براون‌شڤايگ

Coordinates: 52°16′N 10°31′E / 52.267°N 10.517°E / 52.267; 10.517
هذا المقال هو عن المدينة الألمانية. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر براون‌شڤايگ (توضيح).
Brunswick
Braunschweig
City
20180102 Braunschweig Burgplatz Panorama DSC07785 mid equiRect PtrQs.jpg
Braunschweig Alte Waage.jpg
Happy Rizzi House Mai 2014.jpg
Braunsweig, Marienbrunnen Dm op de Altstadtmarkt IMG 5435 2018-07-08 09.59.jpg
Braunschweig Rathaus Westseite (2012).JPG
20171029 SchlossFassade RL breit DSC00157 PtrQs.jpg
Clockwise from top: Castle Square with Brunswick Cathedral, Dankwarderode Castle and the Brunswick Lion, Happy Rizzi House, Town Hall, Brunswick Palace, Old Town market with the Church of Saint Martin and the Alte Waage with the Church of Saint Andrew
علم Brunswick
Flag
درع Brunswick
Coat of arms
موقع Brunswick within Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony BS.svg
Brunswick is located in ألمانيا
Brunswick
Brunswick
Brunswick is located in Lower Saxony
Brunswick
Brunswick
الإحداثيات: 52°16′N 10°31′E / 52.267°N 10.517°E / 52.267; 10.517
البلدألمانيا
الولايةساكسونيا السفلى
DistrictUrban district
تأسس9th century
التقسيمات19 boroughs
الحكومة
 • Lord mayorThorsten Kornblum[1] (SPD)
المساحة
 • City192٫13 كم² (74٫18 ميل²)
المنسوب
75 m (246 ft)
التعداد
 • العمرانية
1٬150٬000[2]
منطقة التوقيتCET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes
38100–38126
Dialling codes0531, 05307, 05309, 05300
لوحة السيارةBS
الموقع الإلكترونيBraunschweig.de

براون‌شڤايك (بالألمانية: Braunschweig؛ النطق الألماني: [ˈbʁaʊ̯nʃvaɪ̯k]; Low German: Brunswiek [ˈbrɔˑnsviːk]; إنگليزية: Brunswick[3]), is a city of 250,556 people,[4]) هي ثاني أكبر مدينة في ولاية ساكسونيا السفلى في ألمانيا, عدد سكانها حوالي 240.000 نسمة.

من أشهر معالمها جامعة براون‌شڤايگ التقنية والتي تعتبر من أقدم الجامعات التقنية في أوروبا. موقعها 52° 16'خط عرض و 10° 31' خط طول.

كنيسة القديس مارتيني

تمتاز بموقعها الاستراتيجي في وسط شمال ألمانيا, ووقوعها بين مدن مهمة مثل برلين وهامبورگ وهانوڤر وگوتنگن.

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التاريخ

Dankwarderode Castle


Foundation and early history

The date and circumstances of the town's foundation are unknown. Tradition maintains that Brunswick was created through the merger of two settlements, one founded by Brun(o), a Saxon count who died in 880, on one side of the River Oker – the legend gives the year 861 for the foundation – and the other the settlement of a legendary Count Dankward, after whom Dankwarderode Castle (the "Castle of Dankward's clearing"), which was reconstructed in the 19th century, is named.[5][6]

The town's original name of Brunswik may be a combination of the name Bruno and Low German wik (related to the Latin vicus), a place where merchants rested and stored their goods. The town's name, therefore, may indicate a resting place, consistent with its location by a ford across the Oker River. An alternative explanation of the city's name is that it comes from Brand, or burning, indicating a place which developed after the landscape was cleared through burning.[7] The city was first mentioned in documents from the St. Magni Church from 1031, which give the city's name as Brunesguik.[6]

العصور الوسطى ومطلع العصر الحديث

Braunschweig in the 16th century, from the Civitates orbis terrarum by Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg.
Brunswick Cathedral, St. Blasius, with lion statue

Up to the 12th century, Brunswick was ruled by the Saxon noble family of the Brunonids; then, through marriage, the town fell to the House of Welf. In 1142, Henry the Lion of the House of Welf became duke of Saxony and made Braunschweig the capital of his state (which, from 1156 on, also included the Duchy of Bavaria). He turned Dankwarderode Castle, the residence of the counts of Brunswick, into his own Pfalz and developed the city further to represent his authority. Under Henry's rule, the Cathedral of St. Blasius was built and he also had the statue of a lion, his heraldic animal, erected in front of the castle. The lion subsequently became the city's landmark.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Henry the Lion became so powerful that he dared to refuse military aid to the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, which led to his banishment in 1182. Henry went into exile in England. He had previously established ties to the English crown in 1168, through his marriage to King Henry II of England's daughter Matilda, sister of Richard the Lionheart.[8] However, Henry's son Otto, who regained influence and was eventually crowned Holy Roman Emperor, continued to foster the city's development.[بحاجة لمصدر]

During the Middle Ages, Brunswick was an important center of trade, one of the economic and political centers in Northern Europe and a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th century to the middle of the 17th century.[9] By the year 1600, Brunswick was the seventh largest city in Germany.[10] Although formally one of the residences of the rulers of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire, Brunswick was de facto ruled independently by a powerful class of patricians and the guilds throughout much of the Late Middle Ages and the Early modern period. Because of the growing power of Brunswick's burghers, the Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who ruled over one of the subdivisions of Brunswick-Lüneburg, finally moved their Residenz out of the city and to the nearby town of Wolfenbüttel in 1432.[11] The Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel did not regain control over the city until the late 17th century, when Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, took the city by siege.[12]

In the 18th century Brunswick was not only a political, but also a cultural centre. Influenced by the philosophy of the Enlightenment, dukes like Anthony Ulrich and Charles I became patrons of the arts and sciences. In 1745, Charles I founded the Collegium Carolinum, predecessor of the Brunswick University of Technology, and in 1753 he moved the ducal residence back to Brunswick. With this he attracted poets and thinkers such as Lessing, Leisewitz, and Jakob Mauvillon to his court and the city.[13] Emilia Galotti by Lessing and Goethe's Faust were performed for the first time in Brunswick.[14]

19th century

Landschaftliches Haus, Landtag building of the Duchy and the Free State of Brunswick

In 1806, the city was captured by the French during the Napoleonic Wars and became part of the short-lived Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807. The exiled Duke Frederick William raised a volunteer corps, the Black Brunswickers, who fought the French in several battles.[15]

After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Brunswick was made capital of the re-established independent Duchy of Brunswick, later a constituent state of the German Empire from 1871. In the aftermath of the July Revolution in 1830, in Brunswick duke Charles II was forced to abdicate. His absolutist governing style had previously alienated the nobility and bourgeoisie, while the lower classes were disaffected by the bad economic situation. During the night of 7–8 September 1830, the ducal palace in Brunswick was stormed by an angry mob, set on fire, and destroyed completely.[16] Charles was succeeded by his brother William VIII. During William's reign, liberal reforms were made and Brunswick's parliament was strengthened.[17]

During the 19th century, industrialisation caused a rapid growth of population in the city, eventually causing Brunswick to be for the first time significantly enlarged beyond its medieval fortifications and the River Oker.[18] On 1 December 1838, the first section of the Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway line connecting Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel opened as the first railway line in Northern Germany, operated by the Duchy of Brunswick State Railway.[19][20]

Early to mid-20th century

Braunschweig around 1900
Braunschweig in the early hours of 15 October 1944

On 8 November 1918, at the end of World War I, a socialist workers' council forced Duke Ernest Augustus to abdicate.[21][22] On 10 November, the council proclaimed the Socialist Republic of Brunswick under one-party government by the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD); however, the subsequent Landtag election on 22 December 1918 was won by the Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD), and the USPD and MSPD formed a coalition government.[23] An uprising in Braunschweig in 1919, led by the communist Spartacus League, was defeated when Freikorps troops under Georg Ludwig Rudolf Maercker took over the city on order of the German Minister of Defence, Gustav Noske.[24][25] An MSPD-led government was subsequently established; in December 1921, a new constitution was approved for the Free State of Brunswick, now a parliamentary republic within the Weimar Republic, again with Braunschweig as its capital.[26]

After the Landtag election of 1930, Brunswick became the second state in Germany where the Nazis participated in government, when the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) formed a coalition government with several conservative and right-wing parties.[27] With the support of Dietrich Klagges, Brunswick's minister of the interior, the NSDAP organized a large SA rally in Braunschweig. On 17–18 October 1931, 100,000 SA stormtroopers marched through the city; street fights between Nazis, socialists, and communists left several dead or injured.[28] On 25 February 1932, the state of Brunswick granted Adolf Hitler German citizenship to allow him to run in the 1932 German presidential election.[29] In Braunschweig, Nazis carried out several attacks on political enemies, with the acquiescence of the state government.[30]

After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, several state institutions were placed in Braunschweig, including the Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt in Völkenrode, the Hitler Youth Academy for Youth Leadership,[31] and the SS-Junkerschule Braunschweig.[32] With the Reichswerke Hermann Göring in Salzgitter and the Stadt des KdF-Wagens, as well as several factories in the city itself (including Büssing and the Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig), the Braunschweig region became one of the centres of the German arms industry.[33]

During the Second World War, Braunschweig was a sub-area headquarters of Wehrkreis XI (one of Germany's military districts),[34] and was the garrison city of the 31st Infantry Division that took part in the invasions of Poland, Belgium, and France, largely being destroyed during its retreat following the invasion of Russia.[بحاجة لمصدر] In this period, thousands of Eastern workers were brought to the city as forced labor,[35] and in the 1943–1945 period at least 360 children taken away from such workers died in the Entbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen ("Maternity Ward for Eastern Workers").[36]

In 1944, two subcamps of the Neuengamme concentration camp were established in Braunschweig. The subcamp Schillstraße or Büssing-NAG/Schillstraße, located where the BraWo Park's parking lot is today, held about 800 male prisoners, who were forced to work in the arms production at Büssing-NAG. After about 300 had died due to disease, hunger, and maltreatment over the course of just a few months, a further 200 were transferred to the infirmary of a nearby subcamp in early January 1945 in order to reduce the number of deaths. However, this was only effective to some degree, as another 80 bodies landed in the city's crematory until the subcamp's closing in March 1945, when Büssing-NAG had to halt production due to severe bombing damages.[37][38][39] Today the Gedenkstätte Schillstraße, located very close to the former premises of the subcamp, documents Braunschweig's history during the Third Reich.[39][40] Büssing-NAG also had another subcamp in the nearby Vechelde, which held a further 400 male prisoners.[41][42]

The subcamp SS-Reitschule, named so as it was located on the former premises of the SS-Junker School's riding school, held approximately 800 prisoners, all female, who were tasked with clearing away rubble. This subcamp was commissioned by the city of Braunschweig. Although it was only open for two months - from December 1944 until February 1945, there were at least 17 deaths and a transfer of about 50 prisoners to a nearby subcamp's infirmary. The number of survivors is unknown.[43][44]

Piera Sonnino (1922–1999), an Italian author, writes of her imprisonment in Braunschweig in her book, This Has Happened, published in English in 2006 by MacMillan Palgrave.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The Allied air raid on October 15, 1944, destroyed most of the city's churches, and the Altstadt (old town), the largest homogeneous ensemble of half-timbered houses in Germany.[45] 100 out of 800 half-timbered houses survived as well as the most important places and streets, preserved in 5 areas of the old town.[46][47]

The city's cathedral, which had been converted to a Nationale Weihestätte (national shrine) by the Nazi government, still stood.[48]


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Postwar period to the 21st century

About 10% of the inner city survived Allied bombing and remain to represent its distinctive architecture.[49] The cathedral was restored to its function as a Protestant church.[50] Outside the old town city centre large historic quarters remain like Östliches Ringgebiet with its Gründerzeit architecture.

Politically, after the war, the Free State of Brunswick was dissolved by the Allied occupying authorities, Braunschweig ceased to be a capital, and most of its lands were incorporated in the newly formed state of Lower Saxony.[51]

During the Cold War, Braunschweig, then part of West Germany, suffered economically due to its proximity to the Iron Curtain. The city lost its historically strong economic ties to what was then East Germany; for decades, economic growth remained, on average, below the rest of the country while unemployment was above-average for West Germany.[52]

On 28 February 1974, as part of a district reform in Lower Saxony, the rural district of Braunschweig, which had surrounded the city, was disestablished. The major part of the former district was incorporated into the city of Braunschweig, increasing its population by roughly 52,000 people.[53]

In the 1990s, efforts increased to reconstruct historic buildings that had been destroyed in the air raid.[بحاجة لمصدر] The façade of the Braunschweiger Schloss was rebuilt, and buildings such as the Alte Waage (originally built in 1534) now stand again.[54][55]

الديمغرافيا

Historical population
YearPop.±%
133016٬000—    
175822٬500+40.6%
178826٬000+15.6%
181127٬600+6.2%
183035٬300+27.9%
184939٬000+10.5%
188075٬000+92.3%
1890100٬000+33.3%
1900128٬200+28.2%
1925146٬900+14.6%
1939196٬068+33.5%
1951231٬091+17.9%
1956240٬431+4.0%
1961246٬085+2.4%
1966234٬665−4.6%
1971222٬805−5.1%
1976268٬519+20.5%
1981260٬342−3.0%
1986247٬836−4.8%
1990258٬833+4.4%
2001245٬516−5.1%
2011242٬537−1.2%
2021252٬816+4.2%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

Braunschweig has a population of 250,000 and is the 2nd largest city in Lower Saxony. Braunschweig is considered as one of the oldest cities in Germany, founded in 1031 by Henry the Lion. Braunschweig first reached its peak of over 100,000 in 1890. In the 1960s and 1970s industrialization boomed in Braunschweig due to automobile and other companies coming to Braunschweig and surrounding cities like Wolfsburg and Salzgitter. Braunschweig's population reached its highest peak of population in 1975 with population of about 273,000. Braunschweig's population started to decline in the 1980s. In the 1990s - after the German reunification - it began to grow again as many East Germans moved there due to its close close proximity to former East Germany. Currently, Braunschweig has a strong focus on research and development. According to 2019 data, it has the highest R&D intensity (ratio of R&D expenditure to GDP) in the entire EU and over 4% of all employed people are R&D personnel.[56]

Religion

In 2015, 91,785 people (or 36.3% of the population) were Protestant and 34,604 (13.7%) people were Roman Catholic; 126,379 people (50.0%) either adhered to other denominations or followed no religion.[57]

Islam

Roughly 17,000 Muslims (6.2% of the population) live in Braunschweig. Mosques like DMK Moschee, Fatih Moschee Braunschweig and cultural clubs are present throughout the city but mosque buildings with minerates have not been built in Braunschweig but can be seen in its urban area for example the Grüne Moschee in Wolfenbüttel, Fatih Moschee Salzgitter and the Albanischer-Kulturverein in Gifhorn.

Salzgitter Fatih Moschee

Immigration

A total of 84,994 of Braunschweig's residents, including citizens with second passport, had a migration background in 2023 (31.2% of the total population). Weststadt has the highest migration percentage being 63%. Majority of the ethnic groups come from Asia, Africa and Eastern European nations.[57] Among those, 39,785 were non-German citizens (15%);[57] the following table lists up the largest minority groups, including citizens with a migration background from a specific nation or region:

Rank Nationality Population (2024-03-31)
 پولندا 13,303
 تركيا 10,665
 روسيا 8,278
 ڤيتنام 6,092
 سوريا 5,770
 أوكرانيا 4,235
 إيطاليا 3,630
 قزخستان 3,462
 الصين 3,100
 الهند 3,087
 الكاميرون 2,233
 تونس 2,136
 كرواتيا 2,073
 الپرتغال 2,028
 رومانيا 1,502
 إيران 1,382
 اليونان 1,307
 إسپانيا 1,278
 كوسوڤو 1,226
 الجزائر 1,207
 غانا 1,100
 أفغانستان 1,003
 نيجريا 871
 البرازيل 786
 تايلند 776
 اليابان 723

[58] [59]

The estimated migration population in 2025 is 95,961 (35% of 274,233).


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Urban area

The urban agglomeration area of Braunschweig is approximately 400,000 in 2024, making it one of the largest regiopolis after Mannheim and Bonn in Germany and the largest one in Lower Saxony. This area includes Wolfenbüttel, Meine, Salzgitter-Thiede, Salzgitter-Lebenstedt, Weddel, Sickte, Timmerlah, Lengede and other towns and regions within a 15 kilometer radius. Braunschweig's urban area makes it a bigger city compared to others with a similar size e.g. Aachen, Wiesbaden or Gelsenkirchen, and since the urban area is not significantly smaller than Hanover, it makes itself an important and major city in Lower Saxony. Companies like New Yorker, Salzgitter AG, Jägermeister, Siemens, Bosch, Volkswagen, Nordzucker, Continental, Kosatec (de) and others are headquartered or have a branch in this area.


Information about the Urban Agglomeration in 2024:

Population: 401,234

Area size: 585.16

Population Density: 690 people per square kilometer

Migration background percentage: 46.4%

Largest cities, districts and towns: Braunschweig, Salzgitter, Kreis Wolfenbüttel, Lehrte, Kreis Cremlingen, Kreis Gifhorn, Vechelde, Lengede

The population of the urban area with a migration background is 186,302 in 2023, making it 46.4% of the population.[58] [59][60][61] This makes the agglomeration one of the most diverse in Germany and the most in Lower Saxony. The city is unique because unlike most cities with migrant populations concentrated inside the city itself, higher number of migrant populations are also found in surrounding areas. Braunschweig's urban agglomeration has a higher migration percentage compared to its city due to industrialization and other major factors since 2011.

One of the largest Vietnamese, Cameroonian and Tunisian populations in Germany are located in the surroundings and within Braunschweig.

These are the biggest nationalities in the urban area (these include the citizens with a migration background and a second passport):

Rank Countries predominant in the urban area Population (2024-03-31)
 ألمانيا 214,932
 تركيا 20,578
 پولندا 18,439
 أوكرانيا 16,783
 روسيا 13,045
 سوريا 9,346
 إيطاليا 7,210
 قزخستان 6,543
 رومانيا 6,423
 ألبانيا 6,322
 كرواتيا 5,741
 إيران 5,238
 العراق 4,565
 بلغاريا 4,389
 الصين 4,212
 الهند 4,087
 تونس 3,780
 الكاميرون 3,678
 إسپانيا 3,430
 الجزائر 3,234
 كوسوڤو 3,200
 أفغانستان 2,760

[58] [59][62][63]

المناخ

Braunschweig's climate is classified as oceanic (Köppen: Cfb; Trewartha: Dobk). The average annual temperature in Braunschweig is 9.9 °C (49.8 °F). The average annual rainfall is 614.8 mm (24.20 in) with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 18.7 °C (65.7 °F), and lowest in January, at around 1.8 °C (35.2 °F).

The Braunschweig weather station has recorded the following extreme values:[64]

  • Highest Temperature 38.3 °C (100.9 °F) on 20 July 2022.
  • Warmest Minimum 22.6 °C (72.7 °F) on 10 July 2010.
  • Coldest Maximum −17.5 °C (0.5 °F) on 11 February 1929.
  • Lowest Temperature −26.3 °C (−15.3 °F) on 11 February 1929.[65]
  • Highest Daily Precipitation 79.9 mm (3.15 in) on 17 July 2002.
  • Wettest Month 212.6 mm (8.37 in) in July 2002.
  • Wettest Year 989.3 mm (38.95 in) in 2002.
  • Driest Year 295.7 mm (11.64 in) in 1959.
  • Earliest Snowfall: 4 October 1925.
  • Latest Snowfall: 22 April 1929.
  • Longest annual sunshine: 2,128.2 hours in 2018.
  • Shortest annual sunshine: 1,270.4 hours in 1960.
Climate data for Braunschweig (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1891–present[أ])
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.9
(60.6) 		19.4
(66.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		29.8
(85.6) 		35.4
(95.7) 		35.8
(96.4) 		38.3
(100.9) 		38.2
(100.8) 		33.7
(92.7) 		27.6
(81.7) 		21.5
(70.7) 		17.6
(63.7) 		38.3
(100.9)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 11.3
(52.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		17.4
(63.3) 		22.7
(72.9) 		27.2
(81.0) 		30.1
(86.2) 		31.8
(89.2) 		32.3
(90.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		21.3
(70.3) 		15.6
(60.1) 		11.9
(53.4) 		33.9
(93.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		21.6
(70.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		23.7
(74.7) 		19.3
(66.7) 		13.8
(56.8) 		8.2
(46.8) 		4.9
(40.8) 		13.9
(57.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.8
(35.2) 		2.4
(36.3) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.6
(49.3) 		13.5
(56.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.7
(65.7) 		18.4
(65.1) 		14.5
(58.1) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.7
(42.3) 		2.8
(37.0) 		9.9
(49.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		1.5
(34.7) 		4.6
(40.3) 		8.3
(46.9) 		11.4
(52.5) 		13.6
(56.5) 		13.5
(56.3) 		10.2
(50.4) 		6.6
(43.9) 		3.1
(37.6) 		0.4
(32.7) 		6.0
(42.8)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −10.0
(14.0) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		2.3
(36.1) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		8.2
(46.8) 		4.4
(39.9) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		−12.2
(10.0)
Record low °C (°F) −23.6
(−10.5) 		−26.3
(−15.3) 		−16.5
(2.3) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		1.3
(34.3) 		5.3
(41.5) 		4.6
(40.3) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−20.9
(−5.6) 		−26.3
(−15.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 50.3
(1.98) 		35.2
(1.39) 		43.2
(1.70) 		38.8
(1.53) 		54.8
(2.16) 		54.2
(2.13) 		70.6
(2.78) 		66.6
(2.62) 		51.1
(2.01) 		53.6
(2.11) 		48.1
(1.89) 		48.4
(1.91) 		614.8
(24.20)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 4.6
(1.8) 		3.8
(1.5) 		1.9
(0.7) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0.6
(0.2) 		3.6
(1.4) 		7.3
(2.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.3 15.3 15.0 12.3 13.9 13.5 15.5 14.2 13.0 15.6 16.7 17.8 180.1
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 6.0 5.3 1.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 4.3 19.2
Average relative humidity (%) 84.9 81.6 76.8 69.7 70.4 71.2 71.0 71.9 77.5 83.0 86.4 86.0 77.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 52.4 74.1 123.4 186.3 222.6 229.2 225.0 212.5 159.1 112.5 54.1 41.5 1٬692٫6
Source 1: NOAA[66]
Source 2: DWD Open Data[65][64]

الثقافة

1904 postcard showing typical food of Braunschweig
Piëta, by Menashe Kadishman, Braunschweig

Braunschweig is famous for Till Eulenspiegel, a medieval jester who played many practical jokes on its citizens. It also had many breweries, and still a very peculiar kind of beer is made called Mumme, first quoted in 1390, a malt-extract that was shipped all over the world. Two major breweries still produce in Braunschweig, the de (Hofbrauhaus Wolters), founded in 1627, and the former de (Feldschlößchen (Braunschweig)) brewery, founded in 1871, now operated by Oettinger Beer.

Braunschweiger Mettwurst, a soft, spreadable smoked pork sausage, is named after the city. Other traditional local dishes include white asparagus, Braunschweiger Lebkuchen, Braunkohl (a variant of kale served with Bregenwurst), and Uhlen un Apen (Low German for "Owls and Guenons", a pastry).[67][68]

Media

Braunschweig's major local newspaper is the Braunschweiger Zeitung, first published in 1946. Papers formerly published in Braunschweig include the Braunschweigische Anzeigen/Braunschweigische Staatszeitung (1745–1934), the Braunschweigische Landeszeitung (1880–1936) and the Braunschweiger Stadtanzeiger/Braunschweiger Allgemeiner Anzeiger (1886–1941), and the social-democratic de (Braunschweiger Volksfreund) (1871–1933).

Near Braunschweig at Cremlingen-Abbenrode, there is a large medium wave transmitter, which transmits the program of Deutschlandfunk on 756 kHz, the Cremlingen transmitter.

Festivals

Schoduvel, a medieval Northern German form of carnival was celebrated in Braunschweig as early as the 13th century.[69] Since 1979 an annual Rosenmontag parade is held in Braunschweig, the largest in Northern Germany, which is named Schoduvel in honour of the medieval custom.[70]

An annual Weihnachtsmarkt (Christmas market) is held in late November and December on the Burgplatz in the centre of Braunschweig. In 2008 the market had 900,000 visitors.[71]

Museums and galleries

Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum
Villa Salve Hospes

The city's most important museum is the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum, a well known art museum and the oldest public museum in Germany, founded in 1754. It houses a collection of masters of Western art, including Dürer, Giorgione, Cranach, Holbein, Van Dyck, Vermeer, Rubens, and Rembrandt.

The State Museum of Brunswick (Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum), founded in 1891, houses a permanent collection documenting the history of the Brunswick area ranging from its early history to the present.

The Municipal Museum of Brunswick (Städtisches Museum Braunschweig), founded in 1861, is a museum for art and cultural history, documenting the history of the city of Braunschweig.

The State Natural History Museum is a zoology museum founded in 1754.

Other museums in the city include the Museum of Photography (Museum für Photographie), the Jewish Museum (Jüdisches Museum), the Museum for Agricultural Technology Gut Steinhof, and the Gerstäcker-Museum. Frequent exhibitions of contemporary art are also held by the Art Society of Braunschweig (German: Kunstverein Braunschweig), housed in the Villa Salve Hospes, a classicist villa built between 1805 and 1808.

Music and dance

The Braunschweig Classix Festival was an annual classical music festival. It is the largest promoter of classical music in the region and one of the most prominent music festivals in Lower Saxony.

From 2001 to 2009, and again since 2013, the annual finals of the international breakdance competition Battle of the Year have been held at the Volkswagen Halle in Braunschweig.[72]

Braunschweiger TSC is among the leading competitive formation dance teams in the world and has won multiple World and European championship titles.[73]

Sports

The first German version of the rules of football by Konrad Koch
Eintracht-Stadion, the stadium of 2. Bundesliga club Eintracht Braunschweig

Braunschweig's major local football team is Eintracht Braunschweig. Founded in 1895, Eintracht Braunschweig can look back on a long and chequered history. Eintracht Braunschweig won the German football championship in 1967, and currently plays in the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German football, and attracts a large number of supporters. Braunschweig was also arguably the city in which the first ever game of football in Germany took place. The game had been brought to Germany by the local school teacher Konrad Koch, also the first to write down a German version of the rules of football,[nb 1] who organized the first match between pupils from his school Martino-Katharineum in 1874.[74] The 2011 German drama film Lessons of a Dream is based on Koch.

Eintracht Braunschweig also fields a successful women's field hockey team that claimed nine national championship titles between 1965 and 1978. In the past, the club also had first or second-tier teams in the sports of ice hockey, field handball, and water polo.

The New Yorker Lions (formerly Braunschweig Lions) are the city's American football team, winning a record number of 12 German Bowl titles, as well as five Eurobowls (a shared record).

The city's professional basketball team, the Basketball Löwen Braunschweig, plays in the Basketball Bundesliga, the highest level in Germany. The Löwen's predecessor SG Braunschweig had previously played in the Bundesliga as well. Eintracht Braunschweig's women's basketball team plays in the de (2. Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga), the second tier of women's basketball in Germany.

In handball, MTV Braunschweig, the city's oldest sports club (founded in 1847), plays in the semi-professional 3. Liga.

Other sports clubs from Braunschweig that play or have played at the Bundesliga or 2nd Bundesliga level include de (Braunschweig Spot Up 89ers) (baseball), de (Braunschweiger THC) (field hockey), de (FC Braunschweig) (handball), Rugby-Welfen Braunschweig (rugby union), and de (USC Braunschweig) (volleyball).

Annual sporting events held in Braunschweig include the international equestrian tournament Löwen Classics, Rund um den Elm, Germany's oldest road bicycle race,[75] and the professional tennis tournament Sparkassen Open.

المعالم

  • Burgplatz, with Castle, Cathedral, lion, and Town Hall.

    Burgplatz, with Castle, Cathedral, lion, and Town Hall.

  • Brunswick Lion, original on display in castle museum.

    Brunswick Lion, original on display in castle museum.

  • Town Hall

    Town Hall

  • Veltheimsches Haus (left) and Gildehaus (right)

    Veltheimsches Haus (left) and Gildehaus (right)

  • Gewandhaus

    Gewandhaus

  • Altstadtmarkt, with Old Town town hall (left), fountain, and Stechinelli-Haus.

    Altstadtmarkt, with Old Town town hall (left), fountain, and Stechinelli-Haus.

  • Church of St. Martin

    Church of St. Martin

  • Altstadt ("Old Town")

    Altstadt ("Old Town")

  • Building on Kohlmarkt

    Building on Kohlmarkt

  • Church of St. Catherine and Henry the Lion's Fountain

    Church of St. Catherine and Henry the Lion's Fountain

  • St. Magnus' Church

    St. Magnus' Church

  • Magniviertel

    Magniviertel

  • Andreaskirche

    Andreaskirche

  • Alte Waage

    Alte Waage

  • Church of St. Giles

    Church of St. Giles

  • State Theatre

    State Theatre

  • Rebuild exterior of Brunswick Palace

    Rebuild exterior of Brunswick Palace

  • Schloss Richmond (Richmond Palace)

    Schloss Richmond (Richmond Palace)

  • Riddagshausen Abbey

    Riddagshausen Abbey

Twin towns – sister cities

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Braunschweig is twinned with:[76]


ملاحظات

  1. ^ However, Koch's original German version of the rules of football, published in 1875, still resembled Rugby football—the unmodified rules of The Football Association were not commonly used in Germany before the 1900s.

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات


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وصلات خارجية

قالب:Germany districts lower saxony


خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "lower-alpha"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="lower-alpha"/>

الكلمات الدالة:
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