طريق تجاري

Map of Central Asia with its trade routes and movements between 128 BC to 150 AD

A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo. The term can also be used to refer to trade over bodies of water. Allowing goods to reach distant markets, a single trade route contains long-distance arteries, which may further be connected to smaller networks of commercial and noncommercial transportation routes. Among notable trade routes was the Amber Road, which served as a dependable network for long-distance trade.^[1] Maritime trade along the Spice Route became prominent during the Middle Ages, when nations resorted to military means for control of this influential route.^[2] During the Middle Ages, organizations such as the Hanseatic League, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade became increasingly prominent.^[3]

In modern times, commercial activity shifted from the major trade routes of the Old World to newer routes between modern nation-states. This activity was sometimes carried out without traditional protection of trade and under international free-trade agreements, which allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions.^[4] Innovative transportation of modern times includes pipeline transport and the relatively well-known trade involving rail routes, automobiles, and cargo airlines.

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التاريخ

تطور الطرق المبكرة

التطور المبكر

التجارة البحرية

One of the Borobudur ships from the 9th century, they were depictions of large Javanese outrigger vessel. Shown with the characteristic tanja sail of Southeast Asian Austronesians.

Much of the Radhanites' Indian Ocean trade would have depended on coastal cargo-ships such as this dhow.

الطرق التجارية المرئية

ملف:Roadevol.svg

Evolution of Indian trade networks. The main map shows the routes since Mughal times, Inset A shows the major prehistorical cultural currents, B: pre-Mauryan routes, C: Mauryan routes, D: routes c. 1st century CE, and E: the "Z" shaped region of developed roads.

الطرق التجارية التاريخية

الطرق البرية والبحرية المجمعة

طريق البخور

التجارة قبل الكولمبية

الطرق البرية الرئيسية

طريق الحرير

Trading routes used around the 1st century CE centred on the Silk Road.

طريق الجذع الكبير

For centuries, the Grand Trunk Road has served as the main artery for travel across Northern India. A scene from the Ambala cantonment during the days of the British Raj.

طريق العنبر

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طريق البحر

The Via Maris (purple), King's Highway (red), and other ancient Levantine trade routes, c. 1300 BCE.

التجارة العابرة للصحراء الكبرى

Saharan trade routes circa 1400, with the modern territory of Niger highlighted; Tuareg people, who exercised influence over the Trans Saharan Trade.^[5]

الطرق البحرية الرئيسية

شبكة التجارة البحرية الأسترونيزية

Austronesian proto-historic and historic maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean^[6]

الطرق الرومانية-الهندية

Roman trade with India according to the Periplus Maris Erythraei, 1st century CE.

التجارة الهانزية

Main trading routes of the Hanseatic League.

من الفارانجيين إلى اليونانيين

تجارة البحر المتوسط للجمهوريات البحرية

Genoese (red) and Venetian (green) maritime trade routes in the Mediterranean

طريق التوابل

Portuguese India Armadas and trade routes (blue) since Vasco da Gama's 1498 journey and the Spanish Manila-Acapulco galleons trade routes (white) established in 1568

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طريق اليشم البحري

Lingling-o designs from the Philippines.

طريق الحرير البحري

Map of the Maritime Silk Road

الطرق الحديثة

Map of the Arctic region showing the Northeast Passage, the Northern Sea Route within it, and the Northwest Passage.

طرق العربات

طرق السكك الحديدية

Route of the first American transcontinental railroad from Sacramento, California, to Council Bluffs, Iowa.

شبكات الطرق الحديثة

High-capacity freeway interchange in Los Angeles, California.

الطرق البحرية الحديثة

Canals in the US circa 1825.

21st Century Silk Road

مناطق التجارة الحرة

European Free Trade Association member states.

Former member states, now European Union member states.

الطرق الجوية

FedEx DC-10.

شبكات خطوط الأنابيب

Route of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline.

الهوامش

^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Burns1
^ Donkin 2003: 169.
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Dollinger2
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Columbia2
^ "Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a modern world". Smithsonian National Museum of African art.
^ Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). "Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships". In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. ISBN 9783319338224.

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وصلات خارجية

[Burns1-1] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Burns1

[2] Donkin 2003: 169.

[Dollinger2-3] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Dollinger2

[Columbia2-4] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Columbia2

[5] "Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a modern world". Smithsonian National Museum of African art.

[Manguin2016-6] Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). "Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships". In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. ISBN 9783319338224.

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