ريغا

Coordinates: 56°56′56″N 24°6′23″E / 56.94889°N 24.10639°E / 56.94889; 24.10639
(تم التحويل من ريجا)
هذا المقال هو عن the Latvian capital. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر ريغا (توضيح).
Riga
Rīga (لاتڤية)
Capital city and state city
Livu Square - panoramio.jpg
Old Riga Vecrīga Town Hall.jpg
Opera Nacional, Riga, Letonia, 2012-08-07, DD 07 (cropped).JPG
Plaza del Ayuntamiento, Riga, Letonia, 2012-08-07, DD 24.JPG
Clockwise from top right: the Riga City Council building; the House of the Blackheads; Latvian National Opera; and Livonian Square
علم Riga
Flag
درع Riga
Coat of arms
الشعار الرسمي لـ Riga
Brandmark
Riga is located in Latvia
Riga
Riga
Location within Latvia
Riga is located in دول البلطيق
Riga
Riga
Location within the Baltics
Riga is located in أوروپا
Riga
Riga
Location within Europe
الإحداثيات: 56°56′56″N 24°6′23″E / 56.94889°N 24.10639°E / 56.94889; 24.10639
CountryLatvia
الحكومة
[2]
 • النوعCity Council
 • MayorVilnis Ķirsis[1]
المساحة
 • الماءخطأ في التعبير: معامل مفقود للعامل -. كم² (Formatting error: invalid input when rounding ميل²)  15.8%
 • العمران
3٬359 كم² (1٬297 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2014)
 • Capital city and state city701٬977
 • Urban
920٬643[3]
 • العمرانية
[4]
870٬000
 • الكثافة العمرانية260/km2 (670/sq mi)
 • Demonym
Rigan (Rīdzinieks)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+2 (EET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+3 (EEST)
Calling codes66 and 67
Gross Regional Product(City)2020[5]
 - Total€16 billion
 - Per capita€25,925
City budget€1.26 billion[6]
HDI (2021)0.929[7] – very high
الموقع الإلكترونيriga.lv
الاسم الرسميHistoric Centre of Riga
النوعCultural
المعيارii, i
التوصيف1997
الرقم المرجعي[8]
UNESCO regionEurope

ريگا (Rīga ؛ /ˈɹiːɡə/؛ باللاتڤية: [Rīga] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈriːɡa] ( استمع), Livonian: Rīgõ) هي عاصمة لاتڤيا وأكبر مدنها. تقع على ساحل بحر البلطيق عند مصب نهر دوجفا. وهي أكبر المدن بين مدن دول البلطيق، وتعتبر المركز الأساسي للثقافة، التعليم، السياسة، المال، التجارة والإقتصاد والصناعة لمنطقة البلطيق. and is home to 605,802 inhabitants[9] which is a third of Latvia's population. The population of Riga metropolitan area, which stretches beyond the city limits, is estimated at 860,142 (as of 2023). The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea. Riga's territory covers 307.17 km2 (118.60 sq mi) and lies 1–10 m (3.3–32.8 ft) above sea level,[10] on a flat and sandy plain.[10]

Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member. Riga's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture.[11] Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014, along with Umeå in Sweden. Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit, the Eurovision Song Contest 2003, the 2006 IIHF Men's World Ice Hockey Championships, 2013 World Women's Curling Championship and the 2021 IIHF World Championship. It is home to the European Union's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC). In 2017, it was named the European Region of Gastronomy.

In 2019, Riga received over 1.4 million foreign visitors.[12] The city is served by Riga International Airport, the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states. Riga is a member of Eurocities,[13] the Union of the Baltic Cities (UBC)[14] and Union of Capitals of the European Union (UCEU).[15]

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أصل الاسم

There are numerous and speculative theories for the origin of the name Riga:

  • It is an adapted borrowing from the Livonian ringa meaning loop, referring to the ancient natural harbor formed by the tributary loop of the Daugava River.[16][17]
  • It could be derived from Riege, the German name for the River Rīdzene, a former tributary of the Daugava.[18]
  • Bishop Albert claimed credit from his campaign to conquer and convert the local populace, as coming from the Latin rigata ("irrigated"), symbolising an "irrigation of dry pagan souls by Christianity".[19]

However, the most reliably documented explanation is the affirmation by German historian Dionysius Fabricius (1610) that Riga's name comes from its already established role in trade:[20] "Riga nomen sortita est suum ab aedificiis vel horreis quorum a litus Dunae magna fuit copia, quas livones sua lingua Rias vocare soliti." (in لاتينية) ("Riga obtained its name from the buildings or warehouses found in great number along the banks of the Duna, which the Livs in their own language are accustomed to call Riae.").[21] The "j" in Latvian rīja hardened to a "g" in German. English geographer Richard Hakluyt (1589) corroborates this account, calling Riga Rie, as pronounced in Latvian.[22]


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: History of Riga
For دليل زمني, see خط زمني لريغا.
Historical affiliations
Terra Mariana (condominium of Archbishops of Riga and Livonian Order) 1201–1561
Imperial Free City 1561–1582
Polish–Lithuanian C. 1582–1629
Swedish Empire 1629–1721
Russian Empire 1721–1917
German Empire 1917–1918
لاتڤيا Republic of Latvia 1918–1940
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي 1940–1941
Nazi Germany 1941–1944
الاتحاد السوڤيتي Soviet Union 1944–1991
لاتڤيا Republic of Latvia 1991–present

التأسيس

The river Daugava has been a trade route since antiquity, part of the Vikings' Dvina–Dnieper navigation route to Byzantium.[23] A sheltered natural harbor 15 km (9.3 mi) upriver from the mouth of the Daugava—the site of today's Riga—has been recorded, as Duna Urbs, as early as the 2nd century.[23] It was settled by the Livs, a Finnic tribe.

The building of the Brotherhood of Blackheads is one of the most iconic buildings of Old Riga (Vecrīga).

Riga began to develop as a centre of Viking trade during the early Middle Ages.[23] Riga's inhabitants occupied themselves mainly with fishing, animal husbandry, and trading, later developing crafts (in bone, wood, amber, and iron).[23]

The Livonian Chronicle of Henry testifies to Riga having long been a trading centre by the 12th century, referring to it as portus antiquus (ancient port), and describes dwellings and warehouses used to store mostly flax, and hides.[23] German traders began visiting Riga, establishing a nearby outpost in 1158.

Along with German traders the monk Meinhard of Segeberg[24] arrived to convert the Livonian pagans to Christianity. Catholic and Orthodox Christianity had already arrived in Latvia more than a century earlier, and many Latvians had been baptized.[23][24] Meinhard settled among the Livs, building a castle and church at Uexküll (now known as Ikšķile), upstream from Riga, and established his bishopric there.[24] The Livs, however, continued to practice paganism and Meinhard died in Uexküll in 1196, having failed in his mission.[25] In 1198, the Bishop Berthold arrived with a contingent of crusaders[25] and commenced a campaign of forced Christianization.[23][24] Berthold died soon afterwards and his forces were defeated.[25]

The Church mobilized to avenge this defeat. Pope Innocent III issued a bull declaring a crusade against the Livonians.[25] Bishop Albert was proclaimed Bishop of Livonia by his uncle Hartwig of Uthlede, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg in 1199. Albert landed in Riga in 1200[23][25] with 23 ships[26] and 500 Westphalian crusaders.[27] In 1201, he transferred the seat of the Livonian bishopric from Uexküll to Riga, extorting agreement to do this from the elders of Riga by force.[23]

Under Bishop Albert

The Rīga skyline in the mid-16th century, Cosmographia Universalis

وتأسست هذه المدينة عام 1201 ومع مرور العصور كانت ضحية عدم الاستقرار السياسي لبلاد البلطيق حيث احتلها على التوالي البولنديون(1561) والسويديون(1621) والروس(1710). وفي بداية القرن الثامن عشر عرفت ريغا بمرفئها المهم وبكونها مدينة تجارية كبرى ومن ثم في القرن التاسع عشر أصبحت تعرف أيضا بكونها مدينة صناعية. ونالت لاتفيا استقلالها في 18 نوفمبر عام 1918 غير أنه في بداية الحرب العالمية الثانية احتلها السوفييت قبل أن تصبح في يد النازيين أما في بداية الثمانينات فبدأت لاتفيا تخطو نحو الاستقلال الجديد في ظل وجود الرئيس ميخائيل گورباتشوف في الحكم في الاتحاد السوڤيتي حينها ونالت استقلالها فعليا في 21 أغسطس من عام 1991. وفي يناير من عام 1998 تم توقيع معاهدة التعاون الأمريكية-البلطيقية وكانت الولايات المتحدة تدعم انضمام دول البلطيق للمؤسسات الأوروبية ومن ضمنها منظمة حلف (الناتو). وكان لا بد للاتفيا من الانضمام الى (الناتو) والاتحاد الأوروبي للمحافظة على استقرارها الاقتصادي غير أن طريق الانضمام الى هاتين المنظومتين لم تكن سهلة اذ ان مباحثات الانضمام بدأت عام 1999 وطلب منها اجراء اصلاحات عدة كالغاء حكم الاعدام الى ان تم عام 2004 انضمام لاتفيا رسميا الى الاتحاد الأوروبي و(الناتو).[1]


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الجغرافيا

المركز التاريخي لمدينة ريگا
Historic Centre of Riga
المركز التاريخي لمدينة ريگا
Historic Centre of Riga
The Old Town of Riga
أسس الاختيارCultural: i, ii
المراجع852
Inscription1997 (21st Session)

وصنفت اليونسكو في عام 1997 وسط ريغا القديم ضمن التراث العالمي مما سمح وأوجب الحفاظ على معالم المدينة التاريخية كونها تمثل نوعا من الفن الفريد يشمل جميع الأساليب التاريخية من ناحية البناء وهو أمر يعود لتعدد البلدان والثقافات التي مرت في ريغا منذ عصور. والوسط القديم في ريغا مشهور بشوارعه وأزقته الضيقة وبيوته التاريخية المحافظة على معالمها حتى اليوم وفي وسط ريغا القديم يمكن رؤية أبراج وأجراس الكنائس التي تعود للقرون الوسطى. وتعرف ريغا أيضا بالفنادق الفاخرة وبمراكز التسوق وبالمطاعم والمقاهي الباهظة اضافة الى العديد من المنظمات الحكومية والمؤسسات الاقتصادية وكبرى الشركات الخاصة وأهم المصارف. ولا يزيد عدد سكان ريغا على 731 ألف نسمة ومساحتها على 307 كيلومترات مربعة وهي نسبة أقل بكثير مما كانت عليه في العام 1990 (912 ألف نسمة) وذلك بسبب رحيل نسبة كبيرة من السكان من أصل روسي عنها في حين أن عدد سكان لاتفيا التي تمتد على مساحة 64,500 كيلومتر مربع يصل الى 2.3 مليون نسمة.

انظر أيضاً: Neighbourhoods in Riga and List of tourist attractions in Riga

Riga is the second largest city (after Vilnius) in the three Baltic states: Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.[28][29][30] Riga is home to approximately one tenth of the three Baltic countries' combined population.[31]

Administrative divisions

المقالة الرئيسية: Administrative divisions of Riga

Riga's administrative divisions consist of six administrative entities: Central, Kurzeme and Northern districts and the Latgale, Vidzeme and Zemgale suburbs. Three entities were established on 1 September 1941, and the other three were established in October 1969.[32] There are no official lower-level administrative units, but the Riga City Council Development Agency is working on a plan, which officially makes Riga consist of 58 neighbourhoods.[33] The current names were confirmed on 28 December 1990.[34]

Panorama over Riga from St. Peter's Church

Climate

The climate of Riga is humid continental (Köppen Dfb).[35] The coldest months are January and February, when the average temperature is −2.1 °C (28 °F) but temperatures as low as −20 to −25 °C (−4 to −13 °F) can be observed almost every year on the coldest days. The proximity of the sea causes frequent autumn rains and fogs. Continuous snow cover may last eighty days. The summers in Riga are mild and rainy with an average temperature of 18 °C (64 °F), while the temperature on the hottest days can exceed 30 °C (86 °F).

Climate data for Riga (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1885-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		13.6
(56.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		27.9
(82.2) 		30.5
(86.9) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.5
(94.1) 		33.9
(93.0) 		29.4
(84.9) 		23.4
(74.1) 		17.2
(63.0) 		11.8
(53.2) 		34.5
(94.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8) 		0.3
(32.5) 		4.8
(40.6) 		11.9
(53.4) 		17.8
(64.0) 		21.3
(70.3) 		23.8
(74.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		10.5
(50.9) 		4.8
(40.6) 		1.4
(34.5) 		11.4
(52.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.1
(28.2) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		1.5
(34.7) 		7.4
(45.3) 		13.0
(55.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		18.3
(64.9) 		13.4
(56.1) 		7.5
(45.5) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		8.0
(46.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.5
(23.9) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		2.9
(37.2) 		8.2
(46.8) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.9
(58.8) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.8
(49.6) 		4.9
(40.8) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		4.6
(40.3)
Record low °C (°F) −33.7
(−28.7) 		−34.9
(−30.8) 		−30.3
(−22.5) 		−13.1
(8.4) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		4.0
(39.2) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−20.5
(−4.9) 		−31.9
(−25.4) 		−34.9
(−30.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 46.5
(1.83) 		40.1
(1.58) 		34.1
(1.34) 		35.0
(1.38) 		47.5
(1.87) 		65.0
(2.56) 		79.5
(3.13) 		77.9
(3.07) 		67.1
(2.64) 		75.6
(2.98) 		56.3
(2.22) 		50.2
(1.98) 		674.8
(26.58)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 25.0
(9.8) 		23.6
(9.3) 		15.7
(6.2) 		5.2
(2.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.2
(0.5) 		7.0
(2.8) 		22.0
(8.7) 		99.7
(39.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0mm) 9.4 7.0 8.2 8.0 7.7 8.9 11.2 10.9 12.3 11.6 12.5 12.2 119.9
Average relative humidity (%) 87.9 85.2 79.4 69.7 67.7 72.0 74.2 76.7 81.1 85.1 90.2 89.4 79.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 36.6 64.2 141.2 203.6 286.7 282.2 291.2 250.4 166.7 95.5 36.1 24.4 1٬878٫8
Average ultraviolet index 0 1 2 3 5 6 5 5 3 1 0 0 3
Source 1: Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Agency (temperature, precipitation and sunshine)[36][37]
Source 2: NOAA (precipitation days 1961-1990),[38] Weather Atlas,[39] and World Weather Online (snowfall)[40]
Coastal temperature data for Riga (Daugavgrīva)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 1.0
(33.80) 		0.7
(33.26) 		0.5
(32.90) 		3.0
(37.40) 		9.1
(48.38) 		15.5
(59.90) 		19.6
(67.28) 		19.4
(66.92) 		16.3
(61.34) 		11.3
(52.34) 		7.4
(45.32) 		4.3
(39.74) 		9.0
(48.21)
Source 1: Seatemperature.org[41]


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Government

المقالة الرئيسية: Riga City Council
Riga City Council

The head of the city government in Riga is the mayor, or officially the Chairman of the Riga City Council. He is assisted by one or more Vice Mayors (deputy mayors). The current mayor since October 2020 is Mārtiņš Staķis elected from Movement For!, which is a part of the Development/For!/Progressives faction, but on 24 March 2022, he left the party. The three other parties in the governing coalition each received a Vice Mayor post.

The city council is a democratically elected institution and is the final decision-making authority in the city. The Council consists of 60 members or deputies who are elected every four years. The Presidium of the Riga City Council consists of the Chairman of the Riga City Council and the representatives delegated by the political parties or party blocks elected to the City Council. From February to October 2020, the offices of the Mayor and Vice Mayors were suspended and the council itself had been dissolved and replaced by an interim administration of representatives from three governmental ministries until snap elections were held in 2020.

Demographics

Riga population pyramid in 2022

With 605,800 inhabitants in 2022 as according to the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, Riga was the largest city in the Baltic states, though its population has decreased from just over 900,000 in 1991[9] and the population of Vilnius has just outnumbered that of Riga. Notable causes include emigration and low birth rates. According to the 2022 data, ethnic Latvians made up 47.4% of the population of Riga. Russians formed 35.7%, Belarusians 3.6%, Ukrainians 3.5%, Poles 1.7%, other ethnicities consisted 8.2%. By comparison, 63.0% of Latvia's total population was ethnically Latvian, 24.2% Russian, 3.1% Belarusian, 2.2% Ukrainian, 1.9% Polish, 1.1% are Lithuanian and the rest of other origins.

Upon the restoration of Latvia's independence in 1991, Soviet-era immigrants (and any of their offspring born before 1991) were not automatically granted Latvian citizenship because they had migrated to the territory of Latvia during the years when Latvia was part of the Soviet Union. The proportion of ethnic Latvians in Riga increased from 36.5% in 1989 to 47.4% in 2022. In contrast, the percentage of Russians fell from 47.3% to 35.7% in the same time period. In 2022 citizens of Latvia made up 79.0%, non-citizens 15.3% and citizens of other countries 5.6% of the population of Riga.

Historic population figures

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1897282٬200—    
1913472٬100+67.3%
1920185٬100−60.8%
1930377٬900+104.2%
1940353٬800−6.4%
1945228٬200−35.5%
YearPop.±%
1950482٬300+111.3%
1959580٬400+20.3%
1970731٬800+26.1%
1979835٬500+14.2%
1990909٬135+8.8%
2000764٬329−15.9%
YearPop.±%
2011658٬640−13.8%
2015641٬007−2.7%
2019632٬614−1.3%
2021614٬618−2.8%
2022605٬802−1.4%

Economy

Riga is one of the key economic and financial centres of the Baltic states. Roughly half of all the jobs in Latvia are in Riga and the city generates more than 50% of Latvia's GDP as well as around half of Latvia's exports. The biggest exporters are in wood products, IT, food and beverage manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, transport and metallurgy.[42] Riga Port is one of the largest in the Baltics. It handled a record 34 million tons of cargo in 2011[43] and has potential for future growth with new port developments on Krievu Sala.[44] Tourism is also a large industry in Riga and after a slowdown during the global economic recessions of the late 2000s, grew 22% in 2011 alone.[45]

Riga was intended to become the global financial centre in the former Soviet Union. One bank, which provided high levels of secrecy for its customers, promoted itself as "We are closer than Switzerland!" (روسية: «Мы ближе, чем Швейцария!»).[46][47][48][أ] On 28 July 1995, twenty Latvian banks with assistance of persons from the Paris Stock Exchange organised the Riga Stock Exchange which was the first Latvian stock exchange in Riga.[50]

  • Bank of Latvia

    Bank of Latvia

  • Riga Stock Exchange early 20th century. Now the Art Museum Riga Bourse.

    Riga Stock Exchange early 20th century. Now the Art Museum Riga Bourse.

Culture

The Latvian National Opera

Theatres

  • The Latvian National Opera was founded in 1918. The repertoire of the theatre embraces all opera masterpieces. The Latvian National Opera is famous not only for its operas, but for its ballet troupe as well.[51]
  • The Latvian National Theatre was founded in 1919. The Latvian National Theatre preserves the traditions of Latvian drama school. It is one of the biggest theatres in Latvia.[52]
  • The Mikhail Chekhov Riga Russian Theatre is the oldest professional drama theatre in Latvia, established in 1883. The repertoire of the theatre includes classical plays and experimental performances of Russian and other foreign playwrights.
  • The Daile Theatre was opened for the first time in 1920. It is one of the most successful theatres in Latvia and is distinguished by its frequent productions of modern foreign plays.[53]
  • Latvian State Puppet Theatre was founded in 1944 and presents shows for children and adults.[54]
  • The New Riga Theatre was opened in 1992.

World Choir Games

Riga hosted the biannual 2014 World Choir Games from 9 to 19 July 2014 which coincided with the city being named European Capital of Culture for 2014.[55][56] The event, organised by the choral foundation, Interkultur, takes place at various host cities every two years and was originally known as the "Choir Olympics".[57] The event regularly sees over 15,000 choristers in over 300 choirs from over 60 nations compete for gold, silver and bronze medals in over 20 categories. The competition is further divided into a Champions Competition and an Open Competition to allow choirs from all backgrounds to enter.[55] Choral workshops and festivals are also witnessed in the host cities and are usually open to the public.[58]

Architecture

Riga Castle

The radio and TV tower of Riga is the tallest structure in Latvia and the Baltic States, and one of the tallest in the European Union, reaching 368.5 m (1,209 ft). Riga centre also has many great examples of Gothic revival architecture, such as the Kalpaka Boulevard Library, and a bevy of Art Nouveau architecture, as well as a medieval old town.[59]

Art Nouveau

المقالة الرئيسية: Art Nouveau architecture in Riga

Riga has one of the largest collections of Art Nouveau buildings in the world, with at least 800 buildings.[59] This is due to the fact that at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, when Art Nouveau was at the height of its popularity, Riga experienced an unprecedented financial and demographic boom.[60] In the period from 1857 its population grew from 282,000 (256,200 in Riga itself and another 26,200 inhabitants beyond the city limits in the patrimonial district and military town of Ust-Dvinsk) to 472,100 in 1913.[61][62] The middle class of Riga used their acquired wealth to build imposing apartment blocks outside the former city walls. Local architects, mostly graduates of Riga Technical University, adopted current European movements and in particular Art Nouveau.[63] Between 1910 and 1913, between 300 and 500 new buildings were built each year in Riga, many of them in Art Nouveau style and most of them outside the old town.[63]

  • Alberta iela 2a

    Alberta iela 2a

  • Staircase of Alberta ielā 12

    Staircase of Alberta ielā 12

  • Aleksandra Čaka iela 26

    Aleksandra Čaka iela 26

  • Riga Art Nouveau Museum

    Riga Art Nouveau Museum

  • Strēlnieku iela 4a

    Strēlnieku iela 4a

  • meistaru iela 10 relief

    meistaru iela 10 relief

  • Strelnieku iela relief

    Strelnieku iela relief

Sports

Riga has a rich basketball history. In the 1950s, Rīgas ASK became the best club in the Soviet Union and also in Europe, winning the first three editions of the European Cup for Men's Champions Clubs from 1958 to 1960.[64]

In 1960, ASK was not the only team from Riga to take the European crown. TTT Riga clinched their first title in the European Cup for Women's Champion Clubs, turning Riga into the capital city of European basketball because for the first and, to date, only time in the history of European basketball, clubs from the same city were concurrent European men's and women's club champions.[65]

In 2015, Riga was one of the hosts for EuroBasket 2015.

Sports clubs

Arena Riga, home to multiple sports clubs of Riga
Dissolved Football Clubs
  • Skonto FC – Skonto FC was a football club established in 1991. The club won fourteen successive Latvian Higher League titles. For a long time it provided the core of the Latvian national football team. Following financial problems, the club was demoted to the Latvian First League in 2016 and went bankrupt in December of that year and subsequently dissolved.
  • JFK Olimps – JFK Olimps played in the top division of Latvian football. The club was founded in 2005 and dissolved in 2012. According to a study from January 2011, the club was the youngest team in Europe, with an average age of 19.02 years.

Sports facilities

Skonto Stadium

Sports events

للمزيد من المعلومات: 2023 World Athletics Road Running Championships

Transport

One of the several trolleybus types in Riga
A Škoda 15 T tram in Riga
Riga is a large hub in the Passenger Train network: commuter train frequency in 2016.

Riga, with its central geographic position and concentration of population, has always been the infrastructural hub of Latvia. Several national roads begin in Riga, and European route E22 crosses Riga from the east and west, while the Via Baltica crosses Riga from the south and north.

As a city situated by a river, Riga also has several bridges. The oldest-standing bridge is the Railway Bridge, which is also the only railroad-carrying bridge in Riga. The Stone Bridge (Akmens tilts) connects Old Riga and Pārdaugava; the Island Bridge (Salu tilts) connects Maskavas Forštate and Pārdaugava via Zaķusala; and the Shroud Bridge (Vanšu tilts) connects Old Riga and Pārdaugava via Ķīpsala. In 2008, the first stage of the new Southern Bridge (Dienvidu tilts) route across the Daugava was completed, and was opened to traffic on 17 November.[68]

The Southern Bridge was the biggest construction project in the Baltic states in 20 years, and its purpose was to reduce traffic congestion in the city centre.[69][70] Another major construction project is the planned Riga Northern transport corridor;[71] its first segment detailed project was completed in 2015.[72]

The Freeport of Riga facilitates cargo and passenger traffic by sea. Sea ferries connect Riga Passenger Terminal to Stockholm operated by Tallink.[73] Riga has one active airport that serves commercial airlines—the Riga International Airport (RIX), built in 1973. It is the primary hub of AirBaltic and a base for RyanAir.[74] Renovation and modernisation of the airport was completed in 2001, coinciding with the 800th anniversary of the city. In 2006, a new terminal extension was opened. Extension of the runway was completed in October 2008, and the airport is now able to accommodate large aircraft such as the Airbus A340, Boeing 747, 757, 767 and 777. Another terminal extension is under construction اعتبارا من 2014.[75] The annual number of passengers has grown from 310,000 in 1993 to 4.7 million in 2014, making Riga International Airport the largest in the Baltic States. A new multi-modal hub is planned around the airport with a Rail Baltica station and airport city development planned.[76][77]

The former international airport of Riga, Spilve Airport, located 5 km (3 mi) from Riga city centre, is used for small aircraft, pilot training and recreational aviation. Riga was also home to a military air base during the Cold War—Rumbula Air Base.

Public transport in the city is provided by Rīgas Satiksme which operates a large number of trams, buses and trolleybuses on an extensive network of routes across the city. In addition, up until 2012 many private owners operated minibus services, after which the City Council established the unified transport company Rīgas mikroautobusu satiksme, establishing a monopoly over the service.

Riga International Coach Terminal provides domestic and international connections by coach.

As the population of Riga city started to approach 1 million people in the 1980s, the city became eligible (under the Soviet standards of the time) for the construction of a subway system Riga Metro, which would have been paid for by the Soviet government. However, the population decline and shortage of funding following Latvian independence put an end to this plan.

Riga is connected to the rest of Latvia by domestic trains operated by the national carrier Passenger Train, whose headquarters are in Riga. The main railway station is the Riga Central Station. It has stops for public transport along the streets Satekles iela, 13. janvāra iela Marijas iela, and Merķeļa iela. There are also international rail services to Russia and Belarus, and plans to revive passenger rail traffic with Estonia. International overnight service is with Latvia Express trains (باللاتڤية: [Latvijas Ekspresis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). A TEN-T project called Rail Baltica envisages building a high-speed railway line via Riga connecting Tallinn to Warsaw using standard gauge,[78] expected to be put into operation in 2024.[79] Latvian Railways (باللاتڤية: [Latvijas dzelzceļš] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) or LDz) operates the Latvian Rail History Museum in Riga.

Universities

Notable people

Public service

Isaiah Berlin, 1983

The Arts

Elīna Garanča, 2012
Baroness von Krüdener and her son Paul, painted in 1786

Science

Wilhelm Ostwald, 1913
Jeļena Ostapenko, 2022
Mikhail Tal, 1962

Sport

Twin towns – sister cities

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Latvia

Riga is twinned with:[84]

النقل

السكك الحديدية و الطرق البرية تتركز حول العاصمة ريغا. تستعمل السكك أكثرها لأغراض نقل البضائع، و لكن هناك خطوط لنقل الركاب تربط البلاد بالمدن القريبة المهمة كفيلينيوس، كاوناس، مينسك، موسكو و سانت بطرسبورغ. مطار ريغا هو أكبر مطار بالبلاد، الذي تتخذ منه شركة البلطيق الدولية للطيران مقراً لها. يخترق الطريق السريع طريق البلطيق من جنوب البلاد الى شمالها. هناك موانئ بحرية في ريغا، فينتسبيلس و ليبايا، كما تُسير منهم عدة عبّارات الى الدول الاسكندنافية و المانيا.


المدن الشقيقة

Riga maintains sister city relationships with the following cities:[86]

الدنمارك Aalborg, Denmark قزخستان Almati, Kazakhstan هولندا Amsterdam, The Netherlands قزخستان Astana, Kazakhstan
الصين Beijing, الصين فرنسا Bordeaux, فرنسا ألمانيا Bremen, ألمانيا أستراليا Cairns, Australia
فرنسا Calais, فرنسا الولايات المتحدة Dallas, USA إيطاليا Florence, إيطاليا أوكرانيا Kiev, Ukraine
اليابان Kobe, Japan بلاروس Minsk, Belarus روسيا Moscow, روسيا السويد Norrköping, Sweden
فنلندا Pori, Finland الولايات المتحدة Providence, USA[87] ألمانيا Rostock, ألمانيا روسيا Saint Petersburg, روسيا
تشيلي Santiago, Chile المملكة المتحدة Slough, UK[88] السويد Stockholm, Sweden الصين Suzhou, الصين
تايوان Taipei, Taiwan إستونيا Tallinn, Estonia لتوانيا Vilnius, Lithuania پولندا Warsaw, Poland

السياحة

تعتبر العاصمة ريغا من اهم مدن البلطيق و هي تتميز بهندستها المعمارية العالمية مع الاحتفاظ ببعض اللمسات التقليدية المحلية اما المدينة القديمة فقد استطاعت المحافظة على طابع المدن القرطوسية المحصنة و ينصحالسياح القيام بنزهة سيرا على الاقدام لاكتشاف اسرارها . و ريغا احدى المدن الاكثر اخضرارا في المنطقة و يطلق عليها القاب عدة لعل ابرزها "مدينة الالهام" و "باريس الشمال"و هي تجمع المراكز الدينية و الثقافية و الهندسية للبلاد اضافة الى مجموعات من الابنية المشيدة وفق الطراز الاوربي الحديث او الطراز الروماني . او القوطي او الكلاسيكي اما الاثار الموجودة في ريغا و التى لايمكن ان تفوت فتتمثل في كاتدرائية "سان بيار"قصر "ريغا" منزل الاخوة الثلاثة برج مخزن البارود مصنع الاسلحة السويدية القديم و الاوبرا الوطنية تمثال الحرية .

وتقع الآثار على مسافات متقاربة جدا بحيث يمكنكم مشاهدتها في وقت قصير و تقدم لكم ريغا ايضا استراحات و اماكن للهو ترضي جميع الاذواق و تناسب الفئات العمرية كافة و كذلك اماكن السهر و صالات السينما و المسارح التقليدية و المعارض بدو ان ننسى حديقة الحيوانات و المتحف في الهواء الطلق الذى يعتبر مكانا مثاليا للقيام بنزهة . و تعج ريغا بعدد كبير من المطاعم الفرنسية و الايطالية و الايرلندية و البريطانية و التى تتجاور مع المطاعم التى تقدم لوائح طعام لتوانية و التى اصبحت تشكل احد العوامل الاساسية الجاذبة للسياح و هذا العدد الهائل من المطاعم هو في تزايد مستمر

المصادر

[2]


انظر ايضا

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Richard L. Palmer, president of Cachet International, Inc., was the CIA station chief at the United States Embassy in Moscow from 1992 to 1994.[48][49]

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وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Riga.

Riga travel guide from Wikitravel

قالب:Riga's neighbourhoods

قالب:Administrative divisions of Latvia قالب:Riga Region

قالب:World Heritage Sites in Latvia

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=ريغا&oldid=2965562"