بوخوم

Coordinates: 51°28′55″N 07°12′57″E / 51.48194°N 7.21583°E / 51.48194; 7.21583
بوخوم
Bochum
City
Bochum Skyline
German Mining Museum
Zeiss Planetarium Bochum
Schauspielhaus Bochum
Bochum Kammerspiele
Bochum Skyline, German Mining Museum, Zeiss Planetarium Bochum, Schauspielhaus Bochum, Bochum Kammerspiele
علم بوخوم
Flag
درع بوخوم
Coat of arms
Location of بوخوم
بوخوم is located in ألمانيا
بوخوم
بوخوم
بوخوم is located in North Rhine-Westphalia
بوخوم
بوخوم
الإحداثيات: 51°28′55″N 07°12′57″E / 51.48194°N 7.21583°E / 51.48194; 7.21583
البلدألمانيا
الولايةشمال الراين-وستفاليا
Admin. regionArnsberg
DistrictUrban districts of Germany
الحكومة
 • Lord MayorThomas Eiskirch[1] (SPD)
المساحة
 • City145٫4 كم² (56٫1 ميل²)
التعداد
 • City362٬213
 • الكثافة2٬500/km2 (6٬500/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
5٬166٬484
منطقة التوقيتCET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes
44701-44894
Dialling codes0234, 02327
لوحة السيارةBO, WAT
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.bochum.de

بوخوم (بالألمانية: Bochum ؛ /ˈboʊxʊm/, BOHKH-uum; الأمريكي /ʔəm/ --əm;[2][3][4][5] de; Westphalian: Baukem) هي مدينة تقع في ولاية نوردراين-فيستفالن في غرب ألمانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 372,348 نسمة (في أبريل 2023)، [6] وهي سادس أكبر مدينة (بعد Cologne, Düsseldorf, Dortmund, Essen and Duisburg) in North Rhine-Westphalia, one of the most populous German federal states, and the 16th-largest city in Germany. On the Ruhr Heights (Ruhrhöhen) hill chain, between the rivers Ruhr to the south and Emscher to the north (tributaries of the Rhine), it is the second largest city of Westphalia after Dortmund, and the fourth largest city of the Ruhr after Dortmund, Essen and Duisburg. It lies at the centre of the Ruhr, Germany's largest urban area, in the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region, the second biggest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union, and belongs to the region of Arnsberg. Bochum is the sixth largest and one of the southernmost cities in the Low German dialect area. There are nine institutions of higher education in the city, most notably the Ruhr University Bochum (Ruhr-Universität Bochum), one of the ten largest universities in Germany, and the Bochum University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Bochum).

من أبناء المدينة المشهورين وزير الداخلية الألماني السابق أتو شيلي وكذلك الكاتب السياسي والصحفي المهتم بشؤون الشرق الأوسط بيتر شول ـ لاتور وكذلك المغني الألماني المشهور هربرت غرونماير الذي خص المدينة بأغنية تحمل اسم المدينة وهي مشهورة جدا في ألمانيا. توجد حاليا حملة في المدينة لإقامة دار أوبرا فيها أسوة بالمدن القريبة منها مثل دورتموند وإسن ودوسلدورف. تحمل جامعتها اسم جامعة الرور في بوخوم.

توجد تسع جامعات أو فروع جامعات في بوخوم. كانت بوخوم مدينة جامعية منذ تأسيس جامعة الرور في المنطقة الجنوبية من Querenburg في عام 1962 ، وهي أول جامعة تأسست في جمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية وواحدة من أكبر الجامعات في ألمانيا مع أكثر من 40.000 الطلاب. يُعرف أيضًا متحف التعدين الألماني والمسرح و Zeiss Planetarium Bochum ومتحف السكك الحديدية و Bermuda3eck و Ruhrstadion كمكان لـ VfL Bochum و Tierpark و Fossilium بالإضافة إلى أطول عرض موسيقي في العالم ، Starlight Express ، وطنيا. يتميز مشهد المدينة ، من بين أشياء أخرى ، ببرج الكنيسة وأفق شاهق بالإضافة إلى العديد من المعالم الأثرية ، لا سيما التاريخية والتعبيرية وحداثة ما بعد الحرب. ترتبط المعالم الصناعية للمدينة ببعضها البعض على طريق الثقافة الصناعية "في قلب المنطقة".

هناك أيضًا العديد من مؤسسات التعدين في بوخوم. كتب Bochumer Verein ، التي تأسست عام 1842 ، التاريخ الصناعي عندما نجحت الشركة في صب الفولاذ في القوالب في أواخر أربعينيات القرن التاسع عشر. أشهر منتجات الشركة كانت الأجراس المصنوعة من هذه المادة. يذكرنا جرس المعرض العالمي لعام 1867 الذي يبلغ وزنه 15000 كجم أمام قاعة مدينة بوخوم بهذا العصر. بعد انتهاء التعدين ، تطورت بوخوم بشكل أساسي إلى موقع للتكنولوجيا والخدمات.

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المباني والمعالم السياحية

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  • مجلس مدينة بوخوم - بدأ بناء دار البلدية في عام 1926. تم وضع حجر الأساس في عام 1927 وتم الافتتاح في 20 مايو 1931. يحتوي المبنى على مخطط أرضي متماثل إلى حد كبير. يقع مبنى القاعة مع الأفنية الجانبية على كلا الجانبين في المحور المتماثل لراتشوف. الجزء الخارجي بسيط ، وبوابة المدخل والشرفة المكونة من طابقين على الجهة اليمنى هي العناصر الزخرفية الوحيدة للواجهة. قاعدة المبنى مصنوعة من حجر الجرانيت الصلب ، وقد تم استخدام الحجر الجيري للواجهة والأردواز للسقف . في الممرات وغرف التمثيل كان الرخام والبرونزوألواح خشبية داكنة. كلف بناء مبنى البلدية ما كان آنذاك مبلغًا كبيرًا قدره 9.25 مليون مارك ألماني . العناصر الأخرى للفناء هي برج الجرس والنافورات المصنوعة من الحجر الجيري والبرونز. إحداها مخصصة لـ Fortuna ومزينة برموز تحمل المعجون: خاتم الزواج والنعال يرمزان إلى النعيم الزوجي ، والتفاح يرمز إلى الخصوبة ، والتفاؤل بالمحفظة الفارغة وفقاعات الصابون ترمز إلى الوهم. يتكون الجرس من 28 جرسًا من الصلب المصبوب بوزن إجمالي يبلغ 2300 كجم ، يتراوح وزن كل منها بين 375 و 4 كجم. إنه أول كاريون في العالم مصنوع من الفولاذ المصبوب. كان الجرس الموجود أمام دار البلدية هو الأكبر من بين أربعة أجراس وكان عامل جذب في المعرض العالمي في باريس عام 1867. لقد كان يلقي بهاجمعية بوخوم للتعدين وتصنيع الصلب المصبوب AG. وقفت كنصب تذكاري في مباني المصنع حتى عام 1979. نقلت شركة Krupp الملكية إلى المدينة في عام 1979. يبلغ قطرها 3.13 متر ويزن 15000 كيلوجرام. منذ أن تضررت في الحرب العالمية الثانية ، لم يعد من الممكن أن تكون درجة.


الشركات المؤسسة

  • Aral AG (المقر الرئيسي) - شركة Deutsche BP AG
  • شركة Bochumer Eisenhütte Heintzmann GmbH & Co. KG (المقر الرئيسي) - التعدين والأنفاق والمعالجة الحرارية
  • Bochumer Verein Verkehrstechnik GmbH (المقر الرئيسي) - جزء سابق من مجموعة ThyssenKrupp ، سابقًا Bochumer Verein ، أكبر شركة محلية ، مؤثرة في التنمية الحضرية
  • Bogestra (المقر الرئيسي) - Bochum-Gelsenkirchener Strassenbahnen AG ، شركة نقل عام محلية
  • معهد المحامين الألمان (المقر)
  • Deutsche Rentenversicherung Knappschaft-Bahn-See (المقر الرئيسي) - مؤسسة التأمين الاجتماعي الفيدرالية الألمانية
  • المسبوكات الدقيقة Doncasters - الشركات المصنعة لمكونات السبائك لصناعة الطيران والفضاء والتوربينات الغازية
  • الدكتور جيم أوتو وشركات. (المقر الرئيسي) - مواد حرارية ، شركة بوخوم التقليدية
  • Faber Lotto-Service (مقر الشركة) - مزود لنقابات اليانصيب
  • Fahrzeug-Werke Lueg (المقر الرئيسي) - أحد أكبر مزودي خدمات التنقل في ألمانيا وأحد أهم شركاء المبيعات والخدمات لشركة Daimler AG .
  • G Data CyberDefense (المقر الرئيسي) - مزود حلول أمن تكنولوجيا المعلومات. منتج معروف: G Data Antivirus
  • تقنيات التبريد من GEA - الشركة المصنعة لتقنية التبريد
  • GLS Community Bank - بنك إيكولوجي له دور رائد
  • جبور _
  • Meteomedia GmbH (المقر الرئيسي) - خدمة الطقس الخاصة ، التابعة الألمانية لشركة Swiss Meteomedia AG
  • موبل هارديك - محل أثاث
  • أوبل جروب ويرهوسينج - جزء من مجموعة أوبل أوتوموبيل جي إم بي إتش
  • Privatbrauerei Moritz Fiege - مصنع جعة إقليمي متوسط ​​الحجم مملوك لعائلة
  • QVC - Call Center GmbH & Co. KG
  • Sparkasse Bochum - بنك عام
  • ThyssenKrupp - مجموعة الصلب ، تدير منشآت سابقة لشركة Bochumer Verein في MDAX
  • مجموعة Tiemeyer (المقر الرئيسي) - أحد أكبر وكلاء فولكس فاجن على مستوى البلاد.
  • مجموعة شركات يونيكوم - شركة ميديا
  • United Cinemas International - المقر الألماني لشركة السينما
  • USB Umweltservice Bochum GmbH - شركة التخلص من النفايات البلدية (100٪ تابعة لشركة Stadtwerke Bochum )
  • معلومات فولكس فاجن الترفيهية [1] - شركة فرعية بنسبة 100 بالمائة لشركة Volkswagen AG مع التركيز على تطوير أجهزة الاتصال والتحكم في السيارات.
  • Vonovia SE (Deutsche Annington Immobilien SE سابقًا) (المقر الرئيسي) - أكبر شركة عقارية في ألمانيا في مؤشر DAX
  • Viactiv BKK (المقر الرئيسي) - شركة تأمين صحي ألمانية
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الجغرافيا

Geographical position

The city lies on the low rolling hills of Bochum land ridge (Bochumer Landrücken), part of the Ruhrhöhen (highest elevations) between the Ruhr and Emscher rivers at the border of the southern and northern Ruhr coal region. The highest point of the city is at Kemnader Straße (Kemnader Street) in Stiepel at 196 metres (643 ft) above sea level; the lowest point is 43 metres (141 ft) at the Blumenkamp in Hordel.

The terrain of Bochum is characterised by rolling hills that rarely have more than three per cent graduation. Steeper graduation can be found at the Harpener Hellweg near the Berghofer Holz nature reserve (3.4%), at Westenfelder Straße in the borough of Wattenscheid (3.47%), or at Kemnader Straße, which begins at the banks of the Ruhr in Stiepel (71 m, 233 ft), and rises to its highest point in the centre of Stiepel (196 m, 643 ft, a 5.1% increase).

The city extends north to south 13.0 km (8.1 mi) and 17.1 km (10.6 mi) east to west. The perimeter of the city limits is 67.2 km (41.8 mi).

It is surrounded by the cities of (in clockwise direction) Herne, Castrop-Rauxel, Dortmund, Witten, Hattingen, Essen and Gelsenkirchen.

Geology

There is sedimentary rock of carbon and chalk. The geological strata can be visited in the former quarry of Klosterbusch in Querenburg and at the Geological Gardens in Wiemelhausen.

Waterways

The urban area is divided into the river Ruhr catchment in the south and the Emscher catchment in the north. The Ruhr's tributaries are the Oelbach (where as well a waste water treatment plant is established[7]), Gerther Mühlenbach, Harpener Bach, Langendreer Bach, Lottenbach, Hörsterholzer Bach and the Knöselbach. The Ruhr in combination with upstream reservoirs is also used for drinking water abstraction. The Emscher's tributaries are Hüller Bach with Dorneburger Mühlenbach, Hofsteder Bach, Marbach, Ahbach, Kabeisemannsbach and Goldhammer Bach. The industrial developments in the region since the 19th century were leading to a kind of division of labour between the two river catchments, pumping drinking water from the Ruhr into the municipal supply system and discharging waste water mainly into the Emscher system. Today approximately 10% of the waste water in the Emscher catchment is discharged via the Hüller Bach.[8] and treated in the centralized waste water treatment plant of the Emschergenossenschaft in Bottrop. The ecological restoration of the Emscher tributaries initiated by the Emschergenossenschaft started with the Internationale Bauausstellung Emscher Park in 1989.

Vegetation

The south of the city has woods, the best known of which are the Weitmarer Holz (de). These are generally mixed forests of oak and beech. The occurrence of holly gives evidence of Bochum's temperate climate. 844 species of plants can be found within the city limts[9]

Climate

Bochum features an Oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb; Trewartha: Dobk) characterized by cool winters and short warm summers. Extreme temperatures are uncommon. However, temperatures rising above 30 °C (86 °F) are to be expected on multiple days in summer and the climate station closest to the City did record a peak temperature of 40 °C[10] (104 °F) on July 25, 2019.

On the other extreme, freezing temperatures are common between mid-November and late March. In some years, however, frosts may occur as late as early May. Temperatures below −10 °C are, especially in recent years, only seen on rare occasions. The city lies within the warmer extent of the 8a USDA plant hardiness zone[11] (−12.2 to −9.4 °C or 10 to 15 °F). Some winters may pass without a frost below −5 °C [12](data from the nearest active climate station). These comparably mild conditions in Winter permit the planting of plants that would either not be reliably hardy or not able to bloom throughout Germany like Trachycarpus palms, Summer lilac, Paulownia tomentosa and Rosemary.

However, winters can be unpredictable with strong fluctuations in temperatures: In mid-February 2021, the city was affected by a severe cold spell bringing temperatures down to –15 degrees Celsius (5 °F) accompanied by heavy snowfall which hindered traffic[13] for multiple days. A week later, a temperature of 17 °C (63 °F) was recorded,[14] an increase of 32K.

The total precipitation of 815mm[10] is distributed relatively evenly through most of the year but has a peak in winter and two minima in late spring and July, respectively.[10] June shows a second peak in precipitation due to the return of the westerlies which leads to more thunderstorms being generated along frontal boundaries of Atlantic low-pressure systems. In recent years, the city was affected by summer and spring droughts. Thunderstorms are not uncommon in the warm season and can generate intense downpours and sporadically hail.

The city experiences little sunshine in winter with a minimum of 1,3h per day in December and a lot more in early summer and late spring with May featuring 7,5h per day. The total amount of sunshine per year is 1689h.[10]

Due to the cities northern latitude of 51°N, seasonal day-length variation is significant. The longest day of the year, June 21, features 16 h 38 min. of daylight while the shortest day of the year which is December 21 is only 7 h and 50 min. long.

Climate data for Bochum (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1940–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.6
(61.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		23.7
(74.7) 		28.5
(83.3) 		32.1
(89.8) 		36.3
(97.3) 		36.0
(96.8) 		37.3
(99.1) 		33.5
(92.3) 		27.4
(81.3) 		21.6
(70.9) 		17.9
(64.2) 		37.3
(99.1)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 12.6
(54.7) 		12.5
(54.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		23.8
(74.8) 		27.6
(81.7) 		30.3
(86.5) 		32.8
(91.0) 		32.2
(90.0) 		28.2
(82.8) 		22.6
(72.7) 		16.7
(62.1) 		12.4
(54.3) 		34.2
(93.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.8
(42.4) 		5.7
(42.3) 		10.6
(51.1) 		15.1
(59.2) 		19.4
(66.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		24.4
(75.9) 		23.7
(74.7) 		19.8
(67.6) 		14.6
(58.3) 		9.6
(49.3) 		6.4
(43.5) 		14.7
(58.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9) 		2.8
(37.0) 		6.5
(43.7) 		10.1
(50.2) 		14.0
(57.2) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.2
(64.8) 		14.5
(58.1) 		10.5
(50.9) 		6.8
(44.2) 		4.0
(39.2) 		10.5
(50.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		2.3
(36.1) 		4.7
(40.5) 		8.1
(46.6) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.4
(56.1) 		12.8
(55.0) 		9.9
(49.8) 		6.7
(44.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		1.5
(34.7) 		6.2
(43.2)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −7.4
(18.7) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		1.0
(33.8) 		5.7
(42.3) 		8.0
(46.4) 		7.5
(45.5) 		4.5
(40.1) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−10.3
(13.5)
Record low °C (°F) −20.3
(−4.5) 		−17.3
(0.9) 		−12.3
(9.9) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		2.5
(36.5) 		5.1
(41.2) 		5.5
(41.9) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−17.1
(1.2) 		−20.3
(−4.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 73.8
(2.91) 		46.0
(1.81) 		53.4
(2.10) 		38.1
(1.50) 		51.9
(2.04) 		79.2
(3.12) 		93.6
(3.69) 		84.2
(3.31) 		65.4
(2.57) 		63.3
(2.49) 		78.8
(3.10) 		85.9
(3.38) 		813.7
(32.04)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 4.9
(1.9) 		2.7
(1.1) 		0.9
(0.4) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0.5
(0.2) 		4.5
(1.8) 		9.6
(3.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 18.1 16.2 15.1 13.7 13.7 15.2 16.1 15.9 13.4 16.1 18.8 20.6 193.0
Average relative humidity (%) 83.9 80.7 74.9 70.7 70.8 73.3 72.8 74.3 79.5 82.8 84.6 85.9 77.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 52.8 70.3 125.6 167.1 183.6 177.4 202.3 191.0 144.1 107.4 59.1 42.0 1٬522٫7
Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst/SKlima.de[15]


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Districts

Sections and Districts in Bochum

Bochum is divided into six administrative sections (stadtbezirke), alongside their respective sub-districts (stadtteile), with a total of 362,213 inhabitants living in an urban area of 145.4 km2 (56.1 sq mi).

  • Bochum-Mitte includes Innenstadt, Hamme (including Goldhamme, and Stahlhausen), Hordel, Hofstede, Riemke, Grumme and Altenbochum There are 102,145 inhabitants living in an area of 32.60 km2 (12.59 sq mi).
  • Wattenscheid includes Wattenscheid-Mitte, Leithe, Günnigfeld, Westenfeld, Sevinghausen, Höntrop, Munscheid and Eppendorf (which includes Engelsburg and Heide). There are 74,602 inhabitants living in an area of 23.87 km2 (9.22 sq mi).
  • North includes Bergen, Gerthe, Harpen (including Rosenberg), Kornharpen, Hiltrop and Voede-Abzweig. There are 37,004 inhabitants living in an area of 18.86 km2 (7.28 sq mi).
  • East includes Laer, Werne, and Langendreer (including Ümmingen and Kaltehardt). There are 55,193 inhabitants living in an area of 23.46 km2 (9.06 sq mi).
  • South includes Wiemelhausen (which includes Brenschede, and Ehrenfeld), Stiepel (which includes Haar, Brockhausen and Schrick) and Querenburg (which includes Hustadt and Steinkuhl). There are 50,866 inhabitants living in an area of 27.11 km2 (10.47 sq mi).
  • Southwest includes Weitmar (which includes Bärendorf, Mark, and Neuling), Sundern, Linden and Dahlhausen. There are 56,510 inhabitants living in an area of 19.50 km2 (7.53 sq mi).

Politics

Mayor

The current mayor of Bochum is Thomas Eiskirch of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who was elected in 2015 and re-elected in 2020.

The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:

Candidate Party Votes %
Thomas Eiskirch Social Democratic Party 85,397 61.8
Christian Haardt Christian Democratic Union 28,125 20.3
Amid Rabieh The Left 8,335 6.0
Jens Lücking UWG: Free Citizens 3,937 2.8
Felix Haltt Free Democratic Party 3,441 2.5
Nils-Frederick Brandt Die PARTEI 3,357 2.4
Ariane Meise National Democratic Party 2,546 1.8
Volker Steude The Citymakers 2,351 1.7
Günter Gleising Social List Bochum 790 0.6
Valid votes 138,279 99.0
Invalid votes 1,438 1.0
Total 139,717 100.0
Electorate/voter turnout 287,216 48.6
Source: State Returning Officer

City council

Results of the 2020 city council election.

The Bochum city council governs the city alongside the mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:

Party Votes % +/- Seats +/-
Social Democratic Party (SPD) 46,626 33.7 Decrease 4.9 29 Decrease 3
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) 30,658 22.2 ▲ 9.3 19 ▲ 8
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 28,799 20.8 Decrease 4.9 18 Decrease 4
The Left (Die Linke) 8,434 6.1 Decrease 0.1 5 ±0
Alternative for Germany (AfD) 7,774 5.6 ▲ 2.1 5 ▲ 2
UWG: Free Citizens (UWG) 4,673 3.4 ▲ 0.9 3 ▲ 1
Free Democratic Party (FDP) 4,517 3.3 ▲ 0.4 3 ▲ 1
Die PARTEI (PARTEI) 3,223 2.3 New 2 New
The Citymakers (Die Stadtgestalter) 2,387 1.7 ▲ 0.6 2 ▲ 1
Social List Bochum (SLB) 814 0.6 Decrease 0.2 0 Decrease 1
National Democratic Party (NPD) 429 0.3 Decrease 0.6 0 Decrease 1
Valid votes 138,334 99.0
Invalid votes 1,447 1.0
Total 139,781 100.0 86 ▲ 2
Electorate/voter turnout 287,203 48.7 ▲ 0.2
Source: State Returning Officer

التاريخ

View of Bochum in 1840.
طابع بريدي مختوم في بوخوم في 1889. مكتب بريد بوخوم كان يتبع ولاية وستفاليا في پروسيا قبل 1868
View of Bochum in 1840.
Stamp cancelled at BOCHUM 1 in 1889

Bochum dates from the 9th century, when Charlemagne set up a royal court at the junction of two important trade routes. It was first officially mentioned in 1041 as Cofbuokheim in a document of the archbishops of Cologne. In 1321, Count Engelbert II von der Marck granted Bochum a town charter, but the town remained insignificant until the 19th century, when the coal mining and steel industries emerged in the Ruhr area, leading to the growth of the entire region. In the early 19th century it was part of the Grand Duchy of Berg, a client state of France, then it passed to Prussia following the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, and in 1871 it became part of the German Empire. The population of Bochum increased from about 4,500 in 1850 to 100,000 in 1904. Bochum acquired city status, incorporating neighbouring towns and villages. Additional population gains came from immigration, primarily from Poland. Bochum was the main center of the Polish community of the Ruhr, being the seat of various Polish organizations and enterprises.[16] The Poles were subjected to anti-Polish policies aimed at Germanisation, and the Central Office for Monitoring the Polish Movement in the Rhine-Westphalian Industrial District (Zentralstelle fur Uberwachung der Polenbewegung im Rheinisch-Westfalischen Industriebezirke) was established by the German authorities in Bochum in 1909.[17]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Nazi era and World War II

On 28 October 1938, 250 Polish or stateless Jews were expelled from Bochum to Poland.[18] On 9 November 1938, Kristallnacht, the Bochum synagogue was set on fire and there was rioting against Jewish citizens. The first Jews from Bochum were deported to Nazi concentration camps[بحاجة لمصدر] and many Jewish institutions and homes were destroyed. Some 500 Jewish citizens are known by name to have been killed in the Holocaust, including 19 who were younger than 16 years old. Joseph Klirsfeld was Bochum's rabbi at this time. He and his wife fled to Palestine. In December 1938, the Jewish elementary school teacher Else Hirsch began organising groups of children and adolescents to be sent to the Netherlands and England, sending ten groups in all. Many Jewish children and those from other persecuted groups were taken in by Dutch families and thereby saved from abduction or deportation and death.[19]

Bombed St. Mary Church, 1943

On 15 July 1939, the Gestapo entered the headquarters of the Union of Poles in Germany in Bochum, searched it and interrogated its chief Michał Wesołowski, however, it did not obtain the desired lists of Polish activists, which had been previously hidden by Poles.[20] Increased Nazi terror and persecutions of Poles followed, and in response, many Poles from the region came to Bochum for organizational and information meetings.[20] During the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the Nazis carried out mass arrests of local Polish activists, who were then sent to concentration camps. Local Polish premises and seats of organizations were looted and expropriated by Nazi Germany.[16]

During the war, Germany operated a prison in the city with three forced labour subcamps within present-day city limits,[21] an additional detention center,[22] a camp for Romani people in the present-day Wattenscheid district,[23] and three subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp.[24] A report from July 1943 listed 100 forced labour camps in Bochum.[25]

Because the Ruhr region was an area of high residential density and a centre for the manufacture of weapons, it was a major target in the war. Women with young children, school children and the homeless fled or were evacuated to safer areas, leaving cities largely deserted to the arms industry, coal mines and steel plants and those unable to leave.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
15001٬000—    
17501٬449+44.9%
187121٬192+1362.5%
190065٬554+209.3%
1910136٬931+108.9%
1919142٬760+4.3%
1925156٬762+9.8%
1933314٬546+100.7%
1939305٬485−2.9%
1950289٬804−5.1%
1961367٬338+26.8%
1970343٬968−6.4%
1987386٬271+12.3%
2001390٬087+1.0%
2011362٬286−7.1%
2022354٬288−2.2%
source:[26][27]

During the Holocaust, in 1942–1943, local Jews were deported to German-occupied Czechoslovakia, Latvia and Poland.[18]

Bochum was first bombed heavily in May and June 1943.[28] On 13 May 1943, the city hall was hit, destroying the top floor, and leaving the next two floors in flames. On 4 November 1944, in an attack involving 700 British bombers, the steel plant, Bochumer Verein, was hit. One of the largest steel plants in Germany,[29] more than 10,000 high-explosive and 130,000 incendiary bombs were stored there, setting off a conflagration that destroyed the surrounding neighbourhoods.[30][31] An aerial photo shows the devastation.[32]

The town centre of Bochum was a strategic target during the Oil Campaign. In 150 air raids on Bochum, over 1,300 bombs were dropped on Bochum and Gelsenkirchen. By the end of the war, 38% of Bochum had been destroyed. 70,000 citizens were homeless and at least 4,095 dead.[31][33] Of Bochum's more than 90,000 homes, only 25,000 remained for the 170,000 citizens who survived the war, many by fleeing to other areas. Most of the remaining buildings were damaged, many with only one usable room. Only 1,000 houses in Bochum remained undamaged after the war. Only two of 122 schools remained unscathed; others were totally destroyed. Hunger was rampant. A resident of neighbouring Essen was quoted on 23 April 1945 as saying, "Today, I used up my last potato... it will be a difficult time till the new [autumn] potatoes are ready to be picked – if they're not stolen."[31][34]

The US army ground advance into Germany reached Bochum in April 1945. Encountering desultory resistance, the US 79th Infantry Division captured the city on 10 April 1945.[35]

After the war, Bochum was occupied by the British, who established two camps to house people displaced by the war. The majority of them were former Polish Zwangsarbeiter, forced labourers, many of them from the Bochumer Verein.[36]

Allied bombing destroyed 83% of the built up area of Bochum during World War II.[37] Today around a third of Bochum consists of buildings from before World War II.[38] More than sixty years after the war, bombs continue to be found in the region, usually by construction workers. One found in October 2008 in Bochum town centre led to the evacuation of 400 and involved hundreds of emergency workers.[39] A month earlier, a buried bomb exploded in neighbouring Hattingen, injuring 17 people.[40]

Largest groups of foreign residents[41]
Nationality Population (31.12.2018)
 تركيا 8,852
 سوريا 8,075
 پولندا 3,779
 رومانيا 2,021
 إيطاليا 1,902
 العراق 1,600
 صربيا 1,413
 اليونان 1,260
 إيران 1,209
 روسيا 1,010
 الصين 987
 بلغاريا 983
 كوسوڤو 961
 أوكرانيا 850
 البوسنة والهرسك 850
 أفغانستان 748
 إسپانيا 719
 كرواتيا 699

Post-war period

After the war, Bochum was part of West Germany and the newly established state of North Rhine-Westphalia, consisting of the Rhineland and Westphalia.

In the postwar period, Bochum began developing as a cultural centre of the Ruhr area. In 1965, the Ruhr University was opened, the first modern university in the Ruhr area and the first to be founded in Germany since World War II. Since the seventies, Bochum's industry has moved from heavy industry to the service sector. Between 1960 and 1980, the coal mines all closed. Other industries, such as automotive, compensated for the loss of jobs. The Opel Astra was assembled at the Opel Bochum plant; however, by 2009, the factory was in serious financial difficulties[42] and in December 2012, Opel announced that it would stop vehicle production at the Bochum plant in 2016.[43]

In the course of a comprehensive community reform in 1975, Wattenscheid, a formerly independent city, was integrated into the city of Bochum. A local referendum against the integration failed. In 2007, the new synagogue of the Jewish community of Bochum, Herne und Hattingen was opened. In 2008, Nokia closed down its production plant, causing the loss of thousands of jobs, both at the plant and at local suppliers. 20,000 people showed up to protest against the closing.[44][45] Within months, the Canadian high-tech company, Research in Motion, announced plans to open a research facility, its first outside Canada, adding several hundred jobs.[46][47][48]

الفترة النازية والحرب العالمية الثانية

Bombed out church, 1943


Largest groups of foreign residents[49]
Nationality Population (2014)
 تركيا 9,147
 پولندا 3,409
 إيطاليا 1,763
 اليونان 1,246
 رومانيا 1,198
 سوريا 1,101
 روسيا 962
 الصين 921
 أوكرانيا 887
 البوسنة والهرسك 802

المعالم

العمارة

City Hall

البلدات التوأم (المدن الشقيقة)

Bochum's twin towns are:

== المراجع ==

  1. ^ Kommunalwahlen 2020. Wahlergebnisse in NRW (in German). Der Landeswahlleiter des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen.
  2. ^ قالب:Cite American Heritage Dictionary
  3. ^ "Bochum". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  4. ^ "Bochum" (US) and "Bochum". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020.
  5. ^ قالب:Cite Merriam-Webster
  6. ^ Statistik
  7. ^ "Was sind PFT". Ruhrverband.de. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  8. ^ emscher:dialog in Bochum, planning process document, published by Emschergenossenschaft, April 16th 2002
  9. ^ Jagel, Armin (2021). Flora von Bochum (PDF). p. 3.
  10. ^ أ ب ت ث "Klima Bochum". Wetterdienst.de (in الألمانية). Retrieved 2021-01-10.
  11. ^ "USDA-Karte der Klima- und Winterhärte-Zonen in Deutschland – Garten & Pflanzen News – GREEN24 Hilfe Pflege Bilder". green-24.de. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
  12. ^ "Rückblick für Essen – WetterKontor". Wetterkontor.de. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
  13. ^ Kiesewetter, Bernd (2021-02-07). "Wintereinbruch in Bochum: Müllabfuhr wird nicht garantiert". Waz.de (in الألمانية). Retrieved 2021-02-20.
  14. ^ "Rückblick für Essen - WetterKontor". Wetterkontor.de. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
  15. ^ "Monatsauswertung". sklima.de (in الألمانية). SKlima. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  16. ^ أ ب "Bochum as the center of the Polish movement". Lwl.org. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  17. ^ Chojnacki, Wojciech (1981). "Księgarstwo polskie w Westfalii i Nadarenii do 1914 roku". Studia Polonijne (in البولندية). No. 4. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL. p. 202.
  18. ^ أ ب "Bochum". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  19. ^ Karin Finkbohner, Betti Helbing, Carola Horn, Anita Krämer, Astrid Schmidt-Ritter, Kathy Vowe. Wider das Vergessen — Widerstand und Verfolgung Bochumer Frauen und Zwangsarbeiterinnen 1933–1945 pp. 62–63. Europäischer Universitätsverlag, ISBN 978-3-932329-62-3 (in ألمانية)
  20. ^ أ ب Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945". Przegląd Zachodni (in البولندية) (4): 55–56.
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  24. ^ "List of places: Concentration camps and outlying camps. Concentration camp Buchenwald". Deutschland-ein-denkmal.de. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  25. ^ "Zwangsarbeit in Bochum". Bo-alternativ.de (in الألمانية). Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  26. ^ "Bevölkerungsstand – Gemeinden – Stichtag". Landesbetrieb für Information und Technik Nordrhein-Westfalen (IT.NRW). Retrieved 2020-02-29.
  27. ^ "Germany: States and Major Cities".
  28. ^ "The Final Operation – Bochum" Archived 2010-04-16 at the Wayback Machine 57 Squadron. Accessed 8 March 2010
  29. ^ "Geschichte: Gottesfurcht Vaterland" Archived 2013-05-22 at the Wayback Machine Christuskirche Bochum. Retrieved 23 January 2011 (in ألمانية)
  30. ^ Chronology Archived 2009-07-13 at the Wayback Machine Official web site, Bochumer Verein. Accessed 7 March 2010
  31. ^ أ ب ت 70 000 Obdachlose in Bochums Zentrum History of Bochum, World War II. "70,000 homeless in downtown Bochum" (4 November 1944). (in ألمانية)
  32. ^ "Bochum, Germany. 1944-11. Aerial view of Bochum, after attacks by RAF Bomber Command". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023.
  33. ^ "Zahl der Kriegs- und NS-Opfer nicht mehr feststellbar" History of Bochum, World War II. (1 July 1945) "Number of war and Nazi victims no longer ascertainable" Accessed 8 March 2010 (in ألمانية)
  34. ^ "Großoffensive". Archived from the original on 2010-09-24. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  35. ^ Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946 (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 148.
  36. ^ Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel. Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager, Band 3 (Site of Terror: The History of Nazi Concentration Camps, Volume 3) p. 395 (2006) ISBN 978-3-406-52963-4 (in ألمانية)
  37. ^ "The National Archives | World War II | Western Europe 1939-1945: Hamburg | Why did the RAF bomb cities?".
  38. ^ https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 قالب:Bare URL inline
  39. ^ "10-Zentner Bombe gefunden" History of Bochum, World War II. "1000-pound bomb found." (in ألمانية)
  40. ^ "WWII bomb injures 17 at Hattingen construction site" The Local, German news in English. 19 September 2008. Accessed March 8, 2010
  41. ^ "Ausländer und Staatenlose 2013 bis 2017 in Bochum". Stadt Bochum. Archived from the original on 2018-06-25. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
  42. ^ Schwartz, Nelson D. (2009-05-26). "Europe Feels the Strain of Protecting Workers and Plants". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
  43. ^ "Opel sees no alternative to closing Bochum". Reuters. 10 December 2012. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015.
  44. ^ "Nokia to close Bochum, Germany, plant". The Financial Express (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2008-02-23. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
  45. ^ "Anger at Nokia swells in Germany; top politicians join fray over plant closure" Helsingin Sanomat International Edition. 21 January 2008. Accessed 1 March 2010
  46. ^ [1][dead link]
  47. ^ "Blackberry maker RIM to set up R&D; site in Bochum, add 300 jobs - report". Forbes. 2009-10-18. Archived from the original on 2009-10-18. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
  48. ^ "Blackberry Bold 9700 launch". Government Affairs Canada. 17 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
  49. ^ "Ausländer und Staatenlose 2010 bis 2014 in Bochum". Stadt Bochum. Retrieved 2015-07-10.

وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Bochum.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bochum.
الكلمات الدالة:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=بوخوم&oldid=4062774"