كارلسروه

Coordinates: 49°00′33″N 8°24′14″E / 49.00920970°N 8.40395140°E / 49.00920970; 8.40395140
For other uses, see Karlsruhe (disambiguation).
Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe
Town
Karlsruhe Palace
Aerial view
Schlossplatz (Castle Square)
Concert Hall
Crown of Baden
Clockwise from top: Karlsruhe Palace, Schlossplatz, Crown of Baden, Konzerthaus, view over Karlsruhe
علم Karlsruhe
Flag
درع Karlsruhe
Coat of arms
Location of Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe is located in ألمانيا
Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe is located in بادن-ڤورتمبرگ
Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe
الإحداثيات: 49°00′33″N 8°24′14″E / 49.00920970°N 8.40395140°E / 49.00920970; 8.40395140
البلدألمانيا
الولايةبادن-ڤورتمبرگ
Admin. regionKarlsruhe
DistrictUrban district
تأسس1715
التقسيمات27 quarters
الحكومة
 • Lord mayorFrank Mentrup (SPD)
المساحة
 • الإجمالي173٫46 كم² (66٫97 ميل²)
المنسوب
115 m (377 ft)
منطقة التوقيتCET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes
76131–76229
Dialling codes0721
لوحة السيارةKA
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.karlsruhe.de

كارلسروه ( /ˈkɑːrlzruːə/, also الأمريكي /ˈkɑːrlsʔ/,[1][2][3] ألمانية: [ˈkaʁlsˌʁuːə]  (Speaker Icon.svg listen); formerly spelled Carlsruhe)[1] هي مدينة تقع ببادن-ڤورتمبرگ Baden-Württemberg في جنوب ألمانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي its 313,092 inhabitants make it the 21st largest city of Germany. On the right bank of the Rhine, the city lies near the French-German border, between the Mannheim/Ludwigshafen conurbation to the north, and the Strasbourg/Kehl conurbation to the south. It is the largest city of Baden, a historic region named after Hohenbaden Castle in the city of Baden-Baden. Karlsruhe is also the largest city in the South Franconian dialect area (transitional dialects between Central and Upper German), the only other larger city in that area being Heilbronn. The city is the seat of the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht), as well as of the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) and the Public Prosecutor General of the Federal Court of Justice (Generalbundesanwalt beim Bundesgerichtshof).

Karlsruhe was the capital of the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach (Durlach: 1565–1718; Karlsruhe: 1718–1771), the Margraviate of Baden (1771–1803), the Electorate of Baden (1803–1806), the Grand Duchy of Baden (1806–1918), and the Republic of Baden (1918–1945). Its most remarkable building is Karlsruhe Palace, which was built in 1715. There are nine institutions of higher education in the city, most notably the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie). Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport (Flughafen Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden) is the second-busiest airport of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart Airport, and the 17th-busiest airport of Germany.

In 2019 the UNESCO announced that Karlsruhe will join its network of "Creative Cities" as "City of Media Arts".[4][5]


بها مقر جامعة، أكاديمية للفنون التشكيلية، معهد عالي للموسيقى و التمثيل و معاهد تقنية عدة.

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الجغرافيا

خط العرض 49 شمالاً في حديقة الدولة بكارلسروه

Karlsruhe lies completely to the east of the Rhine, and almost completely on the Upper Rhine Plain. It contains the Turmberg in the east, and also lies on the borders of the Kraichgau leading to the Northern Black Forest.

The Rhine, one of the world's most important shipping routes, forms the western limits of the city, beyond which lie the towns of Maximiliansau and Wörth am Rhein in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The city centre is about 7.5 km (4.7 mi) from the river, as measured from the Marktplatz (Market Square). Two tributaries of the Rhine, the Alb and the Pfinz, flow through the city from the Kraichgau to eventually join the Rhine.

The city lies at an altitude between 100 and 322 m (near the communications tower in the suburb of Grünwettersbach). Its geographical coordinates are 49°00′N 8°24′E / 49.000°N 8.400°E / 49.000; 8.400; the 49th parallel runs through the city centre, which puts it at the same latitude as much of the Canada–United States border, the cities Vancouver (Canada), Paris (France), Regensburg (Germany), and Hulunbuir (China). Its course is marked by a stone and painted line in the Stadtgarten (municipal park). The total area of the city is 173.46 km2 (66.97 sq mi), hence it is the 30th largest city in Germany measured by land area. The longest north-south distance is 16.8 km (10.4 mi) and 19.3 km (12.0 mi) in the east-west direction.

Karlsruhe is part of the urban area of Karlsruhe/Pforzheim, to which certain other towns in the district of Karlsruhe such as Bruchsal, Ettlingen, Stutensee, and Rheinstetten, as well as the city of Pforzheim, belong.

Panorama of Karlsruhe, looking south from the palace tower: The Institute of Technology is on the left, the market square in the centre, the Federal Constitutional Court on the right. Wings of the palace align with streets, all radiating out from the centre of town, i.e., the palace tower.
A 180-degree panorama from atop the palace tower, facing north


الطقس

Karlsruhe experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) and its winter climate is milder, compared to most other German cities, except for the Rhine-Ruhr area. Summers are hot with several days registering maximum temperatures between 35 and 40 °C (95 and 104 °F). With an average of more than 2,000 sunshine hours a year, it is also one of the sunniest cities in Germany, like the Rhine-Palatinate area.

Precipitation occurs mainly during the winter, while in summer it is concentrated on single evening thunderstorms. In 2008, the weather station in Karlsruhe, which had been in operation since 1876, was closed; it was replaced by a weather station in Rheinstetten, south of Karlsruhe.[6]

Climate data for كارلسروه (1991–2020 المعتادة، القصوى 1948–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.5
(63.5) 		22.0
(71.6) 		26.7
(80.1) 		30.4
(86.7) 		33.3
(91.9) 		37.3
(99.1) 		39.2
(102.6) 		40.2
(104.4) 		33.2
(91.8) 		29.5
(85.1) 		22.0
(71.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		40.2
(104.4)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 13.2
(55.8) 		15.6
(60.1) 		20.3
(68.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		29.5
(85.1) 		33.3
(91.9) 		35.2
(95.4) 		34.4
(93.9) 		28.7
(83.7) 		23.9
(75.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		13.5
(56.3) 		36.5
(97.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5) 		7.3
(45.1) 		12.1
(53.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		24.7
(76.5) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.8
(80.2) 		21.8
(71.2) 		16.0
(60.8) 		9.5
(49.1) 		6.0
(42.8) 		16.2
(61.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		3.5
(38.3) 		7.1
(44.8) 		11.2
(52.2) 		15.3
(59.5) 		18.9
(66.0) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.4
(68.7) 		15.8
(60.4) 		11.1
(52.0) 		6.3
(43.3) 		3.3
(37.9) 		11.4
(52.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		-0.0
(32.0) 		2.5
(36.5) 		5.3
(41.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.0
(55.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		14.6
(58.3) 		10.7
(51.3) 		7.1
(44.8) 		3.2
(37.8) 		0.6
(33.1) 		6.8
(44.2)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −8.7
(16.3) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		2.8
(37.0) 		7.5
(45.5) 		10.2
(50.4) 		9.3
(48.7) 		5.0
(41.0) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−11.3
(11.7)
Record low °C (°F) −20.0
(−4.0) 		−15.9
(3.4) 		−14.6
(5.7) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		3.6
(38.5) 		6.9
(44.4) 		6.3
(43.3) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−9.3
(15.3) 		−18.7
(−1.7) 		−20.0
(−4.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 57.0
(2.24) 		52.6
(2.07) 		52.4
(2.06) 		45.2
(1.78) 		75.7
(2.98) 		70.2
(2.76) 		77.2
(3.04) 		62.0
(2.44) 		54.8
(2.16) 		66.5
(2.62) 		64.4
(2.54) 		72.0
(2.83) 		750
(29.52)
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 5.0 3.8 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 3.1 13.8
Average relative humidity (%) 83.4 78.9 73.6 67.8 69.0 68.1 68.0 69.3 76.6 83.2 86.9 86.2 75.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 57.4 85.1 143.7 196.8 223.7 239.7 257.0 239.9 180.8 111.8 60.9 43.0 1٬832٫2
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[7]
Source 2: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst[8]

Districts

المقالة الرئيسية: Boroughs of Karlsruhe

Karlsruhe is divided into 27 districts.

التاريخ

According to legend, the name Karlsruhe, which translates as "Charles' repose" or "Charles' peace", was given to the new city after a hunting trip when Margrave Charles III William of Baden-Durlach woke from a dream in which he dreamt of founding his new city. A variation of this story claims that he built the new palace to find peace from his wife.

Charles William founded the city on June 17, 1715, after a dispute with the citizens of his previous capital, Durlach. The founding of the city is closely linked to the construction of the palace. Karlsruhe became the capital of Baden-Durlach, and, in 1771, of the united Baden until 1945. Built in 1822, the Ständehaus was the first parliament building in a German state. In the aftermath of the democratic revolution of 1848, a republican government was elected there.

Karlsruhe was visited by Thomas Jefferson during his time as the American envoy to France; when Pierre Charles L'Enfant was planning the layout of Washington, D.C., Jefferson passed to him maps of 12 European towns to consult, one of which was a sketch he had made of Karlsruhe during his visit.[9]

In 1860, the first-ever international professional convention of chemists, the Karlsruhe Congress, was held in the city.[10]

In 1907 the town was site of the Hau Riot where large crowds caused disturbance during the trial of murderer Carl Hau.

On Kristallnacht in 1938, the Adass Jeshurun synagogue was burned to the ground, and the city's Jews were later sent to the Dachau concentration camp, Gurs concentration camp, Theresienstadt, and Auschwitz during the Holocaust, with 1,421 of Karlsruhe's Jews being killed.[11] During World War II, it was the location of a forced labour camp for men,[12] and a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp, whose prisoners were mainly Poles and Russians.[13]

Much of the central area, including the palace, was reduced to rubble by Allied bombing during World War II, but was rebuilt after the war. Located in the American zone of the postwar Allied occupation, Karlsruhe was home to an American military base, established in 1945. After the war, the city was part of West Germany until 1990. In 1995, the bases closed, and their facilities were turned over to the city of Karlsruhe.[14]


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السكان

The following list shows the most significant groups of foreigners residing in the city of Karlsruhe by country.

الترتيب الجنسية Population (31 December 2018)[15]
1  رومانيا 6,169
2  تركيا 5,618
3  إيطاليا 4,558
4  كرواتيا 3,333
5  پولندا 3,089
6  الصين 2,962
7  فرنسا 1,852
8  صربيا 1,746
9  روسيا 1,712
10  إسپانيا 1,502
11  بلغاريا 1,384
12  اليونان 1,204
13  الهند 1,190
14  المجر 1,171
15  البوسنة والهرسك 1,166
16  سوريا 1,160

تطور تعداد السكان

Year Inhabitants
1790 4,500
1820 16,200
1850 25,400
1880 49,300
1900 97,400
1925 145,700
2003 282,595
2007 282,700 (approx.)

(source unknown, figures unconfirmed)

Memorial for Baden troops in several wars, 1803-1918

المعالم

The Stadtgarten is a recreational area near the main railway station (Hauptbahnhof) and was rebuilt for the 1967 Federal Garden Show (Bundesgartenschau). It is also the site of the Karlsruhe Zoo.

The Durlacher Turmberg has a lookout tower (hence its name). It is a former keep dating back to the 13th century.

The city has two botanical gardens: the municipal Botanischer Garten Karlsruhe, which forms part of the Palace complex, and the Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe, which is maintained by the university.

Panorama of the courtyard of Botanischer Garten Karlsruhe

The Marktplatz has a stone pyramid marking the grave of the city's founder. Built in 1825, it is the emblem of Karlsruhe. The city is nicknamed the "fan city" (die Fächerstadt) because of its design layout, with straight streets radiating fan-like from the Palace.

The Karlsruhe Palace (Schloss) is an interesting piece of architecture; the adjacent Schlossgarten includes the Botanical Garden with a palm, cactus and orchid house, and walking paths through the woods to the north.

The so-called Kleine Kirche (Little Church), built between 1773 and 1776, is the oldest church of Karlsruhe's city centre.

The architect Friedrich Weinbrenner designed many of the city's most important sights. Another sight is the Rondellplatz with its 'Constitution Building Columns' (1826). It is dedicated to Baden's first constitution in 1818, which was one of the most liberal of its time. The Münze (mint), erected in 1826/27, was also built by Weinbrenner.

St. Stephan parish church

The St. Stephan parish church is one of the masterpieces of neoclassical church architecture in.[16] Weinbrenner, who built this church between 1808 and 1814, orientated it to the Pantheon, Rome.

Grand Ducal burial chapel (Sepulchral chapel of the Grand Duchy of Baden in Karlsruhe)

The neo-Gothic Grand Ducal Burial Chapel, built between 1889 and 1896, is a mausoleum rather than a church, and is located in the middle of the forest.

The main cemetery of Karlsruhe is the oldest park-like cemetery in Germany. The crematorium was the first to be built in the style of a church.

Karlsruhe is also home to a natural history museum (the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe), an opera house (the Baden State Theatre), as well as a number of independent theatres and art galleries. The State Art Gallery, built in 1846 by Heinrich Hübsch, displays paintings and sculptures from six centuries, particularly from France, Germany and Holland. Karlsruhe's newly renovated art museum is one of the most important art museums in Baden-Württemberg. Further cultural attractions are scattered throughout Karlsruhe's various incorporated suburbs. Established in 1924, the Scheffel Association is the largest literary society in Germany.[بحاجة لمصدر] Today the Prinz-Max-Palais, built between 1881 and 1884 in neoclassical style, houses the organisation and includes its museum.

Breweries and buildings in the Art Nouveau style were predominant in the western city.

Due to population growth in the late 19th century, Karlsruhe developed several suburban areas (Vorstadt) in the Gründerzeit and especially Art Nouveau styles of architecture, with many preserved examples.

Karlsruhe is also home to the Majolika-Manufaktur,[17] the only art-ceramics pottery studio in Germany.[بحاجة لمصدر] Founded in 1901, it is located in the Schlossgarten. A 'blue streak' (Blauer Strahl) consisting of 1,645 ceramic tiles, connects the studio with the Palace. It is the world's largest ceramic artwork.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Another tourist attraction is the Centre for Art and Media (Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie, or ZKM), which is located in a converted ammunition factory.


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الحكومة

العدل

The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany

Karlsruhe is the seat of the German Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) and the highest Court of Appeals in civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof. The courts came to Karlsruhe after World War II, when the provinces of Baden and Württemberg were merged. Stuttgart, capital of Württemberg, became the capital of the new province (Württemberg-Baden in 1945 and Baden-Württemberg in 1952). In compensation for the state authorities relocated to Stuttgart, Karlsruhe applied to become the seat of the high court.[18]

الصحة العامة

There are four hospitals: The Karlsruhe Municipal Hospital provides the maximum level of medical services, the St. Vincentius-Kliniken and the Diakonissenkrankenhaus, connected to the Catholic and Protestant churches, respectively, offer central services, and the private Paracelsus-Klinik basic medical care, according to state hospital demand planning.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Economy

Germany's largest oil refinery is located in Karlsruhe, at the western edge of the city, directly on the river Rhine. The Technologieregion Karlsruhe is a loose confederation of the region's cities in order to promote high tech industries; today, about 20% of the region's jobs are in research and development. EnBW, one of Germany's biggest electric utility companies, with a revenue of €19.2 billion in 2012,[19] is headquartered in the city.

أنشطة الإنترنت

Due to the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology providing services until the late 1990, Karlsruhe became known as the internet capital of Germany.[20] The DENIC, Germany's network information centre, has since moved to Frankfurt, though, where DE-CIX is located.

Two major internet service providers, WEB.DE and schlund+partner/1&1, now both owned by United Internet AG, are located at Karlsruhe.

The library of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology developed the Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog, the first internet site that allowed researchers worldwide (for free) to search multiple library catalogues worldwide.

In 2000, the regional online newspaper ka-news.de was created. As a daily newspaper, it not only provides the news, but also informs readers about upcoming events in Karlsruhe and surrounding areas.

Rail yard, bypass road Südtangente

In addition to established companies, Karlsruhe has a vivid and spreading startup community with well-known startups. Together, the local high tech industry is responsible for over 22,000 jobs.[21]

السياسة

Mayor

The results of the 2020 mayoral election

The current mayor of Karlsruhe is Frank Mentrup of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) since 2013. The most recent mayoral election was held on 6 December 2020, and the results were as follows:

Candidate Party Votes %
Frank Mentrup SPD/Green 50,064 52.6
Sven Weigt CDU/FDP 24,158 25.4
Petra Lorenz Free Voters/For Karlsruhe 8,303 8.7
Paul Schmidt Alternative for Germany 3,914 4.1
Vanessa Schulz Die PARTEI 2,660 2.8
Marc Nehlig Independent 6,065 6.4
Other 97 0.1
Valid votes 95,261 99.6
Invalid votes 430 0.4
Total 95,961 100.0
Electorate/voter turnout 231,335 41.4
Source: City of Karlsruhe

List of mayors

After the castle was founded in 1715, there was also a settlement in which a mayor was appointed from 1718. From 1812 the mayors received the title of Lord Mayor.

In addition to the Lord Mayor, there are five other mayors.

Mayor for:

  • Human Resources, Elections and Statistics, Citizen Service and Security, Culture
  • Youth and social affairs, schools, sports, pools
  • Finance, economy and work, city marketing, congresses, exhibitions and events, tourism, supply and ports, real estate and market affairs
  • Environment and climate protection, health, cemetery office, waste management, forestry, fire and disaster control
  • Planning, building, real estate management, people's apartment and zoo

List of Mayors

Name Time Party
Johannes Sembach 1718–1720
Johannes Ludwig 1721–1723
Georg Adam Ottmann 1724–1733
Johannes Ernst Kaufmann 1733–1738
Johann Cornelius Roman 1738–1744
Johannes Ernst Kaufmann 1744–1746
Johann Christian Maschenbauer 1746–1750
Johann Cornelius Roman 1750–1753
Johann Sebald Kreglinger 1753–1763
Johann Cornelius Roman 1763–1765
Georg Jakob Fink 1765–1773
Christoph Hennig 1773–1781
Christian Ludwig Schulz 1781–1799
Georg Friedrich Trohmann 1799–1800
Gabriel Bauer 1800–1809
Wilhelm Christian Griesbach 1809–1816
Bernhard Dollmaetsch 1816–1830
August Klose 1830–1833
Christian Karl Füeßlin 1833–1847
August Klose 1847 (May–September)
Ludwig Daler 1847–1848
Jakob Malsch 1848–1870
Wilhelm Florentin Lauter 1870–1892
Karl Schnetzler 1892–1906
Karl Siegrist 1906–1919
Julius Finter 1919–1933 DDP
Friedrich Jäger 1933–1938 NSDAP
Oskar Hüssy 1938–1945 NSDAP
Josef Heinrich 1945 (April–August)
Hermann Veit 1945–1946 SPD
Friedrich Töpper 1946–1952 SPD
Günther Klotz 1952–1970 SPD
Otto Dullenkopf 1970–1986 CDU
Gerhard Seiler 1986–1998 CDU
Heinz Fenrich 1998–2013 CDU
Frank Mentrup since 2013 SPD

City council

The Karlsruhe city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows:

Party Votes % +/- Seats +/-
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) 1,546,887 25.6 Decrease 4.5 12 Decrease 3
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 1,186,644 19.6 ▲ 0.9 10 ▲ 1
Social Democratic Party (SPD) 749,043 12.4 Decrease 1.9 6 Decrease 1
Alternative for Germany (AfD) 606,048 10.0 ▲ 2.9 5 ▲ 2
Free Democratic Party (FDP) 377,480 6.2 Decrease 1.1 3 Decrease 1
Volt Germany (Volt) 351,295 5.8 New 3 New
The Left (Die Linke) 335,309 5.5 Decrease 1.5 3 مستقر 0.0
Karlsruher List (KAL) 322,146 5.3 ▲ 0.3 3 ▲ 1
Die PARTEI 183,083 3.0 Decrease 1.6 1 Decrease 1
Free Voters Karlsruhe (FW KA) 179,500 3.0 Decrease 0.2 1 Decrease 1
For Karlsruhe (FÜR) 122,453 2.0 Decrease 0.7 1 Decrease 1
Democracy and Education Karlsruhe 35,315 0.6 New 0 New
Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) 31,066 0.5 New 0 New
KAG 12,546 0.2 New 0 New
Team Todenhöfer 8,463 0.1 New 0 New
Valid votes 6,047,278 100.0 48 ±0
Invalid ballots 2,702 2.0
Total ballots 138,198 100.0
Electorate/voter turnout 225,262 61.4 ▲ 2.7
Source: City of Karlsruhe

Transport

Railway

The Verkehrsbetriebe Karlsruhe (VBK) operates the city's urban public transport network, comprising seven tram routes and a network of bus routes. All city areas can be reached round the clock by tram and a night bus system. The Turmbergbahn funicular railway, to the east of the city centre, is also operated by the VBK. Similar to a premetro tramlines operating in the city centre use two tramway tunnels that were completed on 11 December 2021.[22]

A tram at the subterranean Durlacher Tor – KIT Campus Süd station

The VBK is also a partner, with the Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft and Deutsche Bahn, in the operation of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn, the rail system that serves a larger area around the city. This system makes it possible to reach other towns in the region, like Ettlingen, Wörth am Rhein, Pforzheim, Bad Wildbad, Bretten, Bruchsal, Heilbronn, Baden-Baden, and even Freudenstadt in the Black Forest right from the city centre. The Stadtbahn is known for pioneering the concept of operating trams on train tracks, to achieve a more effective and attractive public transport system.

Karlsruhe is connected via road and rail, with Autobahn and Intercity Express connections going to Frankfurt, Stuttgart/Munich and Freiburg/Basel from Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof. Since June 2007 it has been connected to the TGV network, reducing travel time to Paris to three hours (previously it had taken five hours).

The Rhine Valley Railway is also an important freight line.[23] Freight trains can bypass Karlsuhe Hauptbahnhof via the Karlsruhe freight bypass railway.

Shipping

Oil port

Two ports on the Rhine provide transport capacity on cargo ships, especially for petroleum products.

Airport

The nearest airport is part of the Baden Airpark (officially Flughafen Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden) about 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Karlsruhe, with regular connections to airports in Germany and Europe in general. Frankfurt International Airport can be reached in about an hour and a half by car (one hour by Intercity Express); Stuttgart Airport can be reached in about one hour (about an hour and a half by train and S-Bahn).

Streets

Karlsruhe is at the Bundesautobahn 5 and the Bundesstraße 10. In the city there is a good bike lane infrastructure.

Two interesting facts in transportation history are that both Karl Drais, the inventor of the bicycle, as well as Karl Benz, the inventor of the automobile were born in Karlsruhe. Benz was born in Mühlburg, which later became a borough of Karlsruhe (in 1886). Benz also studied at the Karlsruhe University. Benz's wife Bertha took the world's first long distance-drive with an automobile from Mannheim to Karlsruhe-Grötzingen and Pforzheim (see Bertha Benz Memorial Route). Their professional lives led both men to the neighboring city of Mannheim, where they first applied their most famous inventions.

Memorial for Baden Life Grenadiers in several wars, 1803–1918, temporarily removed in 2010
Karlsburg Castle in Durlach

Jewish community

Jews settled in Karlsruhe soon after its founding.[24] They were attracted by the numerous privileges granted by its founder to settlers, without discrimination as to creed. Official documents attest the presence of several Jewish families at Karlsruhe in 1717.[24] A year later the city council addressed to the margrave a report in which a question was raised as to the proportion of municipal charges to be borne by the newly arrived Jews, who in that year formed an organized congregation, with Rabbi Nathan Uri Kohen of Metz at its head. A document dated 1726 gives the names of twenty-four Jews who had taken part in an election of municipal officers.

As the city grew, permission to settle there became less easily obtained by Jews, and the community developed more slowly. A 1752 Jewry ordinance stated Jews were forbidden to leave the city on Sundays and Christian holidays, or to go out of their houses during church services, but they were exempted from service by court summonses on Sabbaths. They could sell wine only in inns owned by Jews and graze their cattle, not on the commons, but on the wayside only. Nethanael Weill was a rabbi in Karlsruhe from 1750 until his death.

In 1783, by a decree issued by Margrave Charles Frederick of Baden, the Jews ceased to be serfs, and consequently could settle wherever they pleased. The same decree freed them from the Todfall tax, paid to the clergy for each Jewish burial. In commemoration of these changes special prayers were prepared by the acting rabbi Jedidiah Tiah Weill, who, succeeding his father in 1770, held the office until 1805.

In 1808 the new constitution of what at that time, during the Napoleonic era, had become the Grand Duchy of Baden granted Jews citizenship status; a subsequent edict, in 1809, constitutionally acknowledged Jews as a religious group.[25][26] The latter edict provided for a hierarchical organization of the Jewish communities of Baden, under the umbrella of a central council of Baden Jewry (Oberrat der Israeliten Badens), with its seat in Karlsruhe,[25] and the appointment of a chief rabbi of Karlsruhe, as the spiritual head of the Jews in all of Baden.[24] The first chief rabbi of Karlsruhe and Baden was Rabbi Asher Loew, who served from 1809 until his death in 1837.[27]

Complete emancipation was given in 1862, Jews were elected to city council and Baden parliament, and from 1890 were appointed judges. Jews were persecuted in the 'Hep-Hep' riots that occurred in 1819; and anti-Jewish demonstrations were held in 1843, 1848, and the 1880s. The well-known German-Israeli artist Leo Kahn studied in Karlsruhe before leaving for France and Israel in the 1920s and 1930s.

Today, there are about 900 members in the Jewish community, many of whom are recent immigrants from Russia, and an orthodox rabbi.[28]

Karlsruhe has memorialized its Jewish community and notable pre-war synagogues with a memorial park.[29]

Karlsruhe and the Shoah

On 28 October 1938, all Jewish men of Polish extraction were expelled to the Polish border, their families joining them later and most ultimately perishing in the ghettoes and concentration camps. On Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938), the Adass Jeshurun synagogue was burned to the ground, the main synagogue was damaged, and Jewish men were taken to the Dachau concentration camp after being beaten and tormented. Deportations commenced on 22 October 1940, when 893 Jews were loaded onto trains for the three-day journey to the Gurs concentration camp in France. Another 387 were deported in from 1942 to 1945 to lzbica in the Lublin district (Poland), Theresienstadt, and Auschwitz. Of the 1,280 Jews deported directly from Karlsruhe, 1,175 perished. Another 138 perished after deportation from other German cities or occupied Europe. In all, 1,421 of Karlsruhe's Jews died during the Shoah. A new community was formed after the war by surviving former residents, with a new synagogue erected in 1971. It numbered 359 in 1980.[11]

Notable people

Gottfried Fuchs
Richard Willstätter

Education

انظر أيضاً: Hans-Freudenberg-Kolleg and List of schools in Germany

Karlsruhe is a renowned research and study centre, with one of Germany's finest institutions of higher education.

Technology, engineering, and business

The Karlsruhe University (Universität Karlsruhe-TH), the oldest technical university in Germany, is home to the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (Karlsruhe Research Center), where engineering and scientific research is performed in the areas of health, earth, and environmental sciences. The Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Karlsruhe-HS) is the largest university of technology in the state of Baden-Württemberg, offering both professional and academic education in engineering sciences and business. In 2009, the University of Karlsruhe joined the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe to form the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT).

The arts

The Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe is one of the smallest universities in Germany, with average 300 students. The Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design (HfG) was founded to the same time as its sister institution, the Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe (Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie). The HfG teaching and research focuses on new media and media art. The Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe is a music conservatory that offers degrees in composition, music performance, education, and radio journalism. Since 1989 it has been located in the Gottesaue Palace.

International education

The Karlshochschule International University (formerly known as Merkur Internationale Fachhochschule) was founded in 2004. As a foundation-owned, state-approved management school, Karlshochschule offers undergraduate education in both German and English, focusing on international and intercultural management, as well as service- and culture-related industries. Furthermore, an international consecutive Master of Arts in leadership studies is offered in English.

European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT)

المقالة الرئيسية: European Institute of Innovation and Technology

Karlsruhe hosts one of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology's Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KICs) focusing on sustainable energy. Other co‑centres are based in Grenoble, France (CC Alps Valleys); Eindhoven, the Netherlands, and Leuven, Belgium (CC Benelux); Barcelona, Spain (CC Iberia); Kraków, Poland (CC PolandPlus); and Stockholm, Sweden (CC Sweden).[30]

University of Education

The Karlsruhe University of Education was founded in 1962. It is specialized in educational processes. The university has about 3700 students and 180 full-time researchers and lecturers. It offers a wide range of educational studies, like teaching profession for primary and secondary schools (both optional with a European Teaching Certificate profile), Bachelor programs that specializes in Early Childhood Education and in Health and Leisure Education, Master programs in Educational Science, Intercultural Education, Migration and Multilingualism. Furthermore, the University of Education Karlsruhe offers a Master program for Biodiversity and Environmental Education.[31]

الثقافة

Nancy fountain
Gottesau Palace (now music college)

In 1999 the ZKM (Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie, Centre for Art and Media) was opened. Linking new media theory and practice, the ZKM is located in a former weapons factory. Among the institutes related to the ZKM are the Staatliche Hochschule für Gestaltung (State University of Design), whose president is philosopher Peter Sloterdijk and the Museum for Contemporary Art.

المدن الشقيقة

The town is twinned with:

Gottesau Palace (now music college)

Partnerships

Karlsruhe also cooperates with:[32]

Legacy

Events

Every year in July there is a large open-air festival lasting three days called simply Das Fest ("The Festival").[33][34]

The Baden State Theatre has sponsored the Händel Festival since 1978.

The city hosted the 23rd and 31st European Juggling Conventions (EJC) in 2000 and 2008.

In July the African Summer Festival is held in the city's Nordstadt. Markets, drumming workshops, exhibitions, a varied children's programme, and musical performances take place during the three days festival.[35]

In the past Karlsruhe has been the host of LinuxTag (the biggest Linux event in Europe) and until 2006 hosted the annual Linux Audio Conference.[36]

Visitors and locals watched the total solar eclipse at noon on August 11, 1999. The city was not only located within the eclipse path but was one of the few within Germany not plagued by bad weather.

Sport

Football
Karlsruher SC (KSC), DFB (2. Liga)
Basketball
PS Karlsruhe Lions, 2024 champion of the ProA (second division)

Karlsruhe co-hosted the FIBA EuroBasket 1985.

Volleyball
SVK Beiertheim, second German division
Tennis
TC Rueppurr (TCR), [Tennis-Bundesliga] (women's first division)
Lacrosse
KIT SC Karlsruhe Storm, 1. Bundesliga Süd
Baseball, softball
Karlsruhe Cougars, Regional League South-East (men's baseball), 1st Bundesliga South (women's softball I) and State League South (women's softball II)
American football
Badener Greifs, currently competing in the Regional League Central but formerly a member of the German Football League's 1st Bundesliga, lost to the Berlin Adler in the 1987 German Bowl (see also: German Football League)
Karlsruhe Palace

Notes

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب قالب:Cite American Heritage Dictionary
  2. ^ "Karlsruhe" (US) and قالب:Cite Oxford Dictionaries
  3. ^ قالب:Cite Merriam-Webster
  4. ^ "Karlsruhe | Creative Cities Network". en.unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-01-08.
  5. ^ "Zwei deutsche Städte ins Netzwerk der UNESCO-Creative Cities aufgenommen | Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission". unesco.de (in الألمانية). Retrieved 2020-01-08.
  6. ^ "Die Wetterstationen in Karlsruhe". Wetter.im-licht-der-natur.de. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  7. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  8. ^ "Wetter und Klima – Deutscher Wetterdienst – CDC (Climate Data Center)". www.dwd.de.
  9. ^ Volker C. Ihle (2011). Karlsruhe and the United States. Sonstige. pp. 35–37. ISBN 9783881903233.
  10. ^ Ihde, Aaron J. (February 1961). "The Karlsruhe Congress: A centennial retrospective". Journal of Chemical Education. 38 (2): 83–86. Bibcode:1961JChEd..38...83I. doi:10.1021/ed038p83.
  11. ^ أ ب "Yad Vashem – Request Rejected". db.yadvashem.org.
  12. ^ "Arbeitserziehungslager Karlsruhe". Bundesarchiv.de (in الألمانية). Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  13. ^ "SS Bauzug". Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  14. ^ Elkins, Walter. "U.S. Army Installations – Karlsruhe". U.S. Army in Germany. Retrieved 2012-07-21.
  15. ^ "Statistisches Jahrbuch 2019" (PDF). Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  16. ^ Southern Germany
  17. ^ Staatliche Majolika Manufaktur Karlsruhe GmbH. "Majolika-Manufaktur". Majolika-karlsruhe.com. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
  18. ^ Stadt Karlsruhe Stadtarchiv (ed.): Karlsruhe. Die Stadtgeschichte. Badenia, Karlsruhe 1998, ISBN 3-7617-0353-8, p. 591–594
  19. ^ "Financial Report 2012" (PDF). EnBW. p. 3.
  20. ^ See [1] Archived 2015-09-30 at the Wayback Machine, a webpage by the Federal Foreign Office
  21. ^ "Region: Mittlerer Oberrhein Informationstechnologie, IT-Anwendungen / Unternehmenssoftware". Retrieved 2015-05-08.
  22. ^ Seinsoth, Dorothee; Bender, Markus; Essig, Jürgen. "Offizielle Eröffnung: Viele Karlsruher wollen die neue U-Bahn sehen". Swr Aktuell (in German). Südwestrundfunk. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  23. ^ Weinrich, Regina (16 August 2017). "Sperrung der Rheintalbahn". Eurotransport. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  24. ^ أ ب ت "Karlsruhe (Carlsruhe)" (1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Ed. Isidore Singer. Vol. 7. p. 448-449.
  25. ^ أ ب Dubnow, Simon (1920). Die neueste Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes (1789–1914). (in ألمانية) Translated from the Russian by Alexander Eliasberg. Vol. 1. Einleitung. Erste Abteilung: Das Zeitalter der ersten Emanzipation (1789–1815). Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag. p. 288.
  26. ^ Kober, Adolf (1942). "Mannheim." The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia. Ed. Isaac Landman. Vol. 7. New York: Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc. p. 330-332; here: p. 331.
  27. ^ قالب:Cite EJ
  28. ^ "Aktuelles". jg-karlsruhe.de.
  29. ^ "images/Images%2021/ka%20syn". alemannia-judaica.de. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
  30. ^ "Sustainable Energy - KIC InnoEnergy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-22. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
  31. ^ "Karlsruhe University of Education". ph-karlsruhe.de. Archived from the original on 2018-03-04. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
  32. ^ "Partneri- ja kummikaupungit". ouka.fi (in الفنلندية). Oulu. 20 April 2017. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
  33. ^ "das FEST". Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  34. ^ "das FEST" (in الألمانية). Archived from the original on 2010-12-31. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
  35. ^ "Karlsruhe Afrikamarkt & Festival 2011". Africansummerfestival.de. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
  36. ^ "4th International Linux Audio Conference". lac.zkm.de. Archived from the original on 2015-10-12. Retrieved 2014-07-24.

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