bodies are managed by the principals (appointed by the mayor for a four-year term of office, may be appointed again to the same duty). The City Assembly Professional Service is managed by the secretary of the City Assembly (appointed by the Assembly).

Local government is organised in 17 city districts represented by City District Councils. Residents of districts elect members of councils.[61]

العلاقات الدولية

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Croatia

Twin towns – sister cities

Zagreb is twinned with the following towns and cities:[62][63][64]

المدن الشريكة

The city has partnership arrangements with:

السكان

زغرب هي أكبر مدن البلاد والمدينة الوحيدة (بضواحيها) التي يفوق عدد سكانها المليون نسمة في كرواتيا. حوالي 1,088,000 نسمة يقطنون زغرب بضواحيها التي تضم بعض المدن الصغيرة مثل ساموبر وفيلكا جوريشا.

غالبية السكان هم كروات بنسبة 91.94% (تعداد 2001). نفس الإحصائية تذكر أن حوالي 40 ألف شخص من سكان العاصمة ينتمون لعرقيات أخرى. الأقليات العرقية الأخرى هي على النحو التالي:

  • الصرب، 18,800 نسمة (2.41%).
  • البوسنيون، 6,200 نسمة (0.80%).
  • الألبان، 3,400 نسمة (0.43%).
  • السلوفينيون، 3,225 نسمة (0.41%).
  • بعض الغجر والمقدونيين والأقليات الأخرى ويشكلون بقية السكان.

التعليم والثقافة

متحف ميمارا في الليل
Croatian National Theater (HNK)
Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall

تُعد جامعة زغرب واحدة من أهم وأقدم جامعات أوربا، تخرج منها حتى الآن اكثر من مائتي ألف طالب، ومنحت اكثر من 18ألف شهادة ماجستير وثمانية آلاف شهادة دكتوراه، تضم 28 كلية علمية وتعليمية وثلاث أكاديميات و22 معهداً في مجال العلوم الاجتماعية والطبيعية، و38معهداً ثقافياً و10متاحف وطنية، أهمها متحف زغرب الوطني ومتحف الفنون والرسم ومتحف الفن الحديث وتضم زغرب 14مركزاً ثقافياً و7 مسارح وطنية، وتملك العديد من المشافي والمراكز الطبية الحديثة.

تشتهر مدينة زغرب بالأبنية القوطية الجميلة التي تعود إلى عصر الباروك، وعلى رأسها الكاتدرائيات (كاتدرائية ماركوس وكاتدرائية كاترينا)، وهناك القصور القوطية المشهورة.

Souvenirs and gastronomy

Ilica, the famous shopping street of the city
Licitar hearts, a popular souvenir
Tkalčićeva Street, commonly known as "Tkalča"(Tkalcha) with many cafes, bars and restaurants of local and foreign cuisine

Numerous shops, boutiques, store houses and shopping centers offer a variety of quality clothing. There are about fourteen big shopping centers in Zagreb. Zagreb's offerings include crystal, china and ceramics, wicker or straw baskets, and top-quality Croatian wines and gastronomic products.

Notable Zagreb souvenirs are the tie or cravat, an accessory named after Croats who wore characteristic scarves around their necks in the Thirty Years' War in the 17th century and the ball-point pen, a tool developed from the inventions by Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, an inventor and a citizen of Zagreb.

Many Zagreb restaurants offer various specialties of national and international cuisine. Domestic products which deserve to be tasted include turkey, duck or goose with mlinci (a kind of pasta), štrukli (cottage cheese strudel), sir i vrhnje (cottage cheese with cream), kremšnite (custard slices in flaky pastry), and orehnjača (traditional walnut roll).

المنظمات الدينية

المناطق المحيطة بها

تطورت زغرب حالياً خارج المركز القديم، الذي كان يضم الكابتول والكراديك، وتزايد عدد سكانها، وخاصة بعد حرب البلقان بسبب الهجرة وتدمير الكثير من القرى، واتسعت المدينة اتساعاً كبيراً، بشوراعها العريضة وساحاتها الجميلة. وتعد عقدة مواصلات تربط شرقي أوربا وغربها وبحر الادرياتيك، كما ترتبط مع العديد من العواصم الأوربية بخطوط جوية عديدة، تنطلق من مطار لوكو Lucko الذي يقع على بعد 16كم شمال غربي مدينة زغرب.

مدينة زغرب تحيط بها الغابات الخضراء وتتوسطها الحدائق الجميلة ويؤمها السياح من أنحاء أوربا كافة.

Religion

Clockwise from top left: Zagreb Cathedral, Church of Christ the King in Mirogoj with grave of Franjo Tuđman, the first Croatian president in the front of church, Zagreb Mosque and Serbian Orthodox Church Cathedral with statue of Petar Preradović, Croatian national poet, writer, and military general

The Archdiocese of Zagreb is a metropolitan see of the Catholic Church in Croatia, serving as its religious center. The Archbishop is Josip Cardinal Bozanić. The Catholic Church is the largest religious organisation in Zagreb, Catholicism being the predominant religion of Croatia, with over 1.1 million adherents.[83] Zagreb is also the Episcopal see of the Metropolitanate of Zagreb and Ljubljana of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Islamic religious organization of Croatia has the see in Zagreb. President is Mufti Aziz Hasanović. There used to be a mosque in the Meštrović Pavilion during World War II[84] at the Square of the Victims of Fascism, but it was relocated to the neighborhood of Borovje in Peščenica. Mainstream Protestant churches have also been present in Zagreb – Evangelical (Lutheran) Church and Reformed Christian (Calvinist) Church. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is also present in the Zagreb neighborhood of Jarun whereas Jehovah's Witnesses have their headquarters in Central Zagreb.[85] In total there are around 40 non-Catholic religious organizations and denominations in Zagreb with their headquarters and places of worship across the city making it a large and diverse multicultural community. There is also significant Jewish history through the Holocaust.

Economy

قالب:Update section Important branches of industry are: production of electrical machines and devices, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, food and drink processing. Zagreb is an international trade and business centre, as well as an essential transport hub placed at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Mediterranean and the Southeast Europe.[86] Almost all of the largest Croatian as well as Central European companies and conglomerates such as Agrokor, INA, Hrvatski Telekom have their headquarters in the city.

The only Croatian stock exchange is the Zagreb Stock Exchange (كرواتية: Zagrebačka burza), which is located in Eurotower, one of the tallest Croatian skyscrapers.

Croatian National Bank

According to 2008 data, the city of Zagreb has the highest PPP and nominal gross domestic product per capita in Croatia at $32,185 and $27,271 respectively, compared to the Croatian averages of US$18,686 and $15,758.[87]

As of May 2015, the average monthly net salary in Zagreb was 6,669 kuna, about €870 (Croatian average is 5,679 kuna, about €740).[88][89] At the end of 2012, the average unemployment rate in Zagreb was around 9.5%.[90] 34% of companies in Croatia have headquarters in Zagreb, and 38.4% of the Croatian workforce works in Zagreb, including almost all banks, utility and public transport companies.[91][92][93]

Companies in Zagreb create 52% of the total turnover and 60% of the total profit of Croatia in 2006 as well as 35% of Croatian export and 57% of Croatian import.[94][95]

The following table includes some of the main economic indicators for the period 2011–2019, based on the data by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics.[96] A linear interpolation was used for the population data between 2011 and 2021. While data on the yearly averaged conversion rates between HRK, EUR and USD is provided by the Croatian National Bank,[97] data regarding the PPP are based on OECD estimates.[98]

Year Population PPP (National currency units/US dollar) Exchange rate (to 1 EUR) Exchange rate (to US$1) GDP (nominal in mil. HRK) GDP (nominal in mil. EUR) GDP (nominal in mil. USD) GDP (PPP in mil. USD) GDP per capita (nominal in HRK) GDP per capita (nominal in EUR) GDP per capita (nominal in USD) GDP per capita (PPP in USD)
2011 790,017 3.753 7.4342 5.3435 115,328 15,513 21,583 30,730 145,982 19,636 27,319 38,897
2012 788,010 3.664 7.5173 5.8509 114,172 15,188 19,514 31,160 144,887 19,274 24,763 39,543
2013 786,002 3.575 7.5735 5.7059 113,046 14,926 19,812 31,621 143,824 18,990 25,206 40,230
2014 783,995 3.543 7.6300 5.7493 113,749 14,908 19,785 32,105 145,089 19,016 25,236 40,951
2015 781,988 3.512 7.6096 6.8623 116,962 15,370 17,044 33,304 149,570 19,655 21,796 42,588
2016 779,981 3.382 7.5294 6.8037 120,535 16,009 17,716 35,640 154,536 20,524 22,713 45,694
2017 777,973 3.325 7.4601 6.6224 126,607 16,971 19,118 38,077 162,740 21,815 24,574 48,944
2018 775,966 3.311 7.4141 6.2784 133,796 18,046 21,311 40,410 172,425 23,256 27,463 52,076
2019 773,959 3.32 7.4136 6.6223 142,180 19,178 21,470 42,825 183,705 24,779 27,740 55,333
2020 771,951
2021 767,131

السياحة

Hotel Esplanade/Regent


معرض الصور

انظر ايضا

Notes

  1. ^ Kajkavian pronunciation: [ˈzǎːɡrep][4]
  2. ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between Serbia and the local Albanian majority. The Assembly of Kosovo declared its independence on 17 February 2008, a move that is recognised and the Republic of China (Taiwan), but not by Serbia, which claims it as part of its sovereign territory.

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وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Zagreb.
سبقه
Rotterdam, Netherlands (1953) 		World Gymnaestrada host city
1957 		تبعه
Stuttgart, West Germany (1961)
سبقه
Kobe, Japan (1985) 		Universiade host city
1987 		تبعه
Duisburg, West Germany (1989)

قالب:Zagreb قالب:Zagreb history قالب:Subdivisions of the City of Zagreb قالب:County seats of Croatia

الكلمات الدالة:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=زغرب&oldid=2909069"