تنسي

Coordinates: 36°N 86°W / 36°N 86°W / 36; -86
(تم التحويل من Tennessee)
هذا المقال هو عن the U.S. state. إذا كنت تريد the river، انظر Tennessee River. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر تنسي (توضيح).
"Tenn" redirects here. For the Japanese MC, see Tenn (MC).
Tennessee
ᏔᎾᏏ (Cherokee)
Tanasi
ولاية
State of Tennessee
علم Tennessee
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ Tennessee
الشعار
الكنية: 
The Volunteer State[1]
الشعار: 
Agriculture and Commerce
النشيد: Nine songs
خريطة الولايات المتحدة، موضح فيها Tennessee
خريطة الولايات المتحدة، موضح فيها Tennessee
البلدالولايات المتحدة
قبل الولائيةSouthwest Territory
انضمت للاتحادJune 1, 1796; منذ 228 سنة (June 1, 1796 (16th)
العاصمة
(وأكبر مدينة)		Nashville[2]
أكبر منطقة عمرانيةNashville (combined and metro)
Memphis (urban)
الحكومة
 • الحاكمBill Lee (R)
 • نائب الحاكمRandy McNally (R)
المجلس التشريعيGeneral Assembly
 • المجلس العلويSenate
 • المجلس السفلىHouse of Representatives
القضاءTennessee Supreme Court
سناتورات الولايات المتحدةMarsha Blackburn (R)
Bill Hagerty (R)
وفد مجلس النواب7 Republicans
2 Democrats (القائمة)
المساحة
 • الإجمالي42٬143 ميل² (109٬247 كم²)
 • البر41٬217 ميل² (106٬846 كم²)
 • الماء926 ميل² (2٬401 كم²)  2.2%
ترتيب المساحة36th
الأبعاد
 • الطول440 mi (710 km)
 • العرض120 mi (195 km)
المنسوب
900 ft (270 m)
أعلى منسوب
(Clingmans Dome[3][أ])
6٬643 ft (2٬025 m)
أوطى منسوب
(Mississippi River at Mississippi border[3][أ])
178 ft (54 m)
التعداد
 (2020)
 • الإجمالي6٬916٬897[4]
 • الترتيب16th
 • الكثافة167٫8/sq mi (64٫8/km2)
 • ترتيب الكثافة20th
 • الدخل الأوسط للأسرة
$54٬833[5]
 • ترتيب الدخل
42nd
صفة المواطنTennessean
Big Bender (archaic)
Volunteer (historical significance)
اللغة
 • اللغة الرسميةEnglish
 • اللغة المحكيةLanguage spoken at home[6]
منطقة التوقيت
East TennesseeUTC−05:00 (Eastern)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Middle and WestUTC−06:00 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−05:00 (CDT)
اختصار البريد
TN
ISO 3166 codeUS-TN
الاختصار التقليديTenn.
خط العرض34°59′ N to 36°41′ N
خط الطول81°39′ W to 90°19′ W
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.tn.gov
رموز ولاية Tennessee
Flag of Tennessee.svg
The علم Tennessee
Seal of Tennessee.svg
The ختم Tennessee
الشارات الحية
البرمائيTennessee cave salamander
الطائرMockingbird
Bobwhite quail
الفراشةZebra swallowtail
السمكةChannel catfish
Smallmouth bass
الزهرةIris
Passion flower
Tennessee echinacea
الحشرةFirefly
Lady beetle
Honey bee
الثدييTennessee Walking Horse
Raccoon
الزاحفEastern box turtle
الشجرةTulip poplar
Eastern red cedar
الشارات الجامدة
المشروبMilk
الرقصةSquare dance
FirearmBarrett M82
الطعامTomato
الأحفورةPterotrigonia (Scabrotrigonia) thoracica
الحجر الكريمTennessee River pearl
المعدنAgate
القصيدة"Oh Tennessee, My Tennessee" by William Lawrence
الصخرةLimestone
الشعار"Tennessee—America at its best"
ترتانTennessee State Tartan
State route marker
Tennessee state route marker
State quarter
Tennessee quarter dollar coin
Released in 2002
قوائم رموز الولايات الأمريكية

تـِنـِسي ( Tennessee ؛ /ˌtɛnᵻˈsiː/ TEN-ih-SEE, local /ˈtɛnᵻsi/ TEN-iss-ee),[7][8][9] officially the State of Tennessee، هي ولاية أمريكية حبيسة تقع في Southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th-largest by area and the 15th-most populous of the 50 states. It is bordered by Kentucky to the north, Virginia to the northeast, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, Arkansas to the southwest, and Missouri to the northwest. Tennessee is geographically, culturally, and legally divided into three Grand Divisions of East, Middle, and West Tennessee. Nashville is the state's capital and largest city, and anchors its largest metropolitan area. Other major cities include Memphis, Knoxville, Chattanooga, and Clarksville. Tennessee's population as of the 2020 United States census is approximately 6.9 million.[10]

Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachian Mountains.[11] Its name derives from "Tanasi", a Cherokee town in the eastern part of the state that existed before the first European American settlement.[12] Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later the Southwest Territory, before its admission to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. It earned the nickname "The Volunteer State" early in its history due to a strong tradition of military service.[13] A slave state until the American Civil War, Tennessee was politically divided, with its western and middle parts supporting the Confederacy and the eastern region harboring pro-Union sentiment. As a result, Tennessee was the last state to secede and the first readmitted to the Union after the war.[14]

During the 20th century, Tennessee transitioned from a predominantly agrarian society to a more diversified economy. This was aided in part by massive federal investment in the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the city of Oak Ridge, which was established during World War II to house the Manhattan Project's uranium enrichment facilities for the construction of the world's first atomic bombs. After the war, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory became a key center of scientific research. In 2016, the element tennessine was named for the state, largely in recognition of the roles played by Oak Ridge, Vanderbilt University, and the University of Tennessee in its discovery.[15] Tennessee has also played a major role in the development of many forms of popular music, including country, blues, rock and roll, soul, and gospel.

Tennessee has diverse terrain and landforms, and from east to west, contains a mix of cultural features characteristic of Appalachia, the Upland South, and the Deep South. The Blue Ridge Mountains along the eastern border reach some of the highest elevations in eastern North America, and the Cumberland Plateau contains many scenic valleys and waterfalls. The central part of the state is marked by cavernous bedrock and irregular rolling hills, and level, fertile plains define West Tennessee. The state is twice bisected by the Tennessee River, and the Mississippi River forms its western border. Its economy is dominated by the health care, music, finance, automotive, chemical, electronics, and tourism sectors, and cattle, soybeans, corn, poultry, and cotton are its primary agricultural products.[16] The Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the nation's most visited national park, is in eastern Tennessee.[17]

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أصل الاسم

المقالة الرئيسية: Name of Tennessee
Drawing of Tanasi, Tennessee's namesake, by Henry Timberlake
Detail of Tanasi (spelled "Tennessee") on Henry Timberlake's Draught of the Cherokee Country

يعود اسم ولاية تينيسي إلى القبطان المستكشف الإسباني خوان باردو عندما مر هو ورجاله على قرية بها أمريكين أصليين تسمى "تاناسكوي" عام 1567، حينما ترحل براً من كارولينا الجنوبية. بعدها واجه المستوطنون الأوروبيون مدينة تسمى "تاناسي" التي تمثل بلدة مونرو الآن. تلك المدنية كانت تقع على نهر يحمل نفس الاسم (الذي يسمى نهر تينيسي الصغير الآن).[ب] Recent research suggests that the Cherokees adapted the name from the Yuchi word Tana-tsee-dgee, meaning "brother-waters-place" or "where-the-waters-meet".[19][20][21] The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to Governor James Glen of South Carolina, who used this spelling in his official correspondence during the 1750s. In 1788, North Carolina created "Tennessee County", and in 1796, a constitutional convention, organizing the new state out of the Southwest Territory, adopted "Tennessee" as the state's name.[22]


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ تنسي

التاريخ المبكر

Mississippian art, carved from seashell, unearthed in Middle Tennessee.

لعل أقدم الجماعات البشرية المعروفة التي سكنت ولاية تنيسي هي الجماعات التي تعرف باسم: بناة الهضاب، علمًا بأنه يحتمل أن يكون الهنود الحمر قد سكنوا تلك المنطقة قبل حوالي 8,000 سنة على الأقل. وقد استقر بناة الهضاب في هذه المنطقة قبل حوالي 1,000سنة. كانت قبائل الهنود الحمر من الشيروكي، والتشيكماجوا والتشيكاساوا تقيم في تلك المنطقة لدى وصول أول المكتشفين من البيض.

وقد دخل المكتشفون الأسبان تلك المنطقة خلال القرن السادس عشر الميلادي. ووصل كل من الإنجليز والفرنسيين إلى تلك المنطقة في القرن السابع عشر. واستولت بريطانيا على السلطة كاملة عام 1763م. وقد أصبحت ولاية تنيسي الولاية السادسة عشرة عام 1796م حيث انضمت إلى الاتحاد. وبعد أن بدأت الحرب الأهلية بشهرين عام 1861م، كانت آخر ولاية تنسحب من الاتحاد. ثم قُبلت كأول ولاية تعود للاتحاد في 24 يوليو عام 1866م.

وبعد أن بدأت الحرب الأهلية بشهرين عام 1861م، كانت آخر ولاية تنسحب من الاتحاد. ثم قُبلت كأول ولاية تعود للاتحاد في 24 يوليو عام 1866م.

وقد أدين مدرس ثانوي في مدارس الولاية عام 1925م ـ واسمه جون توماس سكوبس ـ لمخالفته قانون الولاية الذي يقضي بمنع تدريس نظرية داروين في النشوء والارتقاء. وقد أثارت محاكمة هذا المدرس خلافًا وطنيًا. أسست الحكومة الاتحادية (الفيدرالية) لولاية تنيسي عام 1933م، ما يسمى بـسلطة وادي تنيسي للمحافظة على مصادر وادي نهر تنيسي وتطويرها.

شهدت ناشفيل نموًا وازدهارًا ملحوظين في صناعة أدوات الموسيقى في منتصف القرن العشرين، وقد اغتيل مارتن لوثر كينج الأصغر ـ أحد قادة الحقوق المدنية ـ في مدينة ممفيس بولاية تنيسي في 4 إبريل عام 1968م. تم ربط نهر تنيسي بخليج المكسيك عام 1985م وذلك ضمن مشروع الممر المائي المسمى: تنيسي ـ تومبيجبي.

جغرافيا

قالب:Ussm

انظر أيضاً: List of counties in Tennessee and Geology of Tennessee

تجاور ولاية تينيسي ثمانية ولايات أخرى. من الشمال كنتاكي وفيرجينيا، ومن الشرق كارولينا الشمالية، ومن الجنوب ولاية جورجيا، وألاباما، وميسيسيبي، ومن الغرب أركنسا وميزوري.

تقع عدة سلاسل جبال على الجانب الشرقي للولاية. ويمتد واد، ومنطقة تلال خصبة على الجانب الغربي للجبال عبر منطقة الهضبة التي تحتوي على قمم مسطحة وأودية على شكل العدد 7. يقع حوض خصب كبير في وسط الولاية. ويحيط بالولاية أيضًا سهل مرتفع. ويعتبر الجزء الغربي من الولاية والواقع ما بين نهر تنيسي ونهر المسيسيبي، جزءًا مهمًا من أراضي الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية التي تعرف بـسهل الساحل الخليجي. ويشكل هذا السهل في ولاية تنيسي شريحة من التلال في الجهة الشرقية، وتلالاً منخفضة الانحدار وأودية عريضة في الوسط، وسهلاً ضيقًا في الجهة الغربية. تقع ولاية تينيسي بين ثمان ولايات أمريكية، تحدها من الشمال ولاية كنتاكي وولاية فيرجينيا، ومن الجنوب ولاية جورجيا والاباما وميسيسيبي، ومن الشرق ولاية كارولينا الشمالية، أما من الغرب فتحدها ولاية اركنساس وولاية ميسوري. مدينة ناشفيل Nashville هي عاصمة الولاية. تبلغ مساحتها 106752 كيلو متر مربع تحتل بها المركز السادس والثلاثون بين ولايات أمريكا المختلفة ويبلغ عدد المقاطعات بها 95 مقاطعة وبها 54 متنزه وتمثل نسبة المياه بها 2.2 % من إجمالي المساحة.

تقع ولاية تينيسي بين ثمان ولايات أمريكية، تحدها من الشمال ولاية كنتاكي وولاية فيرجينيا، ومن الجنوب ولاية جورجيا والاباما وميسيسيبي، ومن الشرق ولاية كارولينا الشمالية، أما من الغرب فتحدها ولاية اركنساس وولاية ميسوري. مدينة ناشفيل Nashville هي عاصمة الولاية. تبلغ مساحتها 106752 كيلو متر مربع تحتل بها المركز السادس والثلاثون بين ولايات أمريكا المختلفة ويبلغ عدد المقاطعات بها 95 مقاطعة وبها 54 متنزه وتمثل نسبة المياه بها 2.2 % من إجمالي المساحة.

Topography

Photograph of Mount Le Conte in the Great Smoky Mountains, the tallest mountain in eastern North America, measured from base to summit
Mount Le Conte in the Great Smoky Mountains is the tallest mountain in eastern North America, measured from base to summit

The southwestern Blue Ridge Mountains lie within Tennessee's eastern edge, and are divided into several subranges, namely the Great Smoky Mountains, Bald Mountains, Unicoi Mountains, Unaka Mountains, and Iron Mountains. These mountains, which average 5,000 feet (1,500 m) above sea level in Tennessee, contain some of the highest elevations in eastern North America. The state's border with North Carolina roughly follows the highest peaks of this range, including Clingmans Dome. Most of the Blue Ridge area is protected by the Cherokee National Forest, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and several federal wilderness areas and state parks.[23] The Appalachian Trail roughly follows the North Carolina state line before shifting westward into Tennessee.[24]

شرق تينيسي

المقالة الرئيسية: East Tennessee
Map of Tennessee highlighting East Tennessee

وسط تينيسي

المقالة الرئيسية: West Tennessee

Hydrology

Tennessee is drained by three major rivers, the Tennessee, Cumberland, and Mississippi. The Tennessee River begins at the juncture of the Holston and French Broad rivers in Knoxville, flows southwest to Chattanooga, and exits into Alabama before reemerging in the western part of the state and flowing north into Kentucky.[25] Its major tributaries include the Clinch, Little Tennessee, Hiwassee, Sequatchie, Elk, Beech, Buffalo, Duck, and Big Sandy rivers.[25] The Cumberland River flows through the north-central part of the state, emerging in the northeastern Highland Rim, passing through Nashville, turning northwest to Clarksville, and entering Kentucky east of the Tennessee River.[26] Its principal branches in Tennessee are the Obey, Caney Fork, Stones, Harpeth, and Red rivers.[26] The Mississippi River drains nearly all of West Tennessee.[27] Its tributaries are the Obion, Forked Deer, Hatchie, Loosahatchie, and Wolf rivers.[27] The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers operate many hydroelectric dams on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers and their tributaries, which form large reservoirs throughout the state.[28]

About half the state's land area is in the Tennessee Valley drainage basin of the Tennessee River.[25] The Cumberland River basin covers the northern half of Middle Tennessee and a small portion of East Tennessee.[26] A small part of north-central Tennessee is in the Green River watershed.[29] All three of these basins are tributaries of the Ohio River watershed. Most of West Tennessee is in the Lower Mississippi River watershed.[27] The entirety of the state is in the Mississippi River watershed, except for a small sliver near the southeastern corner traversed by the Conasauga River, which is part of the Mobile Bay watershed.[30]

Ecology

Photograph of a cedar glade, a rare ecosystem found in Middle Tennessee
Cedar glades are an ecosystem that is found in regions of Middle Tennessee where limestone bedrock is close to the surface

Tennessee is within a temperate deciduous forest biome commonly known as the Eastern Deciduous Forest.[31] It has eight ecoregions: the Blue Ridge, Ridge and Valley, Central Appalachian, Southwestern Appalachian, Interior Low Plateaus, Southeastern Plains, Mississippi Valley Loess Plains, and Mississippi Alluvial Plain regions.[32] Tennessee is the most biodiverse inland state,[33] the Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the most biodiverse national park,[34][35] and the Duck River is the most biologically diverse waterway in North America.[36] The Nashville Basin is renowned for its diversity of flora and fauna.[37] Tennessee is home to 340 species of birds, 325 freshwater fish species, 89 mammals, 77 amphibians, and 61 reptiles.[34]

Forests cover about 52% of Tennessee's land area, with oak–hickory the dominant type.[38] Appalachian oak–pine and cove hardwood forests are found in the Blue Ridge Mountains and Cumberland Plateau, and bottomland hardwood forests are common throughout the Gulf Coastal Plain.[39] Pine forests are also found throughout the state.[39] The Southern Appalachian spruce–fir forest in the highest elevations of the Blue Ridge Mountains is considered the second-most endangered ecosystem in the country.[40] Some of the last remaining large American chestnut trees grow in the Nashville Basin and are being used to help breed blight-resistant trees.[41] Middle Tennessee is home to many unusual and rare ecosystems known as cedar glades, which occur in areas with shallow limestone bedrock that is largely barren of overlying soil and contain many endemic plant species.[42]

Common mammals found throughout Tennessee include white-tailed deer, red and gray foxes, coyotes, raccoons, opossums, wild turkeys, rabbits, and squirrels. Black bears are found in the Blue Ridge Mountains and on the Cumberland Plateau. Tennessee has the third-highest number of amphibian species, with the Great Smoky Mountains home to the most salamander species in the world.[43] The state ranks second in the nation for the diversity of its freshwater fish species.[44]


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الطقس

Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Tennessee Cities (F)[45]
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Chattanooga 49/30 54/33 63/40 72/47 79/56 86/65 90/69 89/68 82/62 72/48 61/40 52/33
Knoxville 46/29 52/32 60/39 69/47 76/56 84/64 87/68 86/67 81/61 70/48 59/39 50/32
Memphis 49/31 54/36 63/44 72/52 80/61 88/69 92/73 91/71 85/64 75/52 62/43 52/34
Nashville 46/28 51/31 61/39 70/47 78/57 85/65 89/70 88/68 82/61 71/49 59/40 49/32
Oak Ridge 46/27 52/30 61/37 70/44 78/53 85/62 88/66 87/65 81/59 71/46 59/36 49/30

السكان

حسب إحصائيات عام 2000 يبلغ عدد السكان بولاية تينيسي 5,689,283 نسمة وتأتي في المرتبة السادسة عشر من حيث عدد السكان مقارنة بالولايات الأمريكية الأخرى، ويبلغ نسبة عدد السكان البيض 80.2% ويأتي السكان ذوي البشرة السوداء بنسبة 16.4% من نسبة عدد السكان، واللاتينيون نسبتهم 2.2% والأمريكان الأصليون تبلغ نسبتهم 0.3 %، والأسيويون نسبتهم 1% ويأتي المختلطون بنسبة 1.1%. يبلغ إجمالي عدد السكان العرب المقيمين بولاية تينيسي 12,882 نسمة منهم 3194 لبناني و773 سوري وعدد السكان المصريين 1,569 مصري.

التعداد تاريخياً
الإحصاء التعداد %±
179035٬691
—
1810261٬727
—
1820422٬82361.6%
1830681٬90461.3%
1840829٬21021.6%
18701٬258٬520
—
18801٬542٬35922.6%
19002٬020٬616
—
19102٬184٬7898.1%
19202٬337٬8857.0%
19302٬616٬55611.9%
19402٬915٬84111.4%
19503٬291٬71812.9%
19603٬567٬0898.4%
19703٬923٬68710.0%
19804٬591٬12017.0%
19904٬877٬1856.2%
20005٬689٬28316.7%
تقديري 20076٬156٬7198.2%

القانون والحكومة

Welcome sign entering Memphis, Tennessee on the Hernando De Soto Bridge over the Mississippi River leaving from Arkansas.


المدن والبلدات الهامة

Major cities

Secondary cities

الاقتصاد

المقالة الرئيسية: Economy of Tennessee
انظر أيضاً: List of Tennessee locations by per capita income
refer to caption
A geomap showing the counties of Tennessee colored by the relative range of that county's median income.
refer to caption
Chart showing poverty in Tennessee, by age and gender (red = female)

تعد الصناعة أهم نشاط اقتصادي لولاية تنيسي التي تعتبر أحد المنتجين الرئيسيين للمواد الكيميائية. وإلى جانب ذلك، فهي تنتج الصناعات الغذائية، ومختلف أنواع العصائر والمشروبات والآلات، والسيارات المختلفة. وتتضمن الصناعات الخدمية المهمة فيها كلاً من: التعليم، والعناية الصحية، والسياحة، والتجارة. وتعتبر مدينة ممفيس أحد المراكز الوطنية الرئيسية لتجارة الجملة. وتشتهر الولاية بأنها أحد أهم مراكز الصحة في العالم اذ يكثر بها عدد المستشفيات ذات المستوى العالمية والتي يقصدها المرضي من شتي انحاء العالم وبها اكثر من 250 مركز صحي عالمي. وقد حصلت مدينة ناشفيل وخاصة شركة هوسبيتال كوربوراشين علي المركز الاول في عام 2006 كمركز صحي علي مستوي العالم مما يدر دخل 18.3 بليون دولار سنويا علي اقتصاد الولاية كما تلعب الموسيقي دور جيد في الاقتصاد، وأيضا تلعب صناعة السيارات دور مميز في اقتصاد الولاية.


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Industry

A Nissan Leaf, which is manufactured in Tennessee
A Nissan Leaf, one of six models manufactured at the Nissan Smyrna Assembly Plant, the largest automotive assembly plant in North America

الأعمال

Aerial view of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Established in 1942, Oak Ridge National Laboratory is the largest national laboratory in the Department of Energy system

Energy and mineral production

للمزيد من المعلومات: List of power stations in Tennessee and List of power stations operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority
Photograph of Norris Dam, a hydroelectric power station operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Norris Dam, a hydroelectric dam operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority.

Tourism

Photograph of Gatlinburg with the Great Smoky Mountains in the background
The resort city of Gatlinburg borders the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which is the most visited national park in the United States.[46]

Tennessee is the 11th-most visited state in the nation,[47] receiving a record of 126 million tourists in 2019.[48][49][50] Its top tourist attraction is the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the most visited national park in the U.S., with more than 14 million visitors annually.[46] The park anchors a large tourism industry based primarily in nearby Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge, which includes Dollywood, the most visited ticketed attraction in Tennessee.[51] Attractions related to Tennessee's musical heritage are spread throughout the state.[52][53] Other top attractions include the Tennessee State Museum and Parthenon in Nashville; the National Civil Rights Museum and Graceland in Memphis; Lookout Mountain, the Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel, Ruby Falls, and the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga; the American Museum of Science and Energy in Oak Ridge, the Bristol Motor Speedway, Jack Daniel's Distillery in Lynchburg, and the Hiwassee and Ocoee rivers in Polk County.[51]

الفقر

تبلغ نسبة الفقراء بولاية تينيسي 14.4 % في عامي 2002- 2003 منخفضة عن عامي 2001 -2002 اذ بلغت النسبة 14.5 %، وتأتي ولاية تينيسي في المرتبة الثالثة والأربعين بين الولايات الخمسين من حيث ترتيب معدل البطالة اذ يبلغ معدل البطالة 6 عام 2005، ونسبة الذين يمتلكون مساكن 71.6 % عام 2003 مرتفعة عن عام 1990 اذ بلغت 68.3 %. ويبلغ متوسط الدخل السنوي للفرد 30 دولار عام 2004 ارتفعت عن عام 1980 اذ بلغت 7.711دولار فقط.

التعليم

جامعات ولاية تينيسي

تتميز ولاية تينيسي بوجود العديد من الجامعات الحكومية والخاصة من أهمها: - جامعة ولاية تينيسي Tennessee State University في مدينة ناشفيل وأنشأت عام 1912 وبها 430 كلية وقد تخرج منها 1630 طالب ويدرس بها 7118 طالب. - جامعة ممفيس University of Memphis أنشأت عام 1912 وبها 90 كلية ويدرس بها 15000 طالب في حين تخرج منها 5000 طالب العام الماضي.


University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Vanderbilt University

السياسة

انظر أيضاً: Political party strength in Tennessee
نتائج الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية في Tennessee[54][55] Tennessee}}[54][55]
السنة الجمهوري / هويگ الديمقراطي حزب ثالث
رقم.  % رقم.  % رقم.  %
2020 1,852,475 60٫66% 1,143,711 37٫45% 57,665 1٫89%
2016 1,522,925 60٫72% 870,695 34٫72% 114,407 4٫56%
2012 1,462,330 59٫42% 960,709 39٫04% 37,865 1٫54%
2008 1,479,178 56٫85% 1,087,437 41٫79% 35,367 1٫36%
2004 1,383,336 56٫81% 1,035,160 42٫51% 16,453 0٫68%
2000 1,061,949 51٫15% 981,720 47٫28% 32,512 1٫57%
1996 863,530 45٫59% 909,146 48�00% 121,429 6٫41%
1992 841,300 42٫43% 933,521 47٫08% 207,817 10٫48%
1988 947,233 57٫89% 679,794 41٫55% 9,223 0٫56%
1984 990,212 57٫84% 711,714 41٫57% 10,067 0٫59%
1980 787,761 48٫70% 783,051 48٫41% 46,804 2٫89%
1976 633,969 42٫94% 825,879 55٫94% 16,498 1٫12%
1972 813,147 67٫70% 357,293 29٫75% 30,742 2٫56%
1968 472,592 37٫85% 351,233 28٫13% 424,792 34٫02%
1964 508,965 44٫49% 634,947 55٫50% 34 0�00%
1960 556,577 52٫92% 481,453 45٫77% 13,762 1٫31%
1956 462,288 49٫21% 456,507 48٫60% 20,609 2٫19%
1952 446,147 49٫99% 443,710 49٫71% 2,696 0٫30%
1948 202,914 36٫87% 270,402 49٫14% 76,967 13٫99%
1944 200,311 39٫22% 308,707 60٫45% 1,674 0٫33%
1940 169,153 32٫35% 351,601 67٫25% 2,069 0٫40%
1936 146,520 30٫81% 327,083 68٫78% 1,935 0٫41%
1932 126,752 32٫48% 259,473 66٫49% 4,031 1٫03%
1928 195,388 53٫76% 167,343 46٫04% 742 0٫20%
1924 130,728 43٫54% 158,682 52٫86% 10,810 3٫60%
1920 219,829 51٫29% 206,558 48٫19% 2,239 0٫52%
1916 116,223 42٫70% 153,280 56٫31% 2,687 0٫99%
1912 60,475 24�00% 133,021 52٫80% 58,437 23٫20%
1908 117,977 45٫87% 135,608 52٫73% 3,595 1٫40%
1904 105,363 43٫40% 131,653 54٫23% 5,734 2٫36%
1900 123,108 44٫95% 145,240 53٫03% 5,512 2٫01%
1896 148,683 46٫33% 167,168 52٫09% 5,052 1٫57%
1892 100,537 37٫83% 136,468 51٫36% 28,727 10٫81%
1888 138,978 45٫76% 158,699 52٫26% 6,017 1٫98%
1884 124,101 47٫74% 133,770 51٫45% 2,107 0٫81%
1880 107,677 44٫26% 129,569 53٫26% 6,017 2٫47%
1876 89,566 40٫21% 133,177 59٫79% 0 0�00%
1872 85,655 47٫84% 93,391 52٫16% 0 0�00%
1868 56,628 68٫43% 26,129 31٫57% 0 0�00%
1864 30,000 85٫71% 5,000 14٫29% 0 0�00%
1860 0 0�00% 11,281 7٫72% 134,825 92٫28%
1856 0 0�00% 69,704 52٫18% 63,878 47٫82%
1852 58,586 50٫73% 56,900 49٫27% 0 0�00%
1848 64,321 52٫52% 58,142 47٫48% 0 0�00%
1844 60,040 50٫05% 59,917 49٫95% 0 0�00%
1840 60,194 55٫66% 47,951 44٫34% 0 0�00%
1836 36,027 57٫92% 26,170 42٫08% 0 0�00%

Tennessee's politics are currently dominated by the Republican Party.[56][57] Republicans currently hold both of the state's U.S. Senate seats, 8 out of 9 Congressional seats, 75 out of 99 state House seats, and 27 out of 33 state Senate seats. Democratic strength is largely concentrated in Nashville, Memphis, and parts of Knoxville, Chattanooga, and Clarksville. Several suburban areas of Nashville and Memphis also contain significant Democratic minorities. Tennessee is one of thirteen states which holds its presidential primaries on Super Tuesday.[58] Tennessee does not require voters to declare a party affiliation when registering. The state is one of eight states which require voters to present a form of photo identification.[59]

Official Vice Presidential portrait of Al Gore
Al Gore served as a United States Senator from Tennessee (1985-1993) and as Vice President of the United States (1993-2001)

Between the end of the Civil War and the mid-20th century, Tennessee was part of the Democratic Solid South, but had the largest Republican minority of any former Confederate state.[60] During this time, East Tennessee was heavily Republican and the western two-thirds mostly voted Democratic, with the latter dominating the state.[61] This division was related to the state's pattern of Unionist and Confederate loyalism during the Civil War.[61] Tennessee's 1st and 2nd congressional districts, based in the Tri-Cities and Knoxville, respectively, are among the few historically Republican districts in the South. The first has been in Republican hands continuously since 1881, and Republicans or their antecedents have held it for all but four years since 1859.[62] The second has been held continuously by Republicans or their antecedents since 1855.[63]

During Reconstruction, freedmen and former free blacks were granted the right to vote; most joined the Republican Party. Numerous African Americans were elected to local offices, and some to state office. Following Reconstruction, Tennessee continued to have competitive party politics, but in the 1880s, the White-dominated state government passed Jim Crow laws, one of which imposed a poll tax requirement for voter registration. These served to disenfranchise most African Americans, and their power in state and local politics was markedly reduced. After the disenfranchisement of blacks, the Republican Party became a primarily white sectional party supported mostly in East Tennessee. In the early 1900s, the state legislature approved legislation allowing cities to adopt a commission form of government based on at-large voting as a means to limit African American political participation.[64] Not until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were African Americans able to regain their full voting rights.[65]

Portrait of Howard Baker, a United States Senator from Tennessee who became known as "The Great Conciliator"
Howard Baker served as Senate Minority and Majority Leader from 1977 to 1985, and was known as "The Great Conciliator"[66]

Between the end of Reconstruction and the mid-20th century, Tennessee voted consistently Democratic in Presidential elections, except in two nationwide Republican landslides in the 1920s. Tennesseans narrowly supported Warren G. Harding over Ohio Governor James Cox in 1920,[67] and more decisively voted for Herbert Hoover over New York Governor Al Smith in 1928.[68] During the first half of the 20th century, state politics were dominated by the Democratic Crump machine in Memphis.[69] For most of the second half of the 20th century, Tennessee was a swing state in presidential elections.[70] During this time, Democratic presidential nominees from Southern states, including Lyndon B. Johnson, Jimmy Carter, and Bill Clinton, tended to fare better in Tennessee than their Northern counterparts, especially among split-ticket voters outside the metropolitan areas. In the 1950s, Tennessee twice voted for Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower, former Allied Commander of the Armed Forces during World War II.[71] Howard Baker, first elected in 1966, became the first Republican U.S. Senator from Tennessee since Reconstruction.[72] The Republican Southern strategy did not have as much of an effect in Tennessee as in most Southern states, but the elections of Winfield Dunn as governor and Bill Brock to the U.S. Senate in 1970 further helped make the GOP competitive among Whites in statewide elections.[73] In the 2000 presidential election, Vice President Al Gore, who had previously served as a Democratic U.S. Senator from Tennessee, failed to carry his home state, an unusual occurrence but indicative of strengthening Republican support.[74]

Beginning in the early 21st century, Tennessee transitioned into a solid Republican state, primarily due to rural white voters who have rejected the increasing liberalism of the Democratic Party.[75][76] In 2004, Republican President George W. Bush increased his margin of victory in the state from a 4% to a 14% margin in 2000.[77][78] In 2007, Ron Ramsey became the first Republican Speaker of the State Senate since Reconstruction,[79] and the following year the Republicans gained control of both houses of the state legislature for the first time since Reconstruction.[80] Voters, however, continued to elect moderate Republicans, such as centrists Bill Haslam and Lamar Alexander, until the late 2010s with the rise of Trumpism in the GOP at a nationwide scale.[81] Since 2016, Tennessee has been the most populous state to vote Republican by more than 60% in presidential elections,[82] and in 2020 voted Republican by the largest margin of any state in terms of number of votes.[83]

الرياضة

Tennessee's major professional sports franchises. Clockwise from upper left: Tennessee Titans, Nashville Predators, Nashville SC, and Memphis Grizzlies.

Tennessee is home to four major professional sports franchises:[84] the Tennessee Titans have played in the National Football League (NFL) since 1997,[85] the Nashville Predators have played in the National Hockey League (NHL) since 1998,[86] the Memphis Grizzlies have played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) since 2001,[87] and Nashville SC has played in Major League Soccer (MLS) since 2020.[88]

رموز الولاية

يبلغ نسبة عدد المسيحيون بولاية تينيسي 82% من نسبة عدد السكان مقسمين (إلى 39% ينتمون إلى طائفة البابثيست، و10% يمثلوا طائفة الميثوديست، 6% من مسيحيو الكنيسة، 3% من البريسبيتريان، و6% من الرومان الكاثوليك، و18% من المسيحيين الآخرين)، ونسبة 3% من السكان ينتمون إلى الديانات الأخرى، و9% عديمي الديانة أو ملحدون.

المقالة الرئيسية: List of Tennessee state symbols

State symbols include:

انظر أيضا


ملاحظات

  1. ^ أ ب Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988
  2. ^ Recent research suggests that the town Pardo recorded was at the confluence of the Pigeon River and the French Broad River, near modern-day Newport, Tennessee.[18]

المصادر

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  84. ^ "Sports Teams in Tennessee". Sport League Maps. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
  85. ^ "Houston Oilers/Tennessee Oilers/Tennessee Titans Team Encyclopedia". Pro-Football-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
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قراءات إضافية

  • Bergeron, Paul H. Antebellum Politics in Tennessee. University of Kentucky Press, 1982.
  • Bontemps, Arna. William C. Handy: Father of the Blues: An Autobiography. Macmillan Company: New York, 1941.
  • Brownlow, W. G. Sketches of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of Secession: With a Narrative of Personal Adventures among the Rebels (1862)
  • Cartwright, Joseph H. The Triumph of Jim Crow: Tennessee’s Race Relations in the 1880s. University of Tennessee Press, 1976.
  • Cimprich, John. Slavery's End in Tennessee, 1861-1865 University of Alabama, 1985.
  • Finger, John R. "Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition". Indiana University Press, 2001.
  • Honey, Michael K. Southern Labor and Black Civil Rights: Organizing Memphis Workers. University of Illinois Press, 1993.
  • Lamon, Lester C. Blacks in Tennessee, 1791-1970. University of Tennessee Press, 1980.
  • Mooney, James. "Myths of the Cherokee". 1900, reprinted Dover: New York, 1995.
  • Norton, Herman. Religion in Tennessee, 1777-1945. University of Tennessee Press, 1981.
  • Schaefer, Richard T. "Sociology Matters". New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2006. ISBN 0-07-299775-3
  • Van West, Carroll. Tennessee history: the land, the people, and the culture University of Tennessee Press, 1998.
  • Van West, Carroll, ed. The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. 1998.

وصلات خارجية


سبقه
كنتكي 		List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
انضمت في 1 يونيو 1796 (رقم 16) 		تبعه
أوهايو

36°N 86°W / 36°N 86°W / 36; -86

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