كييڤ

هذا المقال هو عن the capital of Ukraine. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر كييڤ (توضيح).
كييڤ
Київ (أوكرانية)
Kiev, Kyiv
Capital city and city with special status
Independence Square
Kyiv Pechersk Lavra
مبنى الجامعة الحمراء
House with Chimaeras
Saint Sophia Cathedral
Mariinskyi Palace
علم كييڤ
Flag
درع كييڤ
Coat of arms
الشعار الرسمي لـ كييڤ
Logo
الكنية: 
أم الروس Cities[1]
النشيد: Yak tebe ne liubyty, Kyieve mii!
Interactive map of Kyiv
كييڤ is located in أوكرانيا
كييڤ
كييڤ
Kyiv in Ukraine
كييڤ is located in أوروپا
كييڤ
كييڤ
كييڤ (أوروپا)
الإحداثيات: 50°27′00″N 30°31′24″E / 50.45000°N 30.52333°E / 50.45000; 30.52333
الدولةاوكرانيا
اوبلاستبلدية مدينة كييڤ
رايونبلدية
الحكومة
 • العمدةLeonid Chernovetskyi
المنسوب
179 m (587 ft)
التعداد
 (April, 2007)
 • الإجمالي2٫7 million (official est.)
 • الكثافة3٬299/km2 (8٬540/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+2 (EET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+3 (EEST)
الرمز البريدي
01xxx-04xxx
مفتاح الهاتف+380 44
لوحة معدنية للسيارةAA (before 2004: КА,КВ,КЕ,КН,КІ,KT)
مدن شقيقةأنقرة, أثينا، بلگراد،
بروكسل, بوداپست، شيكاغو،
Chişinău, إدنبره, فلورنس,
هلسنكي, كراكوڤ، كيوتو، لايپزيگ,
مينسك، ميونيخ، Odense، پاريس,
پريتوريا, ريگا, روما,
سانتياگو، صوفيا،
ستوكهولم، تالين، تمپيري، تبليسي،
تورونتو, تولوز، وارسو,
ووهان, ڤيينا, ڤلنيوس, يريڤان
الموقع الإلكترونيhttp://www.kmr.gov.ua

كييڤ (Київ, Киев) هي عاصمة اوكرانيا وتعتبر من اقدم المدن في اوروبا الشرقية . كييف عاصمة أوكرانيا وأكبر مدنها. تقع في شمالي وسط أوكرانيا على نهر الدنيبر في منطقة غنية بالزراعة والصناعة. يبلغ عدد سكانها 2,616,000 نسمة.

تقع المنطقة الوسطى منها على جُرْف عالٍ على طول الضفة الغربية لنهر الدنيبر، وتتميز بوجود مبانٍ يرجع تاريخها إلى العصور الوسطى بجانب المباني الحديثة. وفي مواجهة الجُرف توجد غابة أشجار. وتمتد المناطق الصناعية وصفوف من المساكن الشعبية في جميع الاتجاهات من وسط المدينة.

ومن معالم المدينة البوابة الذهبية لياروسلاف الحكيم التي بنيت في القرن الحادي عشر الميلادي. ودير الكهوف الذي يحتوي على شبكة سراديب للموتى، يعود تاريخه إلى العصور الوسطى. وفي القرن الثامن عشر الميلادي تم بناء قصر مارنسكي. ويوجد بكييف أكاديمية للعلوم وجامعة والعديد من المتاحف والمسارح.

ومدينة كييف واحدة من أكبر مراكز المواصلات والصناعة. وتُنتج مصانعها الطائرات وآلات التصوير والكيميائيات والأنسجة وأدوات القياس والساعات وعديدًا من المنتجات الأخرى. وتُعدُّ المدينة ميناءً نهريًا وملتقى طرق خطوط السكة الحديدية.


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الاسم

انظر أيضاً: أسماء كييڤ

The traditional etymology, stemming from the Primary Chronicle, is that the name is a derivation of Kyi (أوكرانية: Кий, روسية: Кий,[ب] rom.: Ky or Kiy, the legendary eponymous founder of the city. According to Oleg Trubachyov's etymological dictionary from the Old East Slavic name *Kyjevŭ gordŭ (literally, "Kyi's castle", "Kyi's gord"), from Proto-Slavic *kyjevъ,[6] This etymology has been questioned, for instance by Mykhailo Hrushevsky who called it an "etymological myth", and meant that the names of the legendary founders are in turn based on place names. According to the Canadian Ukrainian linguist Jaroslav Rudnyckyj, the name can be connected to the Proto-Slavic root *kyjь, but should be interpreted as meaning 'stick, pole' as in its modern Ukrainian equivalent Кий. The name should in that case be interpreted as 'palisaded settlement'.[7]

Kyiv is the romanized official Ukrainian name for the city,[8][9] and it is used for legislative and official acts.[10] Kiev is the traditional English name for the city,[8][11][12] but because of its historical derivation from the Russian name, Kiev lost favor with many Western media outlets after the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 in conjunction with the KyivNotKiev campaign launched by Ukraine to change the way that international media were spelling the city's name.[13]


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ كييڤ
For دليل زمني, see خط زمني لكييڤ.
انظر أيضاً: إمارة كييڤ and Grand Prince of Kiev

The first known humans in the region of Kyiv lived there in the late paleolithic period (Stone Age).[14] The population around Kyiv during the Bronze Age formed part of the so-called Trypillian culture, as evidenced by artifacts from that culture found in the area.[15] During the early Iron Age certain tribes settled around Kyiv that practiced land cultivation, husbandry and trading with the Scythians and ancient states of the northern Black Sea coast.[14] Findings of Roman coins of the 2nd to the 4th centuries suggest trade relations with the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.[14] Notable archaeologists of the area around Kyiv include Vikentiy Khvoyka.

التأسيس

استقر شعب السلاف بكييف منذ القرن السابع الميلادي تقريبًا وازدهرت كييف مركزًا تجاريًّا. وخلال القرن التاسع الميلادي أصبحت عاصمة دولة روسيا الأولى. وفي القرن الثاني عشر الميلادي كانت كييف من المراكز الأوروبية الكبيرة تجاريًا وثقافيًا. وفي عام 1240م دمّر الغزاة المغول معظم أجزاء المدينة وفقدت أهميتها. ثم أُعيد بناؤها في القرن الرابع عشر الميلادي. ودخلت تحت حكم البولنديين في القرن السادس عشر الميلادي، واكتسبت أهميتها كمركز ثقافي وديني، واستعادت روسيا سيطرتها عليها في القرن السابع عشر الميلادي.

كييف عاصمة صناعية علمية وثقافية مهمة وهي موطن لكثير من الصناعات التكنلوجية والمؤسسات التعليمية وهي موطن لجنسيات مختلفة، المشهورة عالميا واسم كييف يقال انه مستمد من اسم كي أحد الاربعة الاسطوريين المؤسسين للمدينة وهي من أقدم المدن في شرق أوروبا مرت بالكثير من مراحل العظمة والغموض النسبي وتم تأسيسها في القرن الخامس لوظائف تجارية وكجزء من أرض أوائل الاسلاف واكتسبت الشهرة تدريجيا حيث أصبحت مركزا للحضارة الشرقية والسلافية دمرت خلال غزو المغول الغزو التتارى عام 1240. وفقدت معظم نفوذها ولقرون عديدة بعدها قلة أهميتها.

السيادة الروسية

Occupied by Russian troops since the 1654 Treaty of Pereyaslav, Kyiv became a part of the Tsardom of Russia from 1667 on the Truce of Andrusovo and enjoyed a degree of autonomy. None of the Polish-Russian treaties concerning Kyiv have ever been ratified.[16] In the Russian Empire, Kyiv was a primary Christian centre, attracting pilgrims, and the cradle of many of the empire's most important religious figures, but until the 19th century, the city's commercial importance remained marginal.

In 1834, the Russian government established Saint Vladimir University, now called the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv after the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861). (Shevchenko worked as a field researcher and editor for the geography department). The medical faculty of Saint Vladimir University, separated into an independent institution in 1919–1921 during the Soviet period, became the Bogomolets National Medical University in 1995.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Imperial Russian Army and ecclesiastical authorities dominated city life;[بحاجة لمصدر] the Russian Orthodox Church had involvement in a significant part of Kyiv's infrastructure and commercial activity. In the late 1840s the historian, Mykola Kostomarov (Russian: Nikolai Kostomarov), founded a secret political society, the Brotherhood of Saint Cyril and Methodius, whose members put forward the idea of a federation of free Slavic peoples with Ukrainians as a distinct and separate group rather than a subordinate part of the Russian nation; the Russian authorities quickly suppressed the society.

Following the gradual loss of Ukraine's autonomy, Kyiv experienced growing Russification in the 19th century, by means of Russian migration, administrative actions, and social modernization. At the beginning of the 20th century the Russian-speaking part of the population dominated the city centre, while the lower classes living on the outskirts retained Ukrainian folk culture to a significant extent.[بحاجة لمصدر] However, enthusiasts among ethnic Ukrainian aristocrats, soldiers, and merchants made attempts to preserve the native culture in Kyiv, by clandestine book-printing, amateur theatre, folk studies, etc.

Kyiv in the late 19th century

During the Russian industrial revolution in the late 19th century, Kyiv became an important trade and transportation centre of the Russian Empire, specialising in sugar and grain export by railway and on the Dnieper river. By 1900, the city had also become a significant industrial centre, with a population of 250,000. Landmarks of that period include the railway infrastructure, the foundation of numerous educational and cultural facilities, and notable architectural monuments (mostly merchant-oriented). In 1892, the first electric tram line of the Russian Empire started running in Kyiv (the third in the world). Kyiv prospered during the late 19th century Industrial Revolution in the Russian Empire, when it became the third most important city of the Empire and the major centre of commerce in its southwest.

العصر السوڤيتي

ازدهرت مرة أخرى خلال الثورة الروسية الصناعية في أواخر القرن 19 بعد فترة مضطربة أعقاب الثورة الصناعية الروسية عام 1917 وأصبحت كييف منذ عام 1921 فصاعدا مدينة عامة في جمهورية اوكرانيا وكانت عاصمتة اوكرانيا السوفيتية الاشتراكية منذ عام 1934 وقد اصيبت باضرار كبيرة مرة أخرى خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية لكنها سرعان ما استعادت جماليتها وأهميتها في سنوات ما بعد الحرب وبقت ثالث أهم مدينة في الاتحاد السوفيتي

Kiev, as seen during World War II.

في عام 1934 أصبحت كييف عاصمة جمهورية أوكرانيا السوفيتية الاشتراكية ضمن الاتحاد السوڤيتي، وفي الحرب العالمية الثانية (1939م – 1945م) دمرت بشدة مرة أخرى. وعاودت الازدهار منذ ذلك الوقت. وفي عام 1991م، ونتيجة للتفتت الذي حدث في الاتحاد السوفييتي، أعلنت جمهورية أوكرانيا استقلالها وأبدت استعدادها لتُصبح جزءًا حرًا من الاتحاد الكونفدرالي لما كان يُسمّى بالاتحاد السوفيتي.

Until 1936, Kyiv was a city on the west bank of the Dnieper
Ruins of Kyiv during World War II

In World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, and Nazi Germany occupied it from 19 September 1941 to 6 November 1943. Axis forces killed or captured more than 600,000 Soviet soldiers in the great encircling Battle of Kyiv in 1941. Most of those captured never returned alive.[17] Shortly after the Wehrmacht occupied the city, a team of NKVD officers who had remained hidden dynamited most of the buildings on the Khreshchatyk, the main street of the city, where German military and civil authorities had occupied most of the buildings; the buildings burned for days and 25,000 people were left homeless.

Allegedly in response to the actions of the NKVD, the Germans rounded up all the local Jews they could find, nearly 34,000,[18] and massacred them at Babi Yar in Kyiv on 29 and 30 September 1941.[19] In the months that followed, thousands more were taken to Babi Yar where they were shot. It is estimated that the Germans murdered more than 100,000 people of various ethnic groups, mostly civilians, at Babi Yar during World War II.[20]

The Ukrainian national flag was raised outside Kyiv's City Hall for the first time on 24 July 1990.

Kyiv recovered economically in the post-war years, becoming once again the third-most important city of the Soviet Union. The catastrophic accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986 occurred only 100 km (62 mi) north of the city. However, the prevailing south wind blew most of the radioactive debris away from Kyiv.

الاستقلال

بعد انهيار الاتحاد السوفياتي واستقلال اوكرانيا عام 1991 ظلت كييف عاصمة لاوكرانيا

In the course of the collapse of the Soviet Union the Ukrainian parliament proclaimed the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine in the city on 24 August 1991. In 2004–2005, the city played host to the largest post-Soviet public demonstrations up to that time, in support of the Orange Revolution. From November 2013 until February 2014, central Kyiv became the primary location of Euromaidan. During the onset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Russian forces attempted to seize Kyiv but were repelled by Ukrainian forces on the outskirts of the city. Following the Russian retreat from the region in April 2022, Kyiv has been subject to frequent aerial attacks.


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طبيعتها

كييف، مدينة تاريخية – أقدم مدن أوروبا حيث تم تأسيسها منذ أكثر من 1500 عاما – حافظت على العديد من الآثار القيمة التي تشهد على عظمتها. مدينة كييف كانت ولا تزال مركزا للعالم المسيحي الأرثوذكسي في أوروبا الشرقية، حيث توجد الكاتدرائية المسيحية الأولى في منطقة "بيتشيرسكايا لافرا" و"كاتدرائية صوفيا" المزينة بموزاييك ورسومات يعود تاريخها للقرن الحادي عشر. كما يوجد في المدينة العديد من المتاحف والمسارح. كييف التي تقع على ضفتي نهر دنيبر تعتبر مدينة – حديقة تغرق في خضرة الحدائق والرياض.

الحكومة

The Kiev City Council building at the Khreshchatyk street.
The ten Formal raions of Kiev.

التوزيع السكاني

تعداد السكان تاريخياً
الإحصاء التعداد %±
1939846,724N/A
1940930,000+9.8%
1943180,000-80.6%
19591,104,334+513.5%
19611,174,000+6.3%
19792,144,000+82.6%
19892,587,945+20.7%
20012,611,327+0.9%
20052,660,401+1.8%


كييڤ المعاصرة

تمتلك المدينة بنية تحتية جيدة حيث يوجد العديد من الفنادق من الدرجة الخامسة والرابعة والثالثة – الكثير من المطاعم والنوادي الليلية

Bird's-eye view of the Kiev center at night.
View of the October Palace from the Instytutska street.


المعالم المعمارية

المواصلات

المواصلات العامة

Dnipro station of the Kiev Metro

مناظر من كييڤ


أفق المدينة

انظر أيضاً: تصنيف:مباني ومنشآت في كييڤ
A panoramic view of Podil, one of Kyiv's central neighborhoods

Modern Kyiv is a mix of the old (Kyiv preserved about 70 percent of more than 1,000 buildings built during 1907–1914)[21] and the new, seen in everything from the architecture to the stores and to the people themselves. When the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kyiv many new buildings were commissioned to give the city "the gloss and polish of a capital".[21] In the discussions that centered on how to create a showcase city center, the current city center of Khreshchatyk and Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) were not the obvious choices.[21] Some of the early, ultimately not materialised, ideas included a part of Pechersk, Lypky, European Square, and Mykhailivska Square.[21]

The plans of building massive monuments (of Vladimir Lenin and Stalin) were also abandoned, due to lack of money (in the 1930s–1950s) and because of Kyiv's hilly landscape.[21] Experiencing rapid population growth between the 1970s and the mid-1990s, the city has continued its consistent growth after the turn of the millennium. As a result, Kyiv's central districts provide a dotted contrast of new, modern buildings among the pale yellows, blues, and greys of older apartments. Urban sprawl has gradually reduced, while population densities of suburbs has increased. The most expensive properties are in the Pechersk and Khreshchatyk areas. It is also prestigious to own a property in newly constructed buildings in the Kharkivskyi neighborhood or Obolon along the Dnieper.

Ukrainian independence at the turn of the millennium has heralded other changes. Western-style residential complexes, modern nightclubs, classy restaurants and prestigious hotels opened in the centre. And most importantly, with the easing of the visa rules in 2005,[22] Ukraine is positioning itself as a prime tourist attraction, with Kyiv, among the other large cities, looking to profit from new opportunities. The centre of Kyiv has been cleaned up and buildings have been restored and redecorated, especially Khreshchatyk and Maidan Nezalezhnosti. Many historic areas of Kyiv, such as Andriivskyi Descent, have become popular street vendor locations, where one can find traditional Ukrainian art, religious items, books, game sets (most commonly chess) as well as jewellery for sale.[23]

At the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009, Kyiv was the only Commonwealth of Independent States city to have been inscribed into the TOP30 European Green City Index (placed 30th).[24]

Kyiv's most famous historical architecture complexes are the St. Sophia Cathedral and the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (Monastery of the Caves), which are recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Noteworthy historical architectural landmarks also include the Mariinskyi Palace (designed and constructed from 1745 to 1752, then reconstructed in 1870), several Eastern Orthodox churches such as St. Michael's Cathedral, St. Andrew's, St. Volodymyr's, St. Cyril's, the reconstructed Golden Gate and others.

One of Kyiv's widely recognized modern landmarks is the highly visible giant Mother Ukraine statue made of titanium standing at the National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War on the Right bank of the Dnieper. Other notable sites is the cylindrical Salut hotel, across from Glory Square and the eternal flame at the World War Two memorial Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, and the House with Chimaeras.

Among Kyiv's best-known monuments are Mikhail Mikeshin's statue of Bohdan Khmelnytsky astride his horse near St. Sophia Cathedral, the venerated Vladimir the Great (St. Vladimir), the baptizer of Rus', overlooking the river above Podil from Saint Volodymyr Hill, the monument to Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv and Lybid, the legendary founders of the city at the Dnieper embankment. On Independence Square in the city centre, two monuments elevate two of the city protectors; the historic protector of Kyiv Michael Archangel atop a reconstruction of one of the old city's gates and a modern invention, the goddess-protector Berehynia atop a tall column.


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الثقافة

انظر أيضاً: تصنيف:الثقافة في كييڤ
The Kyiv National Opera House
The Kyiv Academic Puppet Theatre
A public concert held on Maidan Nezalezhnosti during Kyiv's 2005 Eurovision Song Contest

Kyiv was the historic cultural centre of the East Slavic civilization and a major cradle for the Christianization of Kievan Rus. Kyiv retained through centuries its cultural importance and even at times of relative decay, it remained the centre of primary importance of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Its sacred sites, which include the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (the Monastery of the Caves) and the Saint Sophia Cathedral are probably the most famous. Attracting pilgrims for centuries and now recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, they remain the primary religious centres as well as major tourist attractions. The above-mentioned sites are also part of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine collection.

In September 2023, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee placed the Saint Sophia Cathedral and Kyiv Pechersk Lavra on the List of World Heritage in Danger. According to the committee, although the Ukrainian government has taken action to protect the sites, "optimal conditions are no longer met to fully guarantee the protection of the Outstanding Universal Value of the property and that it is threatened by potential danger due to the war”. The list is protected by the 1972 UNESCO Convention, ratified by both Russia and Ukraine. Inclusion on the list is intended to mobilize urgent international support.[25][26][27]

Kyiv's theatres include the Kyiv Opera House, Ivan Franko National Academic Drama Theater, Lesya Ukrainka National Academic Theater, the Kyiv Puppet Theater, October Palace, National Philharmonic of Ukraine and others. In 1946 Kyiv had four theatres, one opera house and one concert hall,[28] but most tickets then were allocated to "privileged groups".[28]

Other significant cultural centres include the Dovzhenko Film Studios, and the Kyiv Circus. The most important of the city's many museums are the Kyiv State Historical Museum, National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War, the National Art Museum, the Museum of Western and Oriental Art, the Pinchuk Art Centre and the National Museum of Russian art.

In 2005, Kyiv hosted the 50th annual Eurovision Song Contest and in 2017 the 62nd annual Eurovision Song Contest.

Numerous songs and paintings were dedicated to the city. Some songs became part of Russian, Ukrainian and Jewish folklore. The most popular songs are "How not to love you, Kyiv of mine?" and "Kyiv Waltz". Renowned Ukrainian composer Oleksandr Bilash wrote an operetta called "Legend of Kyiv".

المعالم

انظر أيضاً: List of public art in Kyiv

It is said that one can walk from one end of Kyiv to the other in the summertime without leaving the shade of its many trees. Most characteristic are the horse-chestnuts (каштани, kashtany).

Kyiv is known as a green city with two botanical gardens and numerous large and small parks. The National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War is here, which offers both indoor and outdoor displays of military history and equipment surrounded by verdant hills overlooking the Dnieper river.

The monument to St. Volodymyr, the Baptiser of Rus', overlooking from Saint Vladimir Hill the scenic panorama of the left bank of Dnieper, is one of the symbols of Kyiv, often depicted in paintings and photographic works of the city.

Among the numerous islands, Venetsiiskyi (or Hydropark) is the most developed. It is accessible by metro or by car, and includes an amusement park, swimming beaches, boat rentals, and night clubs. Other major islands include Trukhaniv, Muromets, and Dolobetskyi. The Victory Park (Park Peremohy) near Darnytsia subway station is a popular destination for strollers, joggers, and cyclists. Boating, fishing, and water sports are popular pastimes in Kyiv. The area lakes and rivers freeze over in the winter and ice fishermen are a frequent sight, as are children with their ice skates. However, the peak of summer draws out a greater mass of people to the shores for swimming or sunbathing, with daytime high temperatures sometimes reaching 30 to 34 °C (86 to 93 °F).[بحاجة لمصدر]

Lilacs in the National Botanical Garden, with the Vydubychi Monastery, Darnytskyi Rail Bridge and left-bank Kyiv visible in the background

The centre of Kyiv (Maidan Nezalezhnosti and Khreschatyk Street) becomes a large outdoor party place at night during summer months, with thousands of people having a good time in nearby restaurants, clubs and outdoor cafes. The central streets are closed for auto traffic on weekends and holidays. Andriivskyi Descent is one of the best known historic streets and a major tourist attraction in Kyiv. The hill is the site of the Castle of Richard the Lionheart; the baroque-style St Andrew's Church; the home of Kyiv born writer, Mikhail Bulgakov; the monument to Yaroslav the Wise, the Grand Prince of Kyiv and of Novgorod; and numerous other monuments.[29][30]

A wide variety of farm produce is available in many of Kyiv's farmer markets with the Bessarabskyi Market in the very centre of the city being most famous. Each residential region has its own market, or rynok. Here one will find table after table of individuals hawking everything imaginable: vegetables, fresh and smoked meats, fish, cheese, honey, dairy products such as milk and home-made smetana (sour cream), caviar, cut flowers, housewares, tools and hardware, and clothing. Each of the markets has its own unique mix of products with some markets devoted solely to specific wares such as automobiles, car parts, pets, clothing, flowers, and other things.

At the city's southern outskirts, near the historic Pyrohiv village, there is an outdoor museum officially called the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of Ukraine. It has an area of 1.5 square kilometres (1 sq mi). This territory houses several "mini-villages" that represent by region the traditional rural architecture of Ukraine.

Kyiv also has numerous recreational attractions like bowling alleys, go-cart tracks, paintball venues, billiard halls and even shooting ranges. The 100-year-old Kyiv Zoo is on 40 hectares and according to CBC "the zoo has 2,600 animals from 328 species".[31]

A panoramic view of Mykhailiv Square (central Kyiv). From left to right: the Diplomatic Academy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (behind the monument to Princess Olga) and St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery.

المتاحف والمعارض

انظر أيضاً: المتاحف في كييڤ
The National Historical Museum of Ukraine

Kyiv is home to some 40 different museums.[32] In 2009 they recorded a total of 4.3 million visits.[32]

The National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War is a memorial complex commemorating the Eastern Front of World War II in the hills on the right-bank of the Dnieper in Pechersk. Kyiv fortress is the 19th-century fortification buildings situated in Ukrainian capital Kyiv, that once belonged to western Russian fortresses. These structures (once a united complex) were built in the Pechersk and neighbourhoods by the Russian army.

Some of the buildings are restored and turned into a museum called the Kyiv Fortress, while others are in use in various military and commercial installations. The National Art Museum of Ukraine is a museum dedicated to Ukrainian art. The Golden Gate is a historic gateway in the ancient city's walls. The name Zoloti Vorota (Golden Gate) is also used for a nearby theatre and a station of the Kyiv Metro. The small Ukrainian National Chernobyl Museum acts as both a memorial and historical center devoted to the events surrounding the 1986 Chernobyl disaster and its effect on the Ukrainian people, the environment, and subsequent attitudes toward the safety of nuclear power as a whole.

الرياضة

انظر أيضاً: Category:Sport in Kyiv
The annual 5.5-kilometre (3.4-mile) "Run under the Chestnuts" is a popular public sporting event in Kyiv, with hundreds taking part every year.

Kyiv has many professional and amateur football clubs, including Dynamo Kyiv, Arsenal Kyiv and FC Obolon Kyiv but only Dynamo Kyiv play in the Ukrainian Premier League. Of these three, Dynamo Kyiv has had the most success over the course of its history. For example, up until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the club won 13 USSR Championships, 9 USSR Cups, and 3 USSR Super Cups, thus making Dynamo the most successful club in the history of the Soviet Top League.[33]

Other prominent non-football sport clubs in the city include: the Sokil Kyiv ice hockey club and BC Budivelnyk basketball club. Both of these teams play in the highest Ukrainian leagues for their respective sports. Budivelnyk was founded in 1945, Sokil was founded in 1963, during the existence of the Soviet Union. Both these teams play their home games at the Kyiv Palace of Sports.

Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex

During the 1980 Summer Olympics held in the Soviet Union, Kyiv held the preliminary matches and the quarter-finals of the football tournament at its Olympic Stadium, which was reconstructed specially for the event. From 1 December 2008, the stadium underwent a full-scale reconstruction in order to satisfy standards put in place by UEFA for hosting the Euro 2012 football tournament; the opening ceremony took place in the presence of president Viktor Yanukovych on 8 October 2011,[34] with the first major event being a Shakira concert which was specially planned to coincide with the stadium's re-opening during Euro 2012. Other notable sport stadiums/sport complexes in Kyiv include the Valeriy Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium, the Palace of Sports, among many others.

Most Ukrainian national teams play their home international matches in Kyiv. The Ukraine national football team, for example, will play matches at the re-constructed Olympic Stadium from 2011.

السياحة

انظر أيضاً: Category:Tourist attractions in Kyiv

Since introducing a visa-free regime for EU-member states and Switzerland in 2005, Ukraine has seen a steady increase in the number of foreign tourists visiting the country.[35] Before the 2008–09 recession, the average annual growth in the number of foreign visits in Kyiv was 23% over a three-year period.[36] In 2009, a total of 1.6 million tourists stayed in Kyiv hotels, of whom almost 259,000 (ح. 16%) were foreigners.[36]

After UEFA Euro 2012, the city became the most popular destination for European tourists. A record number of 1.8 million foreign tourists was registered then along with about 2.5 million domestic tourists. More than 850,000 foreign tourists visited Kyiv in the first half of 2018, as compared to 660,000 tourists over the same period in 2013. As of 2018, the hotel occupancy rate from May to September averages 45–50%. Hostels and three-star hotels are approximately 90% full, four-star hotels 65–70%. Six five-star hotels average 50–55% occupancy. Ordinary tourists generally come from May to October, and business tourists from September to May.[37]

نشيد المدينة

In 2014, the Kyiv city's council established the city's anthem.[38] It became a 1962 song, "Yak tebe ne liubyty, Kyieve mii!"[38] (Як тебе не любити, Києве мій!, roughly "How can I not love you, Kyiv of mine!").

رموز المدينة

The horse chestnut tree is one of the symbols of Kyiv.[39] It was heavily present on the city's coat of arms used from 1969 to 1995.[39]

الاقتصاد

انظر أيضاً: تصنيف:اقتصاد كييڤ and اقتصاد أوكرانيا
Hotels in Kyiv around 1903
The TsUM department store

As with most capital cities, Kyiv is a major administrative, cultural, and scientific centre of the country. It is the largest city in Ukraine in terms of both population and area and enjoys the highest levels of business activity. On 1 January 2010, there were around 238,000 business entities registered in Kyiv.[40]

Official figures show that between 2004 and 2008 Kyiv's economy outstripped the rest of the country's, growing by an annual average of 11.5%.[41][42] Following the global financial crisis that began in 2007, Kyiv's economy suffered a severe setback in 2009 with gross regional product contracting by 13.5% in real terms.[41] Although a record high, the decline in activity was 1.6 percentage points smaller than that for the country as a whole.[42] The economy in Kyiv, as in the rest of Ukraine, recovered somewhat in 2010 and 2011. Kyiv is a middle-income city, with prices comparable to many mid-size American cities (i.e., considerably lower than Western Europe).

Because the city has a large and diverse economic base and is not dependent on any single industry or company, its unemployment rate has historically been relatively low – only 3.75% over 2005–2008.[43] Indeed, even as the rate of joblessness jumped to 7.1% in 2009, it remained far below the national average of 9.6%.[43][44]

As of January 2022, the average monthly salary in Kyiv reached 21,347 UAH (€540) gross and 17,184 UAH (€430) net.[45][46][47]

Kyiv is the undisputed center of business and commerce of Ukraine and home to the country's largest companies, such as Naftogaz Ukrainy, Energorynok and Kyivstar. In 2010, the city accounted for 18% of national retail sales and 24% of all construction activity.[48][49][50][51] Real estate is one of the major forces in Kyiv's economy. Average prices of apartments are the highest in the country and among the highest in eastern Europe.[52] Kyiv also ranks high in terms of commercial real estate and has Ukraine's tallest office buildings (such as Gulliver and Parus) and some of Ukraine's biggest shopping malls (such as Dream Town and Ocean Plaza).

In May 2011, Kyiv authorities presented a 15-year development strategy which calls for attracting as much as EUR82 billion of foreign investment by 2025 to modernize the city's transport and utilities infrastructure and make it more attractive for tourists.[53]

البيانات الاقتصادية التاريخية
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Nominal GRP (UAH bn)[41] 61.4 77.1 95.3 135.9 169.6 169.5 196.6 223.8 275.7
Nominal GRP (USD bn)**[41][54] 11.5 15.0 18.9 26.9 32.2 21.8 24.8 28.0 34.5
Nominal GRP per capita (USD)**[41][54] 4,348 5,616 6,972 9,860 11,693 7,841 8,875 10,007 12,192 13,687
Monthly wage (USD)**[54][55] 182 259 342 455 584 406 432 504 577
Unemployment rate (%)***[56] n/a 4.6 3.8 3.3 3.3 7.1 6.4 6.1 6.0 5.7
Retail sales (UAH bn)[48] n/a n/a n/a 34.87 46.50 42.79 50.09 62.80 73.00 77.14
Retail sales (USD bn)[48][54] n/a n/a n/a 6.90 8.83 5.49 6.31 7.88 9.14 9.65
Foreign direct investment (USD bn)[57] 2.1 3.0 4.8 7.0 11.7 16.8 19.2 21.8 24.9 27.3

* – data not available; ** – calculated at annual average official exchange rate; *** – ILO methodology (% of workforce).

الصناعة

Primary industries in Kyiv include utilities – i.e., electricity, gas and water supply (26% of total industrial output), manufacture of food, beverages and tobacco products (22%), chemical (17%), mechanical engineering (13%) and manufacture of paper and paper products, including publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media (11%).[58] The Institute of Oil Transportation is headquartered here.

التصنيع

The An-124, the largest aircraft ever mass-produced, designed by Antonov in Kyiv

التعليم

The National Taras Shevchenko University.

تطور اسم المدينة

A fragment of Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae map by Anthony Jenkinson (London 1562) published by Ortelius in 1570.
A fragment from a 1804 John Cary's "New map of Europe, from the latest authorities" published in "Cary's new universal atlas", London, 1808.

المصادر

Notes
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  2. ^ Preston, Rich [@RichPreston]. "And here's what the BBC Pronunciation Unit advises. We changed our pronunciation and spelling of Kiev to Kyiv in 2019" (Tweet) – via Twitter. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help) Missing or empty |date= (help)
  3. ^ قالب:Cite Merriam-Webster
  4. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18 ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6 
  5. ^ أ ب Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  6. ^ Trubachev, O. N., ed. (1987). "*kyjevъ/*kyjevo". Ėtimologicheskiĭ slovarʹ slavi͡anskikh I͡Azykov: Praslavi͡anskiĭ leksicheskiĭ fond (in الروسية). Vol. 13 (*kroměžirъ–*kyžiti). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 256–257.
  7. ^ Rudnyc'kyj, Jaroslav Bohdan (1962–1982). An etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language. 2., rev. ed. Winnipeg: Ukrainian free acad. of sciences, pp. 660–663.
  8. ^ أ ب "Kiev". Collins English Dictionary (in الإنجليزية). HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2020. The entry is the same as the print edition of Collins Dictionary of English (13th ed.). Glasgow, UK: HarperCollins. 2018. It includes the note "Ukrainian name: Kyiv". For American English, the website also includes the definition from Webster's New World College Dictionary (4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. In the 2018 fifth edition, WNWCD changed the main headword to Kyiv, with Kiev as a see-also entry with the label "Russ. name for Kyiv".
  9. ^ "Kiev". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary (in الإنجليزية). Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Merriam–Webster's online dictionary entry has the headword "Kiev" with the label "variants: or Ukrainian Kyiv or Kyyiv." According to M–W's help on entries Archived 11 أغسطس 2020 at the Wayback Machine, the key word or signals an equal variant spelling: "these the two spellings occur with equal or nearly equal frequency and can be considered equal variants. Both are standard, and either one may be used according to personal inclination."
  10. ^ Ukrainian Commission for Legal Terminology. "Kiev?, Kyiv?! Which is right?". UA Zone. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  11. ^ "Kiev". Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. The entry includes the usage note "Ukrainian name Kyiv", and the dictionary has a see-also entry for "Kyiv" cross-referencing this one. The entry text is republished from the print edition of the Oxford Dictionary of English (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2010.
  12. ^ "Kiev". Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online. Pearson English Language Teaching. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  13. ^ "Kyiv not Kiev: Why spelling matters in Ukraine's quest for an independent identity". The Atlantic Council. 21 October 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  14. ^ أ ب ت Kyiv Archived 24 نوفمبر 2016 at the Wayback Machine at Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia
  15. ^ Kiev Archived 24 نوفمبر 2016 at the Wayback Machine in the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia: "Населення періоду мідного віку на тер. К. було носієм т. з. трипільської культури; відомі й знахідки окремих предметів бронзового віку."
  16. ^ Eugeniusz Romer, O wschodniej granicy Polski z przed 1772 r., w: Księga Pamiątkowa ku czci Oswalda Balzera, t. II, Lwów 1925, s. [358].
  17. ^ Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners (p. 290) – "2.8 million young, healthy Soviet POWs" killed by the Germans, "mainly by starvation... in less than eight months" of 1941–42, before "the decimation of Soviet POWs... was stopped" and the Germans "began to use them as laborers".
  18. ^ "Babi Yar". Jewish Virtual Library. 2012. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  19. ^ Andy Dougan, Dynamo: Triumph and Tragedy in Nazi-Occupied Kiev (Globe Pequot, 2004: ISBN 1-59228-467-1), p. 83.
  20. ^ "Kiev and Babi Yar". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  21. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Forgotten Soviet Plans For Kyiv Archived 4 فبراير 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (28 July 2011)
  22. ^ Workpermit.com Archived 30 ديسمبر 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 30 July 2006.
  23. ^ Kiev.info Archived 27 يونيو 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 20 June 2006.
  24. ^ Kyiv found among greenest cities in Europe, Emirates News Agency (10 December 2009)
  25. ^ Goukassian, Elena (15 September 2023). "Unesco adds sites in Kyiv and Lviv to list of world heritage in danger". The Art Newspaper. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  26. ^ Anwer, Baraa (September 15, 2023). "UNESCO puts 2 locations in war-ravaged Ukraine on its list of historic sites in danger". Associated Press News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  27. ^ "World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  28. ^ أ ب The Ukraine Archived 3 يوليو 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Life, 28 October 1946
  29. ^ "Andreyevskiy Spusk". Hotels-Kiev.com. Optima Tours. Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2006.
  30. ^ "Andreevsky spusk". Kyiv Guide (in الروسية). Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2006.
  31. ^ "Kiev zoo a 'concentration camp for animals'". CBC news. Associated Press. 23 March 2011. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  32. ^ أ ب "Culture and Arts" (in الأوكرانية). Kyiv Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  33. ^ Trophies of Dynamo Archived 18 أكتوبر 2011 at the Wayback Machine – Official website of Dynamo Kyiv
  34. ^ "Kyiv opens host stadium for Euro 2012 final". Kyiv Post. 9 October 2011. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011.
  35. ^ "Туристичні потоки". Ukrstat.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
  36. ^ أ ب "Головне управління статистики м.Києва – Туристичні потоки". kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  37. ^ "Number of foreign tourists in Kyiv growing". www.unian.info. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  38. ^ أ ب The Kyiv council approved the Kyiv city anthem (Київрада затвердила гімн Києва) Archived 3 ديسمبر 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Ukrayinska Pravda. 13 November 2014
  39. ^ أ ب "Thujoy Khreshchatyk". Why Kyivans miss chestnuts and how they became a symbol of the capital Archived 5 يونيو 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Ukrayinska Pravda (29 May 2019) (in أوكرانية)
  40. ^ Vilenchuk, R. G.; Mashkova, L. O., eds. (2010). Kyiv Statistical Yearbook for 2009. Kyiv: Vydavnytstvo Konsultant LLC. p. 58. ISBN 978-966-8459-28-3.
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  42. ^ أ ب "Gross Domestic Product" (in الأوكرانية). State Statistics Committee. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
  43. ^ أ ب "Labour Market" (in الأوكرانية). Kyiv Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
  44. ^ "Labour Market" (in الأوكرانية). Kyiv Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
  45. ^ "Калькулятор зарплаты". uteka.ua. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  46. ^ "Средняя зарплата в Украине [2019] ᐈ Средняя зарплата в Киеве и регионах". index.minfin.com.ua. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022.
  47. ^ "Convert 21,347 Ukrainian Hryvnia to Euro – UAH to EUR Exchange Rates | Xe". Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  48. ^ أ ب ت "Retail Sales" (in الأوكرانية). Kyiv Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  49. ^ "Retail Sales" (in الأوكرانية). State Statistics Committee. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  50. ^ "Construction Works" (in الأوكرانية). Kyiv Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  51. ^ "Construction Works" (in الأوكرانية). State Statistics Committee. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
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  53. ^ Santarovich, Andrey (27 May 2011). "Kyiv Development Strategy Calls for EUR82 billion in foreign investment" (in الروسية). Business Information Network. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  54. ^ أ ب ت ث "Statistical Bulletin (May 2012)" (PDF) (in الأوكرانية). National Bank of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
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  58. ^ "Industrial Production by Economic Activity" (in الأوكرانية). Kyiv Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.

وصلات خارجية

يمكنك أن تجد معلومات أكثر عن Kiev عن طريق البحث في مشاريع المعرفة:

Wiktionary-logo-en.png تعريفات قاموسية في ويكاموس
Wikibooks-logo1.svg كتب من معرفة الكتب
Wikiquote-logo.svg اقتباسات من معرفة الاقتباس
Wikisource-logo.svg نصوص مصدرية من معرفة المصادر
Commons-logo.svg صور و ملفات صوتية من كومونز
Wikinews-logo.png أخبار من معرفة الأخبار.

عام

Kiev or Kyiv? وثائق رسمية:

Non-official documents:

سبقه
اسطنبول 2004 		Eurovision Song Contest Hosts Kyiv
2005 		تبعه
هلسنكي 2007


خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "lower-alpha"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="lower-alpha"/>

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