أڤنيون

Coordinates: 43°57′00″N 04°48′27″E / 43.95000°N 4.80750°E / 43.95000; 4.80750
(تم التحويل من أڤينيون)
لمعلومات عن the regional county municipality in Quebec، انظر Avignon Regional County Municipality.
آڤنيون
Avignon (فرنسية)
Avinhon (أوكسيتان)
Prefecture and commune
Avignon skyline
Rocher des Doms
Palais des Papes
Pont Saint-Bénézet
كاتدرائية أفنيون
Festival d'Avignon
علم آڤنيون
Flag
درع آڤنيون
Coat of arms
Location of آڤنيون
آڤنيون is located in فرنسا
آڤنيون
آڤنيون
الإحداثيات: 43°57′00″N 04°48′27″E / 43.95000°N 4.80750°E / 43.95000; 4.80750
البلدفرنسا
المنطقةپروڤنس-ألپ-كوت دازور
الإقليمVaucluse
الدائرةAvignon
الكانتونAvignon-1, Avignon-2, Avignon-3
بين‌التجمعاتCA Grand Avignon
الحكومة
 • العمدة (2020–2026) Cécile Helle[1] (PS)
المساحة
1
64٫78 كم² (25٫01 ميل²)
التعداد
 (يناير 2019)
91٬143
 • الكثافة1٬400/km2 (3٬600/sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2020[2])
459٬533
 • العمرانية
 (2020[3])
337٬039
منطقة التوقيتUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/الرمز البريدي
84007 /84000
المنسوب10–122 m (33–400 ft)
(avg. 23 m or 75 ft)
موقع تراث عالمي لليونسكو
Official nameHistoric Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge
السماتCultural: i, ii, iv
مراجع228
التدوين1995 (19 Session)
المساحة8.2 ha
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

أڤنيون (بالفرنسية Avignon ، /ˈævɪnjɒ̃/, /USalsoˌævɪnˈjoʊn/,[4][5][6] fr; Provençal: Avinhon (Classical norm) or Avignoun (Mistralian norm), oc; لاتينية: Avenio)، هي مدينة في جنوب شرق فرنسا. prefecture of the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France. Located on the left bank of the river Rhône, the commune had a population of 93,671 as of the census results of 2017, with about 16,000 (estimate from Avignon's municipal services) living in the ancient town centre enclosed by its medieval walls. It is France's 35th-largest metropolitan area according to INSEE with 337,039 inhabitants (2020),[3] and France's 13th-largest urban unit with 459,533 inhabitants (2020).[2] Its urban area was the fastest-growing in France from 1999 until 2010 with an increase of 76% of its population and an area increase of 136%.[7] The Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Avignon, a cooperation structure of 16 communes, had 197,102 inhabitants in 2022.[8]

Between 1309 and 1377, during the Avignon Papacy, seven successive popes resided in Avignon and in 1348 Pope Clement VI bought the town from Joanna I of Naples. Papal control persisted until 1791 when during the French Revolution it became part of France. The city is now the capital of the Vaucluse department and one of the few French cities to have preserved its city walls. This is why Avignon is also known as 'La Cité des Papes' (The City-State of Popes).

The historic centre, which includes the Palais des Papes, the cathedral and the Pont d'Avignon, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 because of its architecture and importance during the 14th and 15th centuries.[9] The medieval monuments and the annual Festival d'Avignon – one of the world's largest festivals for performing arts[10] – have helped to make the town a major centre for tourism.

وتشتهر المدينة بوجود قصر البابوات ، حيث كان يقيم فيها العديد من بابوات الكنيسة في القرنين الرابع عشر والخامس عشر.

اسم المكان

The earliest forms of the name were reported by the Greeks:[11] Аὐενιὼν Aueniṑn (Stephen of Byzantium, Strabo, IV, 1, 11) and Άουεννίων Aouenníōn (Ptolemy II, x).

The Roman name Avennĭo Cavărum (Mela, II, 575, Pliny III, 36), i.e. "Avignon of Cavares", accurately shows that Avignon was one of the three cities of the Celtic-Ligurian tribe of Cavares, along with Cavaillon and Orange.

The current name dates to a pre-Indo-European[11] or pre-Latin[12] theme ab-ên with the suffix -i-ōn(e).[11][12] This theme would be a hydronym—i.e. a name linked to the river (Rhône), but perhaps also an oronym of terrain (the Rocher des Doms).

The Auenion of the 1st century BC was Latinized to Avennĭo (or Avēnĭo), -ōnis in the 1st century and is written Avinhon in classic Occitan spelling[13] or Avignoun in Mistralian spelling.[14] The inhabitants of the commune are called avinhonencs or avignounen in both standard Occitan and Provençal dialect.


التاريخ

ميدان أسفل قصر الباباوات

أفنيون وباباواتها

Paul V's coat-of-arms on a building located opposite the Palais des papes
كاتدرائية نوتر دام دي دوم تقع في قلب أڤينيون, بالقرب من قصر البابوات.
هذه الصورة لكاتدرائية نوتر دام دي دوم تبين قصر البابوات إلى اليمين.

في 1309 المدينة اختارها البابا كلمنت الخامس كمقره عندما كانت المدينة ومحيطها Comtat Venaissin كانا يحكمهما ملوك صقلية من أسرة أنجو, ومن 9 مارس 1309 حتى 13 يناير 1377 كانت مقر البابوية بدلاً من روما. الملك الفرنسي فيليپ العادل, الذي ورث عن أبيه كافة حقوق ألفونس دي پواتييه, آخر كونت لتولوز, تنازل عنهم لتشارلز الثاني, ملك ناپولي وكونت پروڤنس (1290). Nonetheless, Phillip was a shrewd ruler. Inasmuch as the eastern banks of the Rhone marked the edge of his kingdom, when the river flooded up into the city of Avignon, Phillip taxed the city since during periods of flood, the city technically lay within his domain. Regardless, on the strength of the donation of Avignon, Queen Joanna I of Sicily, as countess of Provence, sold the city to Clement VI for 80,000 florins on 9 June, 1348 and, though it was later the seat of more than one antipope, Avignon belonged to the Papacy until 1791, when, during the disorder of the French Revolution, it was reincorporated with France.

أقام هناك سبعة باباوات:

هذه الفترة من 1309–1377 — پاپوية أڤينيون — كانت تسمى أيضاً السبي البابلي, في إشارة إلى استعباد بني إسرائيل في الأزمنة التوراتية.

بعد مغادرة الباباوات

بعد استعادة البابوية إلى روما, الحكومة الروحية والوقتية لأڤينيون عـُهد بها إلى gubernatorial Legate, notably the Cardinal-nephew, who was replaced, in his absence, by a vice-legate (contrary to the legate usually a commoner, and not a cardinal). But pope Innocent XII abolished nepotism and the office of Legate in Avignon on 7 February 1693, handing over its temporal government in 1692 to the Congregation of Avignon (i.e. a department of the papal Curia, residing at Rome), with the Cardinal Secretary of State as presiding prefect, and exercising its jurisdiction through the vice-legate. This congregation, to which appeals were made from the decisions of the vice-legate, was united to the Congregation of Loreto within the Roman Curia; in 1774 the vice-legate was made president, thus depriving it of almost all authority. It was done away with under Pius VI on 12 June 1790.

الجغرافيا

المنظر من على نهر الرون إلى شمال-شرق وفيها جبل ڤنتو في الخلفية وجسر سانت-بنيزيه أو "پون دأڤينيون" إلى شمال

تعتبر مدينة أفنيون هي عاصمة إقليم ڤوكلوس. وتقع على الضفة اليسرى لنهر الرون ، على مسافة أميال قليلة من مدينة دورانس ، وعلى بعد 580 كم (360 ميل) من جنوب جنوب-غرب العاصمة الفرنسية باريس. وعلى مسافة 229 كم (143 ميل) من مدينة ليون ، على 85 كم (55 ميل) من شمال شمال-غرب مارسيليا. [http:https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%D8%A3%DA%A4%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86&params=43_57_N_4_50_E_type:city(88,300) 43°57′N, 4°50′E]. وتأخذ مدينة أفنيون شكل بيضاوي على الخريطة ، غير مزدحم بالسكان لكنه ملئ بالحدائق والمتنزهات.

The city is in the vicinity of Orange (north), Nîmes, Montpellier (south-west), Arles (to the south), Salon-de-Provence, and Marseille (south-east). Directly contiguous to the east and north are the communes of Caumont-sur-Durance, Morières-lès-Avignon, Le Pontet, and Sorgues.

الجيولوجيا والبسيطة

Aerial view of Avignon

The region around Avignon is very rich in limestone which is used for building material. For example, the current city walls, measuring 4,330 metres long, were built with the soft limestone abundant in the region called mollasse burdigalienne.[15]

Enclosed by the city walls, the Rocher des Doms is a limestone elevation of Urgonian type, 35 metres high[16] (and therefore safe from flooding of the Rhone which it overlooks) and is the original core of the city. Several limestone massifs are present around the commune (the Massif des Angles, Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, Alpilles...) and they are partly the result of the oceanisation of the Ligurian-Provençal basin following the migration of the Sardo-Corsican block.[15]

The other significant elevation in the commune is the Montfavet Hill—a wooded hill in the east of the commune.[15]

The Rhone Valley is an old alluvial zone: loose deposits cover much of the ground. It consists of sandy alluvium more or less coloured with pebbles consisting mainly of siliceous rocks. The islands in the Rhone, such as the Île de la Barthelasse, were created by the accumulation of alluvial deposits and also by the work of man. The relief is quite low despite the creation of mounds allowing local protection from flooding.[15]

In the land around the city there are clay, silt, sand, and limestone present.[15]

الهيدروجرافيا

Bridges on the Grand Rhône.
The Pont d'Avignon on the Petit Rhône. In the background is Mont Ventoux.

The Rhone passes the western edge of the city, but is divided into two branches: the Petit Rhône, or "dead arm", for the part that passes next to Avignon and the Grand Rhône, or "live arm", for the western channel which passes Villeneuve-lès-Avignon in the Gard department. The two branches are separated by an island, the Île de la Barthelasse. The southernmost tip of the Île de la Barthelasse once formed of a separated island, the L'Île de Piot.[17]

The banks of the Rhone and the Île de la Barthelasse are often subject to flooding during autumn and March. The publication Floods in France since the 6th century until today – research and documentation[18] by Maurice Champion tells about a number of them (until 1862, the flood of 1856 was one of the largest, which destroyed part of the walls). They have never really stopped as shown by the floods in 1943–1944[19] and again on 23 January 1955[20] and remain important today—such as the floods of 2 December 2003.[21] As a result, a new risk mapping has been developed.

The Durance flows along the southern boundary of the commune into the Rhone and marks the departmental boundary with Bouches-du-Rhône.[22] It is a river that is considered "capricious" and once feared for its floods (it was once called the "3rd scourge of Provence"[أ] as well as for its low water: the Durance has both Alpine and Mediterranean morphology which is unusual.

There are many natural and artificial water lakes in the commune such as the Lake of Saint-Chamand east of the city.


التحويلات الاصطناعية

A mill on the Vaucluse Canal in the Pont des 2 eaux district

There have been many diversions[23] throughout the course of history, such as feeding the moat surrounding Avignon or irrigating crops.

In the 10th century part of the waters from the Sorgue d'Entraigues were diverted and today pass under the walls to enter the city. (See Sorgue). This watercourse is called the Vaucluse Canal but Avignon people still call it the Sorgue or Sorguette. It is visible in the city in the Rue des teinturiers (street of dyers). It fed the moat around the first defensive walls then fed the moat on the newer eastern city walls (14th century).[24] In the 13th century (under an Act signed in 1229) part of the waters of the Durance were diverted to increase the water available for the moats starting from Bonpas. This river was later called the Durançole.[بحاجة لمصدر] The Durançole fed the western moats of the city and was also used to irrigate crops at Montfavet. In the city, these streams are often hidden beneath the streets and houses and are currently used to collect sewerage.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The Hospital Canal (joining the Durançole) and the Crillon Canal (1775) were dug to irrigate the territories of Montfavet, Pontet, and Vedène.[بحاجة لمصدر] They were divided into numerous "fioles" or "filioles" (in Provençal filhòlas or fiolo). Similarly, to irrigate the gardens of the wealthy south of Avignon, the Puy Canal was dug (1808). All of these canals took their water from the Durance. These canals were initially used to flood the land, which was very stony, to fertilize them by deposition of silt.[بحاجة لمصدر]

All of these canals have been used to operate many mills.

النشاط السيزمي

The leaning bell tower of the Church of the Augustinians.

Under the new seismic zoning of France defined in Decree No. 2010-1255 of 22 October 2010 concerning the delimitation of the seismicity of the French territory and which entered into force on 1 May 2011, Avignon is located in an area of moderate seismicity. The previous zoning is shown below for reference.

"The cantons of Bonnieux, Apt, Cadenet, Cavaillon, and Pertuis are classified in zone Ib (low risk). All other cantons the Vaucluse department, including Avignon, are classified Ia (very low risk). This zoning is for exceptional seismicity resulting in the destruction of buildings."[25]

The presence of faults in the limestone substrate shows that significant tectonic shift has caused earthquakes in different geological ages. The last major earthquake of significant magnitude was on 11 June 1909.[ب] It left a visible trace in the centre of the city since the bell tower of the Augustinians, which is surmounted by an ancient campanile of wrought iron, located in Rue Carreterie, remained slightly leaning as a result of this earthquake.

المقالة الرئيسية: 1909 Provence earthquake

المناخ

Avignon has a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa), though the dry-summer effect is not as strong as coastal locations like Marseille due to its more sheltered inland location. The city experiences mild-cool winters and hot summers, with moderate rainfall year-round. The city is often subject to windy weather; the strongest wind is the mistral. A medieval Latin proverb said of the city: Avenie ventosa, sine vento venenosa, cum vento fastidiosa (Windy Avignon, pest-ridden when there is no wind, wind-pestered when there is).[26]

Climate data for آفنيون (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1993–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.8
(69.4) 		23.1
(73.6) 		26.7
(80.1) 		31.4
(88.5) 		34.2
(93.6) 		42.8
(109.0) 		39.6
(103.3) 		42.0
(107.6) 		35.5
(95.9) 		31.0
(87.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		19.3
(66.7) 		42.8
(109.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.7
(51.3) 		12.4
(54.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		23.9
(75.0) 		28.7
(83.7) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.1
(88.0) 		26.0
(78.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		14.7
(58.5) 		11.0
(51.8) 		20.6
(69.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.3
(43.3) 		7.4
(45.3) 		10.8
(51.4) 		13.7
(56.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		22.1
(71.8) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.3
(75.7) 		19.9
(67.8) 		15.8
(60.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		6.7
(44.1) 		15.0
(59.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.9
(35.4) 		2.3
(36.1) 		5.0
(41.0) 		7.7
(45.9) 		11.7
(53.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.7
(51.3) 		6.0
(42.8) 		2.5
(36.5) 		9.4
(48.9)
Record low °C (°F) −8.7
(16.3) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−9.9
(14.2) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		2.4
(36.3) 		6.7
(44.1) 		10.7
(51.3) 		9.5
(49.1) 		5.5
(41.9) 		−2
(28) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		−9.9
(14.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 55.6
(2.19) 		35.6
(1.40) 		36.1
(1.42) 		59.9
(2.36) 		52.3
(2.06) 		35.2
(1.39) 		23.9
(0.94) 		35.0
(1.38) 		91.1
(3.59) 		88.6
(3.49) 		92.0
(3.62) 		43.5
(1.71) 		648.8
(25.54)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.7 4.8 4.4 6.5 6.0 3.7 2.6 3.3 5.2 6.0 7.5 5.2 60.9
Source: Météo France[27]

The record temperature record since the existence of the weather station at Orange is 42.8 °C on 28 June 2019 and the record lowest was −14.5 °C on 2 February 1956.[28]

الميسترال

The prevailing wind is the mistral for which the windspeed can be beyond 110 km/h. It blows between 120 and 160 days per year with an average speed of 90 km/h in gusts.[29] The following table shows the different speeds of the mistral recorded by Orange and Carpentras Serres stations in the southern Rhone valley and its frequency in 2006. Normal corresponds to the average of the last 53 years[when?] from Orange weather reports and that of the last 42[when?] at Carpentras.[30]

Legend: "=" same as normal; "+" higher than normal; "-" lower than normal

Speed of mistral winds in km/h
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Maximum recorded speed by month 106 127 119 97 94 144 90 90 90 87 91 118
Tendency: Days with speed
> 16 m/s (58 km/h) 		-- +++ --- ++++ ++++ = = ++++ + --- = ++


السكان

In 2017, the commune had 91,921 inhabitants.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 24٬000—    
1800 21٬412−1.62%
1806 23٬789+1.77%
1821 29٬407+1.42%
1831 29٬889+0.16%
1836 31٬786+1.24%
1841 33٬844+1.26%
1846 35٬169+0.77%
1851 35٬890+0.41%
1856 37٬077+0.65%
1861 36٬081−0.54%
1866 36٬427+0.19%
1872 38٬196+0.79%
1876 38٬008−0.12%
1881 37٬657−0.19%
1886 41٬007+1.72%
1891 43٬453+1.17%
1896 45٬107+0.75%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901 46٬896+0.78%
1906 48٬312+0.60%
1911 49٬304+0.41%
1921 48٬177−0.23%
1926 51٬685+1.42%
1931 57٬228+2.06%
1936 59٬472+0.77%
1946 60٬053+0.10%
1954 62٬768+0.55%
1962 72٬717+1.86%
1968 86٬096+2.85%
1975 90٬786+0.76%
1982 89٬132−0.26%
1990 86٬939−0.31%
1999 85٬935−0.13%
2007 91٬283+0.76%
2012 89٬380−0.42%
2017 91٬921+0.56%
Source: EHESS[31] and INSEE[32]

الإدارة

Avignon is the prefecture (capital) of Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region. It forms the core of the Grand Avignon metropolitan area (communauté d'agglomération), which comprises 15 communes on both sides of the river:[33]

قائمة العمد

List of successive mayors[34]

Mayors from the French Revolution to 1940
From To Name
1790 1790 Jean-Baptiste d'Armand
1790 1791 Antoine Agricol Richard
1791 1792 Levieux-Laverne
1792 1793 Jean-Ettienne Duprat
1793 1793 Jean-André Cartoux
1793 1793 Jean-François ROCHETIN
1795 1795 Guillaume François Ignace Puy
1795 1796 Alexis Bruny
1796 1796 Père Minvielle
1796 1797 Faulcon
1797 1798 Père Minvielle
1798 1799 Cadet Garrigan
1799 1800 Père Niel
1800 1806 Guillaume François Ignace PUY
1806 1811 Agricol Joseph Xavier Bertrand
1811 1815 Guillaume François Ignace Puy
1815 1815 Hippolyte Roque de Saint-Pregnan
1815 1819 Charles de Camis-Lezan
1819 1820 Louis Duplessis de Pouzilhac
1820 1826 Charles Soullier
1826 1830 Louis Pertuis de Montfaucon
1830 1832 François Jillian
1832 1833 Balthazar Delorme
1834 1837 Hippolyte Roque de Saint-Pregnan
1837 1841 Dominique Geoffroy
1841 1843 Albert d'Olivier de Pezet
1843 1847 Eugène Poncet
1847 1848 Hyacinthe Chauffard
1848 1848 Alphonse Gent
1848 1848 Frédéric Granier
1848 1850 Gabriel Vinay
1850 1852 Martial BOSSE
1852 1853 Eugène Poncet
1853 1865 Paul Pamard
1865 1870 Paul Poncet
1870 1871 Paul Bourges
1871 1874 Paul Poncet
1874 1878 Roger du Demaine
1878 1881 Paul Poncet
1881 1881 Eugène Millo
1881 1884 Charles Deville
1884 1888 Paul Poncet
1888 1903 Gaston Pourquery de Boisserin
1903 1904 Alexandre Dibon
1904 1910 Henri Guigou
1910 1919 Louis Valayer
1919 1925 Ferdinand Bec
1925 1928 Louis Gros
1929 1940 Louis Nouveau
Mayors from 1940
From To Name Party
1940 1942 Jean Gauger
1942 1944 Edmond Pailheret
1944 1945 Louis Gros
1945 1947 Georges Pons
1947 1948 Paul Rouvier
1948 1950 Henri Mazo
1950 1953 Noël Hermitte
1953 1958 Edouard Daladier
1958 1983 Henri Duffaut PS
1983 1989 Jean-Pierre Roux RPR
1989 1995 Guy Ravier PS
1995 2014 Marie-Josée Roig UMP
2014 2026 Cécile Helle PS then DVG


صورة ليلية Pont d'Avignon

الثقافة

أهم المزارات

  • Notre Dame des Doms, the cathedral, is a Romanesque building, mainly built during the 12th century, the most prominent feature of the cathederal is the gilded statue of the Virgin which surmounts the western tower. The mausoleum of Pope John XXII is one of the most beautiful works within the cathederal, it is a masterpiece and a wonderful example of 14th century Gothic Carving.
  • Palais des Papes, the palace of the popes, almost dwarfs the cathedral. The palace is an impressive monument and sits within a square of the same name. The palace was begun in 1316 by John XXII and continued by succeeding popes through the 1300's, until 1370 when it was finished.
  • Minor churches of the town include among others St Pierre, which has a graceful facade and richly carved doors, St Didier and St Agricol, all three of which were built in the Gothic architectural style.
  • Civic buildings are represented most notably by the Hôtel de Ville (city hall), a modern building with a belfry of the 14th century, and the old Hôtel des Monnaies, the papal mint which was built in 1610 and became a music-school.

مدن شقيقة

انظر أيضا

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Avignon.

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Provençal tradition says that the first two were the mistral and the Parliament of Aix
  2. ^ The épicentre was at Lambesc—a village in Bouches-du-Rhône.

المراجع

  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in الفرنسية). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 6 June 2023.
  2. ^ أ ب INSEE. "France par unité urbaine - Population municipale 2020 >> Tableau". Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  3. ^ أ ب INSEE. "France par aire d'attraction des villes - Population municipale 2020 >> Tableau". Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  4. ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  5. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18 ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6 
  6. ^ "Avignon"[dead link] (US) and "Avignon". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22.
  7. ^ "L'aire urbaine d'Avignon: une nouvelle échelle de réflexion territoriale" (PDF). 2012.
  8. ^ "Grand Avignon, un pont vers l'avenir". Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  9. ^ "Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  10. ^ "France restores one of world's largest theatre festivals – with masks and health restrictions". The Local France (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  11. ^ أ ب ت Rostaing 1994, p. 30.
  12. ^ أ ب Dauzat & Rostaing 1963, p. 1689.
  13. ^ Bourret, Robert (1999). French-Occitan Dictionary (in الفرنسية and الأوكسيتانية). Nîmes: Éd. Lacour. p. 59.
  14. ^ Xavier de Fourvière & Rupert 1902, p. 62.
  15. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Relief and Geology of the Avignon sector, Agence Rosier website (archived) (in فرنسية)
  16. ^ Avignon Encyclopedia Universalis website (in فرنسية)
  17. ^ "Cassini map circa 1750: Avignon". David Rumsey Historical Map Collection. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  18. ^ Champion 1862.
  19. ^ Floods in Avignon, Institut national de l'audiovisuel video document, consulted on 19 July 2014 (in فرنسية)
  20. ^ Floods in Paris and Avignon, 23 January 1955, Institut national de l'audiovisuel video document JT 20h, ORTF, consulted on 19 July 2014 (in فرنسية)
  21. ^ Floods on 2 December 2003, Institut national de l'audiovisuel video document (in فرنسية)
  22. ^ قالب:Sandre
  23. ^ The Street of Dyers – Avignon, avignon-et-provence.com website, consulted on 19 July 2014
  24. ^ "The Rue des Teinturiers in Avignon | Avignon et Provence". www.avignon-et-provence.com.
  25. ^ Regulatory Seismic Zoning of France, classed by cantons (as at the end of 1989) in the PACA rehion, p. 48. (in فرنسية)
  26. ^ Mistral 1979, p. 196.
  27. ^ "Avignon–INRA (84)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in الفرنسية). Meteo France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  28. ^ "Normales et records météorologiques - Infoclimat". infoclimat.fr.
  29. ^ Jean Vialar, Regional and local winds, 1948; reprinted by Météo-France in 2003. (in فرنسية)
  30. ^ Source: Inter Rhône technical services at Avignon Metereological data from 2006 Archived 13 نوفمبر 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in فرنسية)
  31. ^ قالب:Cassini-Ehess
  32. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
  33. ^ "Les communes". Communauté d'Agglomération du Grand Avignon. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  34. ^ Weinland, Robert. "francegenweb.org - votre service benevole d'assistance genealogique". francegenweb.org.

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Avignon.

قالب:Vaucluse communes


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