ڤيسبي

Coordinates: 57°38′05″N 18°17′57″E / 57.63472°N 18.29917°E / 57.63472; 18.29917
(تم التحويل من Visby)
هذا المقال هو عن المدينة. إذا كنت تريد السفينة، انظر ڤيسبي، طراز حراقات.
Visby
Böi or Böin (Gutnish)
Locality
Clockwise from top: the Visby Cathedral; ruins of the Saint Nicolai Church; Almedalen
درع Visby
Coat of arms
الكنية: 
مدينة الورود
Visby is located in Gotland
Visby
Visby
Visby is located in السويد
Visby
Visby
الإحداثيات: 57°38′05″N 18°17′57″E / 57.63472°N 18.29917°E / 57.63472; 18.29917
البلدالسويد
المقاطعةگوتلاند
Countyمقاطعة گوتلاند
البلديةبلدية گوتلاند
Charter1645
المساحة
[1]
 • Locality12٫44 كم² (4٫80 ميل²)
التعداد
 (31 ديسمبر 2012)[2]
 • Locality23٬576
 • الكثافة1٬816/km2 (4٬700/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
57٬241
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
621 xx
مفتاح الهاتف(+46) 498
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.visby.se
موقع تراث عالمي لليونسكو
Official nameHanseatic Town of Visby
السماتCultural: iv, v
مراجع731
التدوين1995 (19 Session)

ڤيسبي Visby ‏[ˈviːsbʏ] هي تجمع حضري ومقر بلدية گوتلاند في مقاطعة گوتلاند، السويد بتعداد 23,576 نسمة، في 2012.[2] ڤيسبي هي أيضاً مقر القاصد الرسولي لـ أبرشية ڤيسبي. وهي التجمع الوحيد ذو وضع مدينة تاريخياً على جزيرة گوتلاند. المدينة الهانزية ڤيسبي يمكن المجادلة بأنها أفضل مدينة من العصور الوسطى محتفظة بشكلها الأصلي في اسكندناڤيا ومنذ 1995، فإنها حسب اليونسكو موقع تراث عالمي.[3] وبين أهم الآثار التاريخية فيها بطول 3.4 كيلومتر نجد سور المدينة الذي يحيط بوسط البلدة وعدد من أطلال الكنائس.

وتعد ڤيسبي مقصد عطلات شهير لسكان اسكندناڤيا في الصيف وتستقبل آلاف السياح سنوياً. It is by far the most populated locality outside the Swedish mainland. Visby is also the only municipality seat of Sweden that is accessible only by boat and air traffic. The University of Gotland is in Visby, and since 1 July 2013, it is a department of Uppsala University under the name Uppsala university–Campus Gotland.

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أصل الاسم

The name "Visby" comes from the Old Norse Vis, (genitive singular of Vi) meaning "(pagan) place of sacrifices", and by, meaning "village". In the Gutasagan (mid 14th century) the place is referred to as just Wi meaning "holy place, place of worship".[4]

Visby is sometimes called "The City of Roses" or "The City of Ruins".[5][6][7]


التاريخ

الانتماءات التاريخية
 الدنمارك-النرويج 1361–?

 اتحاد كالمار 1397–?
 السويد 1645–?
الإمبراطورية الروسية Russian Empire 1808[أ]
 السويد 1808–1814
السويد Sweden–Norway 1814–1905

 السويد 1905–الحاضر

The earliest history of Visby is uncertain, but it is known to have been a centre of merchandise around 900 AD. It was inhabited as early as the Stone Age, probably because of the access to fresh water and a natural harbour.[8] The oldest finds at the site of present-day Visby are what have been interpreted as "beach huts", with the radiocarbon dating method to the 7th–9th centuries AD.[9]

In the 12th century, Visby Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Mary, was constructed. It was reshaped in the 13th century to its current appearance, and was officially opened in 1225,[10] by the bishop of the Swedish city of Linköping (in regional map). Several other churches were also constructed in the ensuing centuries. The city flourished, thanks to the German Hanseatic League.[11]

Valdemar Atterdag holding Visby to ransom, 1361, by Carl Gustaf Hellqvist (1851–1890).

The work on the ring wall was likely begun in the 12th century. Around 1300, it was rebuilt to reach its current height, acquiring the characteristic towers, although some towers were not constructed until the 15th century. The ringwall is still largely intact.[12]

In the first half of the 14th century (1300–1350), Visby was at the height of its wealth and influence, and it was during this time that Laws of Wisbuy, a set of maritime laws that had broad influence in the Baltic and beyond, were probably promulgated.[13]

In 1361, Gotland was conquered by Valdemar IV of Denmark. 1,800 Gotlanders were killed in battle in front of the city. Valdemar tore down part of the wall, set up three huge beer barrels and threatened to turn his men loose to pillage the town unless they were filled with silver and gold. The Visby city fathers fulfilled the demand, with churches stripped of their valuables. Valdemar added "King of Gotland" to his title list.[14] His treatment of Visby, a member of the Hanseatic League, precipitated that League into war with Denmark; however, though Valdemar was forced into various concessions, he retained Visby as a Danish city.[15]

In 1391, 1394 and 1398, it was taken and plundered by the Victual Brothers, pirates who sailed the Baltic Sea. An invading army of Teutonic Knights conquered Gotland in 1398, destroyed Visby and expelled the Victual Brothers.[15] In 1409, Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen of the Teutonic Knights guaranteed peace with the Kalmar Union of Scandinavia by selling the island of Gotland to Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.[15]

In 1411, the Norwegian, Danish and Swedish King Eric of Pomerania had the castle of Visborg constructed, and settled himself there for 12 years, during which the city virtually became a pirates' nest, and the commerce halted. As of 1470, the Hanseatic League rescinded Visby's status as a Hanseatic town.[15]

In 1525, the final blow came. In the Danish throne quarrel, Lübeck, a Free City of the Holy Roman Empire and a leading member of the Hanseatic League, supported Frederick I, while Søren Norby the Danish governor of Gotland fought for Christian II, even after Christian's official resignation in 1523. While Norby fought a military action in Sweden, the Lübeckers successfully attacked Visby and set the city on fire from four sites. But unlike widespread belief, several churches survived at first. The churches of St. James (which already had been closed before), St. Nicholas and St. Gertrude were sacked by Lübeck's army. With the reformation, all churches except St. John, which became the city parish, were closed. In 1528, the citizens of Visby sacked the church of the Holy Trinity, or the church of Our Lord (سويدية: Drottens kyrka) in revenge for the plundering of their town. In 1533–34, the new Danish governor, Henrik Nielsen Rosenkrantz (da), demolished St. John's and St. Peter's churches to improve the defence of his castle Visborgs slott. St. Mary's Cathedral remained the last functional church and became the new city parish.[15][16][17]

Gotland was again taken into Sweden's possession in 1645, by the Treaty of Brömsebro, after 300 years of Danish rule.[15] The city developed slowly as things were left as they were.[18] In the mid 18th century, after a plague had reduced Visby's population, some attempts were made by Swedish government officials to improve living standards, but little was accomplished. Not until the early 19th century did Visby once again attract commerce and a harbour industry. At the same time – 1808 – Gotland was conquered by Russia, but was peacefully taken back by the Swedes after only a couple of months.[15]

الجغرافيا

General view towards the cathedral from Övre Finngränd on Klinten

Visby is the name of the locality, or town, as well as the name of the larger area surrounding it, Visby socken. In 1936, the socken was incorporated within the newly formed Visby stad (Visby city), the only locality with historical city status on Gotland. Visby socken comprises the same area as the administrative Visby District, established on 1 January 2016.[19][20] اعتبارا من 2019, Visby Cathedral, Visborg Church and Terra Nova Church in Visby belong to Visby Cathedral parish (Visby Domkyrkoförsamling).[21][22] Visby is also the only municipality seat of Sweden that is accessible from the mainland only by boat and air traffic.

Visby is situated on the central west coast of Gotland, on the rather steep slopes of limestone cliffs surrounding the first natural harbor. The town has evolved around the medieval harbor that now constitutes the Almedalen park. Long streets run parallel with the old shoreline with shorter alleys at a straight angle from these, lead from the harbor and up the slope up to the eastern higher part of town known as Klinten.[23]

The old, original part of Visby is more or less enclosed by the city wall to the north, east and south, with the old harbor and the Baltic Sea in the west. The more modern parts of the town expand mostly east and inland from the wall. Along the shore south of the wall is the modern harbor with its ferry terminals and further south is a green recreational area called Södra Hällarna. Just inside the north part of the wall as well as along the north coast outside the wall, are several beaches: Kallbadhuset, Norderstrand, Snäckgärdsbaden (or simply Snäck) and Gustavsvik.[24]

Visby and Tallinn are the only two North-European towns in which the city's medieval grid plan has been fully preserved into present day.[بحاجة لمصدر]

One of the asteroids in the asteroid belt, 6102 Visby, is named after this place.[25]

المناخ

According to the Köppen climate classification, Visby has an oceanic climate. This renders cooler summers and milder winters than most of mainland Sweden. The precipation is very dry for an oceanic climate, but is relatively consistent throughout the year.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Climate data for ڤيسبي، 1961–1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		12.2
(54.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		25.2
(77.4) 		27.7
(81.9) 		31.4
(88.5) 		33.7
(92.7) 		31.8
(89.2) 		29.0
(84.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		13.5
(56.3) 		11.4
(52.5) 		33.7
(92.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0) 		0.7
(33.3) 		3.3
(37.9) 		7.6
(45.7) 		13.9
(57.0) 		18.2
(64.8) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.4
(66.9) 		15.3
(59.5) 		10.8
(51.4) 		6.0
(42.8) 		2.9
(37.2) 		9.9
(49.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.5
(31.1) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		0.7
(33.3) 		4.1
(39.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		14.0
(57.2) 		16.4
(61.5) 		16.0
(60.8) 		12.4
(54.3) 		8.5
(47.3) 		4.3
(39.7) 		1.2
(34.2) 		7.1
(44.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.4
(27.7) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		1.4
(34.5) 		5.9
(42.6) 		10.7
(51.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		6.4
(43.5) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		4.6
(40.4)
Record low °C (°F) −25.0
(−13.0) 		−25.4
(−13.7) 		−23.5
(−10.3) 		−12.7
(9.1) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		2.9
(37.2) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−22.2
(−8.0) 		−25.4
(−13.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 53
(2.1) 		29
(1.1) 		35
(1.4) 		29
(1.1) 		29
(1.1) 		30
(1.2) 		50
(2.0) 		49
(1.9) 		58
(2.3) 		48
(1.9) 		58
(2.3) 		54
(2.1) 		522
(20.5)
Source: Hong Kong Observatory.[26]


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معرض الصور

التاريخ

  • Reconstruction of Visby harbour during the Middle Ages

    Reconstruction of Visby harbour during the Middle Ages

  • Visby as seen on an engraving from c. 1580

    Visby as seen on an engraving from c. 1580

  • Visby circa 1700, in Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna

    Visby circa 1700, in Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna

مشاهد عامة

  • Visby Cathedral, view from the east

    Visby Cathedral, view from the east

  • Visby Cathedral, view from the south

    Visby Cathedral, view from the south

  • City wall of Visby

    City wall of Visby

  • Gunpowder Tower

    Gunpowder Tower

  • Ruin of St. Nicholas' Church, one of several medieval church ruins in Visby

    Ruin of St. Nicholas' Church, one of several medieval church ruins in Visby

  • Ruin of St. Catherine's Church

    Ruin of St. Catherine's Church

  • Ruin of St. Drotten's Church

    Ruin of St. Drotten's Church

مناظر عامة

  • The old pharmacy, Strandgatan.

    The old pharmacy, Strandgatan.

  • The Liljehornska house, Strandgatan.

    The Liljehornska house, Strandgatan.

  • The Hultgrenska house, S:t Hansgatan.

    The Hultgrenska house, S:t Hansgatan.

  • The Häggska house, S:t Drottensgatan.

    The Häggska house, S:t Drottensgatan.

  • The Wallers square.

    The Wallers square.

  • Norra Murgatan.

    Norra Murgatan.

  • The Main Square and Södra Kyrkogatan.

    The Main Square and Södra Kyrkogatan.

  • General view towards the Cathedral from Övre Finngränd.

    General view towards the Cathedral from Övre Finngränd.

ميناء ڤيسبي

پانوراما ميناء ڤيسبي، أبريل 2008

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ "Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  2. ^ أ ب "Gotland i siffror, pdf". www.gotland.se. Region Gotland. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  3. ^ "21 World Heritage Sites you have probably never heard of". Daily Telegraph.
  4. ^ Nationalencyklopedin, article "Visby"
  5. ^ "Visby innerstad". www.gotland.net. Visit Gotland. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  6. ^ "Smeknamn och öknamn på svenska städer". www.cercurius.se. Cercurius AB. Archived from the original on 14 May 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  7. ^ Blom, Ewdward (2 July 2013). "Rosornas stads mest urvattnade tradition". Expressen (in السويدية). Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  8. ^ Westholm, Gun (2000). "Visby och Gotland – Medeltida byggnadsutveckling". Gotländskt Arkiv. Visby: Gotlands fornsal. 2000 (72): 85.
  9. ^ Westholm, Gun (2000). "Visby och Gotland - medeltida byggnadsutveckling". Gotländskt arkiv: 2000 (72), s. 85–104 : ill.
  10. ^ Björkander 1898, p. 88.
  11. ^ Yrwing, Hugo (1986). Visby – hansestad på Gotland (in السويدية). Stockholm: Gidlund. ISBN 91-7844-055-6. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  12. ^ Andrén, Anders (2011). Det medeltida Gotland: en arkeologisk guidebok. Lund: Historiska media. ISBN 978-91-85873-83-8. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  13. ^ Stone, Arthur J. (October 1842). "Canada's Admiralty Court in the Twentieth Century" (PDF). McGill Law Journal. 47: 511–558. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  14. ^ Westholm, Gun (2007). Visby 1361: Invasionen (in السويدية). Stockholm: Prisma. ISBN 978-91-518-4568-5. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  15. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Martinsson, Örjan. "Gotland". www.tacitus.nu. TACITUS.NU. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  16. ^ "Slottsguiden, S:ta Karin, Sverige".
  17. ^ "Slottsguiden, S:t Per och S:t Hans, Sverige".
  18. ^ Englund, Peter (2003). Ofredsår (in السويدية). Stockholm: Atlantis. pp. 368 and 394. ISBN 91-7486-349-5.
  19. ^ "Förordning om district" [Regulation of districts] (PDF). Ministry of Finance. 17 June 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-12-31. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  20. ^ The exact extent of the old socken, now district, can be obtained by clicking on Kartinställningar and check the Socken box in the menu of this map from the Swedish National Heritage Board database.
  21. ^ "Församlingar på Gotland". www.svenskakyrkan.se. Church of Sweden. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  22. ^ "Visby stifts indelning 2018". www.svenskakyrkan.se. Church of Sweden. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  23. ^ "Visby". www.ne.se. Nationalencyklopedin. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  24. ^ "Välkomna till Visby!" [Welcome to Visby!]. www.gotland.net. Gotlands Media AB. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  25. ^ "6102 Visby (1993 FQ25)". NASA. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  26. ^ Climatological Information for Visby, Sweden, Hong Kong Observatory accessed 1 May 2012.

وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع ڤيسبي.
معرفة المصادر بها نص من the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica مقالة ڤيسبي.

قالب:Gotland County

قالب:World Heritage Sites in Sweden
خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "lower-alpha"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="lower-alpha"/>

الكلمات الدالة:
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