الأطلسي الأوسط (الولايات المتحدة)

Mid-Atlantic
Left to right from top: Lower Manhattan skyline, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Assateague Island, the skyline of Philadelphia, the Catskills from the Hudson River, Downtown Pittsburgh, Jersey City, and the Washington Monument, Jefferson Memorial, and Washington, D.C. skyline
States in dark red are traditionally included in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions, while states in pink are traditionally included in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast regions.
الإحداثيات: 41°N 77°W / 41; -77
Composition	New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware
Metropolitan areas	Buffalo–Niagara Falls Albany–Schenectady–Troy Philadelphia–Wilmington New York–Newark Allentown–Bethlehem–Easton Pittsburgh Rochester Richmond Syracuse Washington Scranton–Wilkes-Barre Harrisburg–York–Lebanon Virginia Beach–Norfolk–Newport News Baltimore-Columbia-Towson
Largest city	New York
المساحة
• الإجمالي	191٬299٫86 ميل² (495٬464٫4 كم²)
• البر	174٬468٫45 ميل² (451٬871٫2 كم²)
• الماء	16٬831٫41 ميل² (43٬593٫2 كم²)  8.80%
التعداد  (2020)
• الإجمالي	60٬783٬913
• الكثافة	320/sq mi (120/km2)
GDP (nominal)
• Q3 2022	$5.233 trillion

The Mid-Atlantic is a region of the United States located in the overlap between the Northeastern and Southeastern states of the United States. The region typically includes the five states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, the District of Columbia, and occasionally Virginia, and West Virginia.

The Mid-Atlantic region played an instrumental and historic role in the nation's founding and the development of the nation. Each of the seven states were members of the Thirteen Colonies that gathered in Philadelphia during the Second Continental Congress, which unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence in 1776, formalized the Continental Army under George Washington's command that escalated and ultimately won the American Revolutionary War over British colonialists. Following independence, the states again gathered in Philadelphia at the Constitutional Convention, where, in 1788, they ratified the United States Constitution, which remains the oldest and longest-standing written and codified national constitution in force in the world today.

The Mid-Atlantic region was settled during the colonial era between the early 17th century and the conclusion of the American Revolutionary War in 1783 by European Americans of primarily Dutch, German, Swedish, English, and other Western European ethnicities. Religious pluralism and freedoms existed in the original Thirteen Colonies and were particularly prevalent in Province of Pennsylvania and the geographic region that ultimately broke from Pennsylvania to form the Delaware Colony. Among the 13 original colonies, the Province of Maryland was the only colony with a substantial Catholic population.

Following the American Revolutionary War, the Mid-Atlantic region hosted each of the historic capitals of the United States. The nation's capital was constructed in Washington, D.C., and relocated there from Philadelphia following its completion in 1800. In the early part of the 19th century, New York and Pennsylvania overtook Virginia as the most populous states and overtook New England states as the country's most important trading and industrial centers. Large numbers of German, Irish, Italian, Jewish, Polish, and other immigrants transformed the region, especially coastal cities, including New York City, Newark, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and interior cities such as Pittsburgh, and Rochester, Albany, and Buffalo, with their skyscrapers and subways, which emerged as icons of modernity and American economic and cultural power in the 20th century. By the 21st century, the coastal areas of the Mid-Atlantic were thoroughly urbanized.

In the late 19th century, the region played a vital and historic role in the development of American culture, commerce, trade, and industry sectors. It was labeled "the typically American" region by historian Frederick Jackson Turner.

The Northeast Corridor and Interstate 95 link an almost contiguous sprawl of suburbs and large and small cities, forming the Mid-Atlantic portion of the Northeast megalopolis, one of the world's most important concentrations of finance, media, communications, education, medicine, and technology. The Mid-Atlantic is a relatively affluent region of the nation, having 43 of the 100 highest-income counties in the nation, based on median household income, and 33 of the top 100, based on per capita income. Most of the Mid-Atlantic states rank among the 15 highest-income states in the nation, by median household income and per capita income.

The region is home to three of the top ten-ranked universities in the nation: Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, according to U.S. News & World Report's 2022-23 College Ranking.

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 Composition

There are differing interpretations as to the composition of the Mid-Atlantic, with sources including in the region a number of states from New York to South Carolina. A United States Geological Survey publication describes the Mid-Atlantic Region as all of Maryland, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, along with the parts of New Jersey, New York, and North Carolina that drain into the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays and the Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. Sometimes, the region's nucleus is considered to be the area centered on the Washington metropolitan area, including Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and West Virginia.

In contrast to other definitions in which the Mid-Atlantic overlaps the Northeast and Southeast, the United States Census Bureau defines the Mid-Atlantic as a subregion of the Northeast consisting exclusively of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

West Virginia and Virginia are atypical in the region as the only states to lie primarily within the Southern American dialect region, and the major religious tradition in being largely Evangelical Christian, with 30% in Virginia and 39% in West Virginia identifying as evangelicals. Although a few of West Virginia's eastern panhandle counties are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, the major portion of the state is rural and there are no major or even large cities.

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  A USGS fact sheet on the Mid-Atlantic region's groundwater

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  A 1897 map displaying a broad definition of the Mid-Atlantic region

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  An 1886 Harper's School Geography map showing the region as excluding Virginia and West Virginia

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  The U.S. Census Bureau regions and divisions, displaying an exclusive three-state definition of the Middle Atlantic

 History

Shipping containers at Port Newark–Elizabeth Marine Terminal, part of the Port of New York and New Jersey

Shipping and trade have been important to the Mid-Atlantic economy since the beginning of the colonial era. The explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to see the region in 1524. Henry Hudson later extensively explored that region in 1611 and claimed it for the Dutch, who then created a fur-trading post in Albany in 1614. Jamestown, Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America, it was established seven years earlier in 1607.

From early colonial times, the Mid-Atlantic region was settled by a wider range of European people than in New England or the South. The Dutch New Netherland settlement along the Hudson River in New York City and New Jersey, and for a time, New Sweden along the Delaware River in Delaware, divided the two great bulwarks of English settlement from each other. The original English settlements in the region notably provided refuge to religious minorities, Maryland to Roman Catholics and Pennsylvania to Quakers and Anabaptist Pennsylvania Dutch. In time, all these settlements fell under English colonial control, but the region continued to be a magnet for people of diverse nationalities.

The area that came to be known as the Middle Colonies served as a strategic bridge between the North and South. The New York and New Jersey campaign during the American Revolutionary War saw more battles than any other theater of the conflict. Philadelphia, midway between the northern and southern colonies, was home to the Continental Congress, the convention of delegates who organized the American Revolution. Philadelphia also was the birthplace of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787, while the United States Bill of Rights was drafted and ratified and the first Supreme Court of the United States sat for the first time, in the first capital under the Constitution of New York.

While early settlers were mostly farmers, traders, and fishermen, the Mid-Atlantic states provided the young United States with heavy industry and served as the "melting pot" of new immigrants from Europe. Cities grew along major ports, shipping routes, and waterways, including New York City and Newark on opposite sides of the Hudson River, Philadelphia on the Delaware River, Allentown on the Lehigh River, and Baltimore on the Chesapeake Bay.

 Major cities and urban areas

New York City

Philadelphia

Baltimore

Washington, D.C.

 Metropolitan areas

Largest metropolitan statistical areas by population in the Mid-Atlantic Region

	MSA	2020 Census	2010 Census
1	New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA	20,140,470	18,897,109
2	Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV	6,385,162	5,649,540
3	Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD	6,245,051	5,965,343
4	Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD	2,844,510	2,710,489
5	Pittsburgh, PA	2,370,930	2,356,285
6	Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC	1,799,674	1,713,954
7	Richmond, VA	1,314,434	1,186,501
8	Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY	1,166,902	1,135,509
9	Rochester, NY	1,090,135	1,079,671
10	Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY	899,262	870,716

Top ten largest cities by population in the Mid-Atlantic Region

	City	2020 Census
1	New York, NY	8,804,190
2	Philadelphia, PA	1,603,797
3	Washington, D.C.	689,545
4	Baltimore, MD	585,708
5	Virginia Beach, VA	459,470
6	Newark, NJ	311,549
7	Pittsburgh, PA	302,971
8	Jersey City, NJ	292,449
9	Buffalo, NY	278,349
10	Chesapeake, VA	249,422

التعداد التاريخي
التعداد	Pop.		%±
1790	2٬085٬066		—
1800	2٬702٬679		29٫6%
1810	3٬466٬545		28٫3%
1820	4٬278٬349		23٫4%
1830	5٬362٬691		25٫3%
1840	6٬357٬873		18٫6%
1850	8٬046٬649		26٫6%
1860	9٬929٬648		23٫4%
1870	11٬515٬592		16�0%
1880	13٬887٬075		20٫6%
1890	16٬566٬269		19٫3%
1900	19٬919٬159		20٫2%
1910	24٬427٬360		22٫6%
1920	28٬144٬267		15٫2%
1930	32٬768٬581		16٫4%
1940	34٬870٬074		6٫4%
1950	38٬951٬029		11٫7%
1960	44٬306٬759		13٫7%
1970	48٬818٬784		10٫2%
1980	49٬532٬898		1٫5%
1990	51٬637٬657		4٫2%
2000	55٬210٬865		6٫9%
2010	57٬999٬602		5٫1%
2020	60٬783٬913		4٫8%
Source:1790–2020

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 State capitals

	Capital	2020 Census
1	Richmond, Virginia	226,610
2	Albany, New York	99,224
3	Trenton, New Jersey	90,871
4	Harrisburg, Pennsylvania	50,099
5	Charleston, West Virginia	48,864
6	Annapolis, Maryland	40,812
7	Dover, Delaware	39,403

Note: The Mid-Atlantic region is also home to the nation's capital, Washington, D.C.

 In presidential elections

Parties
Nonpartisan	Federalist	Democratic-Republican	National Republican	Democratic	Whig	قالب:Party shading/Know-Nothing| Know Nothing	Republican	Constitutional Union	Progressive

• Bold denotes election winner.

Presidential electoral votes in the Mid-Atlantic states since 1789
Year	Delaware	District of Columbia	Maryland	New Jersey	New York	Pennsylvania	Virginia	West Virginia
1789	Washington	No election	Washington	Washington	Gridlocked	Washington	Washington	No election
1792	Washington	No election	Washington	Washington	Washington	Washington	Washington	No election
1796	Adams	No election	Adams	Adams	Adams	Jefferson	Jefferson	No election
1800	Adams	No election	Jefferson	Adams	Jefferson	Jefferson	Jefferson	No election
1804	Pinckney	No election	Jefferson	Jefferson	Jefferson	Jefferson	Jefferson	No election
1808	Pinckney	No election	Madison	Madison	Madison	Madison	Madison	No election
1812	Clinton	No election	Madison	Clinton	Clinton	Madison	Madison	No election
1816	King	No election	Monroe	Monroe	Monroe	Monroe	Monroe	No election
1820	Monroe	No election	Monroe	Monroe	Monroe	Monroe	Monroe	No election
1824	Crawford	No election	Jackson	Jackson	Adams	Jackson	Crawford	No election
1828	Adams	No election	Adams	Adams	Jackson	Jackson	Jackson	No election
1832	Clay	No election	Clay	Jackson	Jackson	Jackson	Jackson	No election
1836	Harrison	No election	Harrison	Harrison	Van Buren	Van Buren	Van Buren	No election
1840	Harrison	No election	Harrison	Harrison	Harrison	Harrison	Van Buren	No election
1844	Clay	No election	Clay	Clay	Polk	Polk	Polk	No election
1848	Taylor	No election	Taylor	Taylor	Taylor	Taylor	Cass	No election
1852	Pierce	No election	Pierce	Pierce	Pierce	Pierce	Pierce	No election
1856	Buchanan	No election	قالب:Party shading/Know-Nothing| Fillmore	Buchanan	Frémont	Buchanan	Buchanan	No election
1860	Breckinridge	No election	Breckinridge	Lincoln	Lincoln	Lincoln	Bell	No election
1864	McClellan	No election	Lincoln	McClellan	Lincoln	Lincoln	No election	Lincoln
1868	Seymour	No election	Seymour	Seymour	Seymour	Grant	No election	Grant
1872	Grant	No election	Hendricks	Grant	Grant	Grant	Grant	Grant
1876	Tilden	No election	Tilden	Tilden	Tilden	Hayes	Tilden	Tilden
1880	Hancock	No election	Hancock	Hancock	Garfield	Garfield	Hancock	Hancock
1884	Cleveland	No election	Cleveland	Cleveland	Cleveland	Blaine	Cleveland	Cleveland
1888	Cleveland	No election	Cleveland	Cleveland	Harrison	Harrison	Cleveland	Cleveland
1892	Cleveland	No election	Cleveland	Cleveland	Cleveland	Harrison	Cleveland	Cleveland
1896	McKinley	No election	McKinley	McKinley	McKinley	McKinley	Bryan	McKinley
1900	McKinley	No election	McKinley	McKinley	McKinley	McKinley	Bryan	McKinley
1904	Roosevelt	No election	Parker	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Parker	Roosevelt
1908	Taft	No election	Bryan	Taft	Taft	Taft	Bryan	Taft
1912	Wilson	No election	Wilson	Wilson	Wilson	Roosevelt	Wilson	Wilson
1916	Hughes	No election	Wilson	Hughes	Hughes	Hughes	Wilson	Hughes
1920	Harding	No election	Harding	Harding	Harding	Harding	Cox	Harding
1924	Coolidge	No election	Coolidge	Coolidge	Coolidge	Coolidge	Davis	Coolidge
1928	Hoover	No election	Hoover	Hoover	Hoover	Hoover	Hoover	Hoover
1932	Hoover	No election	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Hoover	Roosevelt	Roosevelt
1936	Roosevelt	No election	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Roosevelt
1940	Roosevelt	No election	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Roosevelt
1944	Roosevelt	No election	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Roosevelt	Roosevelt
1948	Dewey	No election	Dewey	Dewey	Dewey	Dewey	Truman	Truman
1952	Eisenhower	No election	Eisenhower	Eisenhower	Eisenhower	Eisenhower	Eisenhower	Stevenson
1956	Eisenhower	No election	Eisenhower	Eisenhower	Eisenhower	Eisenhower	Eisenhower	Eisenhower
1960	Kennedy	No election	Kennedy	Kennedy	Kennedy	Kennedy	Nixon	Kennedy
1964	Johnson	Johnson	Johnson	Johnson	Johnson	Johnson	Johnson	Johnson
1968	Nixon	Humphrey	Humphrey	Nixon	Humphrey	Humphrey	Nixon	Humphrey
1972	Nixon	McGovern	Nixon	Nixon	Nixon	Nixon	Nixon	Nixon
1976	Carter	Carter	Carter	Ford	Carter	Carter	Ford	Carter
1980	Reagan	Carter	Carter	Reagan	Reagan	Reagan	Reagan	Carter
1984	Reagan	Mondale	Reagan	Reagan	Reagan	Reagan	Reagan	Reagan
1988	Bush	Dukakis	Bush	Bush	Dukakis	Bush	Bush	Dukakis
1992	Clinton	Clinton	Clinton	Clinton	Clinton	Clinton	Bush	Clinton
1996	Clinton	Clinton	Clinton	Clinton	Clinton	Clinton	Dole	Clinton
2000	Gore	Gore	Gore	Gore	Gore	Gore	Bush	Bush
2004	Kerry	Kerry	Kerry	Kerry	Kerry	Kerry	Bush	Bush
2008	Obama	Obama	Obama	Obama	Obama	Obama	Obama	McCain
2012	Obama	Obama	Obama	Obama	Obama	Obama	Obama	Romney
2016	Clinton	Clinton	Clinton	Clinton	Clinton	Trump	Clinton	Trump
2020	Biden	Biden	Biden	Biden	Biden	Biden	Biden	Trump
Year	Delaware	District of Columbia	Maryland	New Jersey	New York	Pennsylvania	Virginia	West Virginia

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 Culture

 Sports

The Mid-Atlantic is home to 33 professional sports franchises in the five major leagues and the two most prominent women's professional leagues:

	NFL	NHL	MLB	NBA	MLS	WNBA	NWSL
New York/New Jersey	Giants Jets	Devils Islanders Rangers	Mets Yankees	Knicks Nets	NYC FC Red Bulls	Liberty	Gotham FC
Washington	Commanders	Capitals	Nationals	Wizards	United	Mystics	Spirit
Philadelphia	Eagles	Flyers	Phillies	76ers	Union
Pittsburgh	Steelers	Penguins	Pirates
Baltimore	Ravens		Orioles
Buffalo	Bills	Sabres

Notable golf tournaments in the Mid-Atlantic include the Barclays, Quicken Loans National and Atlantic City LPGA Classic.

Two high-level professional tennis tournaments are held in the region. The US Open, held in New York, is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, whereas the Washington Open is part of the ATP Tour 500 series and WTA 250 series.

Notable motorsports tracks include Watkins Glen International, Dover Motor Speedway and Pocono Raceway, which have hosted Formula One, IndyCar, NASCAR, World Sportscar Championship and IMSA races. Also, the Englishtown and Reading drag strips such have hosted NHRA national events. Pimlico Race Course at Baltimore and Belmont Park at New York host the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes horse races, which are part of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing.

 Economy

With a GDP nominal of over $5.2 trillion, the Mid-Atlantic economy would be third largest in the world if calculated separately, only behind the remaining United States and China and nearly $1 trillion larger than next place Japan. This economic prosperity is buoyed by a significant financial services and banking sector, healthcare and chemicals industry, and telecommunications and entertainment conglomerates.

According to the Global Financial Centres Index, the Mid-Atlantic region is home to the leading financial center in the world (New York) at #1, with Washington also present at #15.

Notable companies (over $100 billion market cap) headquartered in the region include:

Company	Headquarters	Market cap ($ billions)	Global rank
Chase	New York, New York	$447.91	13
Johnson and Johnson	New Brunswick, New Jersey	$430.06	15
Mastercard	Harrison, New York	$364.48	22
Pfizer	New York, New York	$272.39	29
PepsiCo	Harrison, New York	$232.01	40
Verizon Communications	New York, New York	$225.96	45
Comcast-NBC	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	$211.42	50
Merck	Kenilworth, New Jersey	$192.90	60
Danaher	Washington, District of Columbia	$190.74	61
Morgan Stanley	New York, New York	$169.08	73
American Express	New York, New York	$147.98	89
Bristol Myers Squibb	New York, New York	$147.23	91
Citigroup	New York, New York	$127.27	105
Goldman Sachs	New York, New York	$115.43	118
BlackRock	New York, New York	$114.67	120
International Business Machines	North Castle, New York	$111.45	124
Estee Lauder	New York, New York	$108.67	130
Lockheed Martin	Bethesda, Maryland	$105.24	137

 See also

• List of regions of the United States

 Bibliography

• Bodle, Wayne, "The Mid-Atlantic and the American Revolution", Pennsylvania History 82 (Summer 2015), 282–99.
• Heineman, Kenneth J., "The Only Things You Will Find in the Middle of the Road are Double Yellow Lines, Dead Frogs, and Electoral Leverage: Mid-Atlantic Political Culture and Influence across the Centuries", Pennsylvania History, 82 (Summer 2015), 300–13.
• Landsman, Ned C. Crossroads of Empire: The Middle Colonies in British North America (2010)
• Longhurst, James. قالب:"'Typically American': Trends in the History of Environmental Politics and Policy in the Mid-Atlantic Region". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 79.4 (2012): 409–427.
• Magoc, Chris J., "In Search of a Useable—and Hopeful—Environmental Narrative in the Mid-Atlantic", Pennsylvania History, 82 (Summer 2015), 314–28.
• Mancall, Peter C., Joshua L. Rosenbloom, and Thomas Weiss. "Exports from the Colonies and States of the Middle Atlantic Region 1720–1800". Research in Economic History 29 (2013): 257–305.
• Marzec, Robert. The Mid-Atlantic Region: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures (2004)
• Richter, Daniel K, "Mid-Atlantic Colonies, R.I.P.", Pennsylvania History, 82 (Summer 2015), 257–81.
• Rosenbloom, Joshua L., and Thomas Weiss. "Economic growth in the Mid-Atlantic region: Conjectural estimates for 1720 to 1800". Explorations in Economic History 51 (2014): 41–59.

 وصلات خارجية

• Mid-Atlantic travel guide from Wikivoyage