پسامتيك الأول

(تم التحويل من ابسماتيك الأول)
پسماتيك الأول
Psamtik I[1]
Psammetichus
نقش غائر لپسماتيك الأول يقدم قرباناً لرع-حورآختي (مقبرة پاباسا)
فرعون مصر
الحكم664 - 610 ق.م., الأسرة 26
سبقهنخاو الأول
تبعهنخاو الثاني
القرينةمهتن وسخت[2]
الأنجالنخاو الثاني
نيتوكريس الأول
الأمالملكة إستمابت
توفي610 ق.م.
المدفنسايس


پسماتيك الأول
بالهيروغليفية
الإسم الملكي: رع واح

ويعني: المحروس من رع

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الإسم الأصلي: پ-س-ما-ثك

ويعني: خالط المشاريب

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پسماتيك الأول كان أول الفراعنة سايتِ الثلاث ، أي الأسرة السادسة والعشرون. قصة هيرودوت عن الدوديكارخي (حكم الإثنا عشر) وصعود پسماتيك للحكم أغلب الظن أنها خيالية.

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الاسم

The Egyptian name psmṯk, pronounced as Psamāṯăk,[3] was a short form of pꜣ-sꜣ-n-mṯk, meaning "the man of Meṯek", with Meṯek presumably a deity.[4]

His name was rendered by the Assyrians as Pishamilki (Akkadian: Assyrian cuneiform U12079 MesZL 748 and MesZL 749.svgAssyrian cuneiform U1227F MesZL 598.svgAssyrian cuneiform U120FB MesZL 859 or U1243C MesZL 860.svgAssyrian cuneiform U12228 MesZL 753.svgAssyrian cuneiform U1214B MesZL 348.svgAssyrian cuneiform U121A0 MesZL 737.svg Pišamilki[5]), by the Ancient Greeks as Psammētikhos (Ψαμμητιχος), and by the Romans as Psammētichus.

Psamtik was also called Nabu-shezibanni (Akkadian: Assyrian cuneiform U12079 MesZL 748 and MesZL 749.svgAssyrian cuneiform U1202D MesZL 10.svgAssyrian cuneiform U1201D MesZL 127.svgAssyrian cuneiform U122BA MesZL 579.svgAssyrian cuneiform U12366 MesZL 628.svgAssyrian cuneiform U12000 MesZL 839.svgAssyrian cuneiform U1224C MesZL 380.svg and Assyrian cuneiform U12079 MesZL 748 and MesZL 749.svgAssyrian cuneiform U1202D MesZL 10.svgAssyrian cuneiform U1227A MesZL 464 or U12450 MesZL 465.svgAssyrian cuneiform U122BA MesZL 579.svgAssyrian cuneiform U12366 MesZL 628.svgAssyrian cuneiform U1202D MesZL 10.svgAssyrian cuneiform U1224C MesZL 380.svg[6] Nabu-šezibanni), meaning "O Nabu, save me!"[7] by the Assyrians.


خلفية

انظر أيضاً: Assyrian conquest of Egypt
Assyrian capture of an Egyptian city from the Kushite Pharaoh Taharqa or Tantamani, possibly Memphis in 663 BCE. British Museum.[8]

In 671 BCE, the Assyrian king Esarhaddon invaded Egypt. This invasion was directed against the Kushite rulers of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt, who had been in control of Upper Egypt, rather than against the native Egyptian rulers. The Assyrians created an administration relying on local Egyptian rulers, and put in place the twelve kinglets who formed a Dodecarchy ruling over the Nile Delta. They also formed alliances with the ruler of the city of Sais, Necho I, who was the most powerful of the Delta kinglets, as well as with Pakruru, the ruler of the important nome of Per-Sopdu.[9]

In 665 BCE, the Kushite king Tantamani invaded Lower Egypt again, and Necho I and Pakruru resisted the Kushite attack. Necho I died in battle and his son Psamtik I fled to Syria, while Pakruru became the spokesperson of the Delta kinglets during the peace negotiations with Tantamani at Memphis.[9]

The next year, in 664 BCE, the Assyrians under Esarhaddon's son Ashurbanipal invaded Egypt again, and the Assyrian army retook Memphis, proceeded with the Sack of Thebes, and expelled Tantamani from Egypt. Necho I's son Psamtik I returned to Egypt with this invading force, was installed by the Assyrians as the ruler of Sais and Memphis, and concluded with the Assyrians an adû agreement, some type of superior-inferior relation, but none of the Assyrian sources details the arrangements.[9]

حكمه

من المعلوم من كتابات مسمارية أن عشرين أميراً معينين من قبل إسارحدّون ومرسمين من قبل آشور بانيبال لحكم مصر. نخاو الأول، والد پسماتيك، كان زعيم هؤلاء الأمراء. ويبدو أن هؤلاء الأمراء فشلوا في الحفاظ على مصر للآشوريين المكروهين من السعب أمام هجمات النوبيين المحبوبين من الشعب. وحسب هيرودوت، اللابيرنث (قصر التيه) الذي بناه سنوسرت الثالث من الأسرة الثانية عشر كان مقر الدوديكارخي، أي حكم الإثنى عشر ، والتي غالباً ما تكون تحريفاً للأمراء العشرين. بعد وفاة والده، پسماتيك تمكن من تحرير مصر من سيطرة الآشوريين، واستعاد رخاء مصر خلال فترة حكمه الطويلة التي امتدت 54 عاماً.[9]

Egyptian ruler Psamtik I during the fall of Ashdod in 635 BCE, illustration by Patrick Gray, 1900.
7th century statue found in Kale mentioning Psamtik I. The Ionian Greek inscription reads, "Amphimeos' son Pedon brought me from Egypt and gave as a votive; Psammetichos, the king of Egypt gave him a city for his virtue and a golden diadem for his virtue."[10][11]

After having eliminated all his rivals, Psamtik I reorganized these mercenaries and placed them in key garrisons at Daphnae in the East and Elephantine in the South to prevent a possible Kushite attack and to control trade.[9] This military aid from Lydia lasted until 658 BCE, at which point Gyges faced an impending Cimmerian invasion.[12] By Psamtik I's 4th regnal year, he completed the forging of an alliance with the powerful family of the Masters of Shipping from Heracleopolis, and by his 8th regnal year in 657 BCE, he was in full control of the Delta.[9]

Interpretations of Psamtik I's wars as an alliance between Sais and Lydia against Assyria appear to be inaccurate, despite negative attitudes of the Assyrians towards Gyges's and Psamtik's actions.[9] The Assyrians had risen Sais into preeminence in Egypt after expelling the Saites' Kushite enemies from the country, but Psamtik I and Ashurbanipal had signed a treaty with each other, and no hostilities between them is recorded. Thus Psamtik I and Ashurbanipal had remained allies ever since the former had been put in power with Assyrian military support. The participation of the Arab tribes of the Sinai, who were Assyrian vassals, further attest to the lack of enmity between Sais and Assyria at this period, and the silence of Assyrian sources concerning Psamtik I's expansion imply there was no hostility, whether overt or covert, between Assyria and Sais during Psamtik I's unification of Egypt under his rule.[12][9]

Likewise, Gyges's military support of Psamtik I was not directed against Assyria and is not mentioned as hostile to Assyria or allied with other countries against Assyria in Assyrian records; the Assyrian disapproval of Gyges's support for Psamtik I was primarily motivated by Gyges's refusal to form an alliance with Assyria and his undertaking of these actions independently of Assyria, which the Assyrians interpreted as an act of arrogance, rather than by the support itself.[12][9] Psamtik I's campaigns were not directed against Assyrian power and appear to have been conducted only against the rival kinglets of the Delta, and Ashurbanipal's disapproval of his actions were motivated not by his claim of kingship over Egypt, but by his revocation of the adû agreement between the two kings, as well as by Psamtik I's elimination of the other kinglets allied to Assyria, especially Pakruru of Per-Sopdu and Šarru-lū-dāri, since Ashurbanipal was aware that he had to rely on those kinglets to maintain Assyrian power in Egypt.[9]

In Psamtik I's 9th regnal year, in 656 BCE, he sent an expedition to the city of Thebes which compelled the existing God's Wife of Amun, Shepenupet II, daughter of the former Kushite Pharaoh Piye, to adopt his daughter Nitocris I as her heiress in the so-called Adoption Stela. This was concluded with the approval of the Theban aristocracy and the tacit support of Mentuemhat, who was the Fourth Priest of Amun and the Mayor of Thebes. Psamtik I had unified all of Egypt under his rule.[9]

In 655 and 654 BCE, that is his 10th and 11th regnal years, Psamtik I carried out a war with Libyan tribes who had seized control of the area from the Oxyrhynchite nome around the Bahr Yussef till the Mediterranean Sea, and who had been joined by Psamtik I's previously defeated enemies from his wars in the Delta. Following the successful conclusion of this war, Psamtik I placed an Egyptian garrison at Marea to prevent incursions by Libyans from the desert. Thus, by the end of his first decade of rule in 654 BCE, Psamtik I was firmly in control of all Egypt.[9]

According to Herodotus, Psamtik carried out a twenty-nine year siege of Ashdod.[13] The exact dating of this siege is uncertain.[14]

In the later part of Psamtik I's reign, the Neo-Assyrian Empire started unravelling following the death of Ashurbanipal in 627 BC, leaving a power vacuum in the Levant which allowed the Assyrians' former Scythian vassals to overrun the area. Some time between 623 and 616 BCE, the Scythians reached as far south as Judah and Edom until Psamtik I met them and convinced them to turn back by offering them gifts.[14]

Following the encounter with the Scythians, Psamtik expanded his military operations through the Via Maris into the Levant to support the collapsing Assyrian Empire against the Medes, Babylonians, Scythians and Chaldeans who had revolted against it. Psamtik I's intervention implied that an alliance had already been concluded between him and the Neo-Assyrian Empire, although it is unknown whether it was a new alliance between him and the new Assyrian king Sin-shar-ishkun or a renewal of the old alliance signed when Psamtik I had been enthroned by the Assyrian army as king of Sais in 664 BCE.[14]

Psamtik died in 610 BCE and was succeeded by his son, Necho II.

وحد پسماتيك مصر في العام الثامن من حكمه عندما أرسل أسطولاً قوياً في مارس 656 ق.م. إلى طيبة وأجبر زوجة الإله أمون على اتخاذ ابنته نيتوكريس كوريثة لها، كما دون في مسلة التبني. نجاح پسماتيك في السيطرة على طيبة حطم آخر مظاهر سيطرة الأسرة النوبية على مصر العليا بقيادة تنتاماني. نيتوكريس ستبقى في منصبها لمدة 70 عاماً من 656 ق.م. حتى وفاتها في 585 ق.م. بعد ذلك قام پسماتيك الأول بالعديد من الحملات ضد هؤلاء الحكام الإقليميين الذين عارضوا توحيده لمصر. أحد انتصاراته على عصابات ليبية ذكرت في مسلة من العام 10-11 من عهده في واحة الداخلة. وقد كان پسماتيك الأول فرعونا عظيماً لمصر حيث حررها من الآشوريين، ثم أسس علاثات وطيدة مع الإغريق وشجع العديد منهم على الإستقرار في مصر، وانشاء مستوطنات لهم والإنخراط في الجيش المصري.

واستعادت الدولة في ذلك الوقت قوتها العسكرية والدبلوماسية، وساعد قيام حركة التعبئة وأرسلت بعض الحملات المصرية إلى النوبة السفلى، بل إن "بسماتك" استطاع أن يرسل قواته إلى منطقة نهر الفرات في محاولة لمد يد العون، وإنقاذ المملكة الآشورية المتهاوية.

ويلاحظ أن حكم الملك بسماتيك الأول قد طال أمده بشكل واضح، بعكس حفيده بسماتيك الثاني الذي حكم بعد ذلك فترة قصيرة من 595 – 589 ق.م ، إن نوعية الفنون التشكيلية من رسم ونحت وهندسة معمارية، والأعداد الفائقة للمنشآت التي تركها الملك بسماتيك الأول ووزراؤه لتوضح فعلا طول فترة حكمه. وكانت أهم الأحداث التي ميزت عصره هي حربه مع المملكة الأثيوبية في نباتا. حيث قام الجنود المصريون، ومعهم الجنود المساعدون الأجانب باجتياز الشلال الثالث، ولا شك أنهم توغلوا حتى نباتا. وبذلك تم تصفية الحساب النهائي للنزاع القديم الذي قام بين كل من الصاويين والكوشيين. ومحيت أسماء ملوك الأسرة الخامسة والعشرين من الآثار، وبذلك أزيل بأثر رجعي كل أثر لمطامع وطموحات السودانيين في مصر.[15]

وظل المصريون يطلقون اسم بسماتيك العظيم على أولادهم حتى العصر اليوناني. وأحد هؤلاء الذين تسموا بهذا الاسم هو ابن الملك"أمازيس"، الذي كان لسوء حظه قد اعتلى العرش في الوقت الذي هجم فيه الفرس على مصر. ولم يستمر حكمه إلا ستة أشهر فقط (526 – 525 ق.م) ، ثم خلعه الملك العظيم قمبيز عن العرش وأجبره على الإنتحار.


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التحقيق في أصل اللغات

Legend of the linguistic experiment by Psamtik I.

ويروي هيرودوت قصة عن پسماتيك في الباب الثاني من كتابه، "التواريخ". أثناء سفره إلى مصر، سمع هيرودوت أن پْسِمّاتيخوس (پسماتيك) أراد أن يعرف أصل اللغات بإجراء تجربة بطفلين رضيعين. أعطى پسماتيك الطفلين لراعي وأمره برعايتهما على ألا يتحدث إليهم على الإطلاق، على أن يعود ذلك الراعي إلى الملك لدى سماعه أول الكلمات التي ينطقها الطفلان، ليرى بأي لغة تكون. الافتراض كان أن أول الكلمات المنطوقة ستكون باللغة الجذرية التي هي أم كل اللغات الأخرى. وعندما صاح أحد الطفلين "بـِكوس" وهو ماد لذراعية استنتج الراعي أن الكلمة من اللغة الفريجية لأن الكلمة كانت تعني "خبز" بالفريجية. وبذلك استنتجوا أن الفريجيين هم أقدم من المصريين. صحة قصة هيرودوت، مثل الكثير من قصصه، مشكوك بها.[16]

زوجاته

انظر أيضاً: Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree

Psamtik's chief wife was Mehytenweskhet, the daughter of Harsiese, the vizier of the North and High Priest of Re at Heliopolis. Psamtik and Mehytenweskhet were the parents of Necho II, Merneith, and the Divine Adoratrice Nitocris I.[17]

Psamtik's father-in-law—the aforementioned Harsiese—was married twice: to Sheta, with whom he had a daughter named Naneferheres, and to an unknown woman, by whom he had both Djedkare, who succeeded him as vizier of the North, and Mehytenweskhet.[18]

اكتشاف تمثال عملاق لپسماتيك الأول

The colossal statue of Psamtik I, discovered at Heliopolis in 2017
Torso of the statue of Psamtik I in the museum garden, 2017.[19]
Reconstruction, with indication of size.[20]

On 9 March 2017, Egyptian and German archaeologists discovered a colossal statue about 7.9 metres (26 ft) in height at the Heliopolis site in Cairo. Made of quartzite, the statue was found in a fragmentary state, with the bust, the lower part of the head and the crown submerged in groundwater.[21]

It has been confirmed to be of Psamtik I due to engravings found that mentioned one of the pharaoh's names on the base of the statue.[22][23][24][25][26]

A spokesperson at the time commented that "If it does belong to this king, then it is the largest statue of the Late Period that was ever discovered in Egypt."[27][28] The head and torso are expected to be moved to the Grand Egyptian Museum.[21]

The statue (colossus) was sculpted in the ancient classical style of 2000 BC, establishing a resurgence to the greatness and prosperity of the classical period of old, and reconstructions bear a strong similarity with a statue of a striding Senusret I (1971-1926 BC), now in the Cairo Museum.[29][30] However, from the many gathered fragments (now 6,400 of them) of quartzite collected, it has also been established that the colossus was at some time deliberately destroyed. Certain discolored & cracked rock fragments show evidence of having been heated to high temperatures then shattered (with cold water), a typical way of destroying ancient colossi.[31]

معرض

  • Psamtik I kneeling, Louvre Museum

    Psamtik I kneeling, Louvre Museum

  • Relief of Psamtik I making an offering to Ra-Horakhty (Tomb of Pabasa)

    Relief of Psamtik I making an offering to Ra-Horakhty (Tomb of Pabasa)

  • Slab of Psamtik I. The king kneels and makes offerings to fearsome-looking deities, including a double-headed bull god and a snake. From Alexandria; originally from the temple of Atum at Heliopolis, Egypt. British Museum

    Slab of Psamtik I. The king kneels and makes offerings to fearsome-looking deities, including a double-headed bull god and a snake. From Alexandria; originally from the temple of Atum at Heliopolis, Egypt. British Museum

المصادر

تحوي هذه المقالة معلومات مترجمة من الطبعة الحادية عشرة لدائرة المعارف البريطانية لسنة 1911 وهي الآن من ضمن الملكية العامة.


  1. ^ "Psamtek I Wahibre". Digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
  2. ^ "Psamtik I". Touregypt.net. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
  3. ^ Ray, J. D. (1990). "The names Psammetichus and Takheta". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 76: 196–199. doi:10.2307/3822031. JSTOR 3822031. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  4. ^ Spiegelberg, Wilhelm (1905). "Die Namen Psammetich und Inaros". Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. 8: 559–562. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  5. ^ "Pišamilki [PSAMMETICHUS I, PHARAOH OF EGYPT] (RN)". Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. University of Pennsylvania., but the target ORACC page is corrupted. Ashurbanipal Cylinder A iii 28, Ranke, Hermann (1910). "Keilschriftliches Material zum altägyptischen Vokalisation". Abhandlungen der königlich preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaftern, historisch-philologische Klasse. 1910, Abhandlungen nicht zur Akademie gehöriger Gelehrter (Abh. II): 1–96. Retrieved 21 January 2023., p. 32
  6. ^ "Nabu-šezibanni [PSAMMETICHUS OF SAIS, SON OF NECHO] (RN)". Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. University of Pennsylvania.
  7. ^ Dalley, Stephanie (2001). Abusch, Tzvi; Noyes, Carol; Hallo, William W.; Winter, Irene J. (eds.). Proceedings of the XLV Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale: Historiography in the Cuneiform World. Vol. 1. Bethesda, Maryland: CDL Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-883-05367-3.
  8. ^ "Wall panel; relief British Museum". The British Museum (in الإنجليزية).
  9. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س Spalinger, Anthony (1976). "Psammetichus, King of Egypt: I". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 13: 133–147. doi:10.2307/40001126. JSTOR 40001126. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  10. ^ Keesling, Catherine M. (2017). Early Greek Portraiture (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-107-16223-5.
  11. ^ Smith, Tyler Jo; Plantzos, Dimitris (2018). A Companion to Greek Art (in الإنجليزية). John Wiley & Sons. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-119-26681-5.
  12. ^ أ ب ت Spalinger, Anthony J. (1978). "The Date of the Death of Gyges and Its Historical Implications". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 98 (4): 400–409. doi:10.2307/599752. JSTOR 599752. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  13. ^ Herodotus, The Histories, section 157
  14. ^ أ ب ت Spalinger, Anthony (1978). "Psammetichus, King of Egypt: II". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 15: 49–57. doi:10.2307/40000130. JSTOR 40000130. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  15. ^ پاسكال ڤيرنوس (1999). موسوعة الفراعنة. دار الفكر. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Herodotus, "2.2.3", Histories, Internet Classics Archive .
  17. ^ Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
  18. ^ Payraudeau F. Harsiésis, Un Vizir Oublié de L’Époque Libyenne. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 2003;89(1):199-205. DOI:10.1177/030751330308900110
  19. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Trevino, Julissa. "4,500 Newly Discovered Fragments Help Piece Together Massive Psamtik I Statue". Smithsonian Magazine (in الإنجليزية)., including a video featuring an analysis of the remains by Egyptologist Chris Naunton.
  20. ^ Lewis, Nell. "Colossal statue of 'forgotten' pharaoh brought to life in 3D images". CNN.
  21. ^ أ ب "Massive Statue of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Found in City Slum". National Geographic. 10 March 2017. Archived from the original on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  22. ^ Youssef, Nour (17 March 2017). "So Many Pharaohs: A Possible Case of Mistaken Identity in Cairo". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  23. ^ Thompson, Ben (18 March 2017). "Two pharaohs, one statue: A tale of mistaken identity?". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  24. ^ "Egypt Pharaoh statue 'not Ramses II but different ruler'". BBC News. 16 March 2017. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  25. ^ "Inscription reveals colossus unearthed in Cairo slum not of Ramses II, more likely Pharaoh Psamtek I". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 March 2017. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  26. ^ Bel Trew (17 March 2017). "Statue found in Cairo may be biggest ever from the Late Period". The Times. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  27. ^ "Egypt Pharaoh statue 'not Ramses II but different ruler". BBC News. 16 March 2017. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  28. ^ Hendawi, Hamza. "Recently discovered Egyptian statue is not Ramses II". CTVNews (in الإنجليزية الكندية). Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  29. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Trevino, Julissa. "4,500 Newly Discovered Fragments Help Piece Together Massive Psamtik I Statue". Smithsonian Magazine (in الإنجليزية)., see video featuring an analysis of the remains by Egyptologist Chris Naunton.
  30. ^ Lewis, Nell. "Colossal statue of 'forgotten' pharaoh brought to life in 3D images". CNN.
  31. ^ Connor, Simon (1 January 2019). "Ashmawy, Aiman, Simon Connor, and Dietrich Raue 2019. Psamtik I in Heliopolis. Egyptian Archaeology 55, 34-39". Egyptian Archaeology: 38–39.

وصلات خارجية

حكام الشرق الأدنى القديم
الأقاليم/
التواريخ
[1][2][3][4]		 مصر كنعان إبلا ماري أكشاك/
أكاد		 كيش أوروك أداب أومـّا
 لگش أور عيلام
سبقها: تأريخ فترة العصر الحجري الحديث
4000–3200 ق.م. ثقافة نقادة (4000–3100 ق.م.) Proto-Cannaanites الفترة السومرية (4000–2340 ق.م.) Susa I
Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 ق.م.)
Naqada I
Naqada II
Gebel el-Arak Knife 		Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
Uruk period
(4000-3100 ق.م.)

Rolzegel.JPG
(Anonymous "King-priests")

Legendary ante-deluvian rulers:
In Eridu: Alulim, Alalngar, then in Bad-tibira: En-men-lu-ana, En-men-gal-ana, Dumuzid, the Shepherd, then in Larag: En-sipad-zid-ana, then in Zimbir: En-men-dur-ana, then in Shuruppag: Ubara-Tutu
"then the flood swept over"[5] 		Susa II
Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows
(Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 ق.م. Proto-Dynastic period
(Naqada III)
Early or legendary kings:
Upper Egypt
Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II نعرمر / Menes 		Lower Egypt
Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash
3100–2900 ق.م. Early Dynastic Period
First Dynasty of Egypt
Narmer Palette

Narmer Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith♀ DenAnedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird 		Canaanites Jemdet Nasr period Proto-Elamite
period
(Susa III)
(3100-2700 ق.م.)
Great Flood
2900 ق.م. Second Dynasty of Egypt

Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy
Khasekhemwy 		Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 ق.م.)
First Eblaite
Kingdom
(Semitic) 		First kingdom
of Mari
(Semitic) 		Kish I dynasty
Jushur, Kullassina-bel
Nangishlishma,
En-tarah-ana
Babum, Puannum, Kalibum
2800 ق.م.


Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab
Mashda Arwium Etana
Balih En-me-nuna
Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna 		Uruk I dynasty
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta")
2700 ق.م. Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 ق.م.)
Zamug, Tizqar, Ilku
Iltasadum 		Lugalbanda
Dumuzid, the Fisherman


En-me-barage-si ("made the land of Elam submit")[6]
Aga of KishBlank space.pngAga of Kish GilgameshBlank space.pngGilgamesh on a seal of Mesannapeda, 2600 BCE.jpg Old Elamite period
(2700–1500 ق.م.)

Indus-Mesopotamia relations
2600 ق.م. Third Dynasty of Egypt

Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni
Saqqarah Djeser pyramid 		Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 ق.م.)
Sagisu
Abur-lim
Agur-lim
Ibbi-Damu
Baba-Damu 		Kish II dynasty
(5 kings)
Uhub
Mesilim 		Ur-Nungal
Udulkalama
Labashum 		Lagash
En-hegal
Lugalshaengur 		Ur
A-Imdugud
Ur-PabilsagBlank space.pngUr-Palbisag.jpg
Meskalamdug
(Queen Puabi)
Akalamdug
Enun-dara-anna
Mes-he
Melamanna
Lugal-kitun 		Adab
Nin-kisalsi
Me-durba
Lugal-dalu
2575 ق.م. Old Kingdom of Egypt
Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Snefru Khufu
Kheops-Pyramid.jpg
Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis 		Ur I dynasty
Mesannepada
"ملك أور وكيش"، المنتصر على أوروك
2500 ق.م. Phoenicia (2500-539 ق.م.) Second kingdom
of Mari
(Semitic)
Ikun-Shamash
Iku-Shamagan
Iku-Shamagan


Ansud
Sa'umu
Ishtup-Ishar
Ikun-Mari
Iblul-Il
Nizi 		Akshak dynasty
Unzi
Undalulu 		Kish III dynasty
Ku-Baba 		Uruk II dynasty
Enshakushanna 		Mug-si Umma I dynasty

Pabilgagaltuku 		Lagash I dynasty

Ur-Nanshe
Ur-Nanshe.jpg

Akurgal 		A'annepada
Meskiagnun
إلولو
بالولو 		Awan dynasty
Peli
Tata
Ukkutahesh
Hishur
2450 ق.م. Fifth Dynasty of Egypt

Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas 		Enar-Damu
Ishar-Malik 		Ush
Enakalle
Elamite invasions
(3 kings)[7] 		Shushuntarana
Napilhush
2425 ق.م. Kun-Damu EannatumBlank space.pngP1130735 Louvre stèle des Vautours rwk.JPG
(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 ق.م. Adub-Damu
Igrish-Halam
Irkab-Damu 		Urur Kish IV dynasty
Puzur-Suen
Ur-Zababa 		Lugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi 		E-iginimpa'e
Meskigal 		Ur-Lumma
Il
Gishakidu
(Queen Bara-irnun) 		Enannatum
Entemena
Enannatum II
Enentarzi 		Ur II dynasty
Nanni
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 		Kiku-siwe-tempti
2380 BCE Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah
Kneeling statuette of Pepy I 		Adab dynasty
Lugalannemundu
"King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 ق.م. Isar-Damu Enna-Dagan
Ikun-Ishar
Ishqi-Mari 		Invasion of Mari
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter[7] 		Ukush Lugalanda
Urukagina 		Luh-ishan
2350 ق.م.


Puzur-Nirah
Ishu-Il
Shu-Sin 		Uruk III dynasty
Lugalzagesi
(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 ق.م. Akkadian Period (2340–2150 ق.م.)
Akkadian Empire
(Semitic)
Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu 		Akkadian Governors:
Eshpum
Ilshu-rabi
Epirmupi
Ili-ishmani
2250 ق.م. Naram-SinBlank space.pngRelief of Naram-Sin (portrait).jpg Lugal-ushumgal
(vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE First Intermediate Period
Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 		Second Eblaite
Kingdom
(Semitic)















(Vassals of UR III) 		Shakkanakku
dynasty
(Semitic)
Ididish
Shu-Dagan
Ishma-Dagan
(Vassals of the Akkadians)
Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu (3 years)
Dudu
Shu-turul 		Uruk IV dynasty
Ur-nigin
Ur-gigir 		Lagash II dynasty
Puzer-Mama
Ur-Ningirsu I
Pirig-me
Lu-Baba
Lu-gula
Ka-ku
 Hishep-Ratep
Helu
Khita
Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 ق.م. Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut 		Neo-Sumerian Period (2150–2000 ق.م.)
Nûr-Mêr
Ishtup-Ilum
Ishtup-Ilum statue (head).jpg
Ishgum-Addu
Apil-kin 		Gutian dynasty
(21 kings)

La-erabum
Si'um 		Kuda (Uruk)
Puzur-ili
Ur-Utu 		Umma II dynasty
Lugalannatum
(vassal of the Gutians) 		Ur-Baba
Gudea
Gudea of Lagash Girsu.jpg

Ur-Ningirsu
Ur-gar
Nam-mahani

Tirigan
2125 ق.م. Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare 		Iddi-ilum
Ili-Ishar
Tura-Dagan
Puzur-Ishtar
Hitial-Erra
Hanun-Dagan
(Vassals of Ur III)[8] 		Uruk V dynasty
Utu-hengal
2100 BCE


Ur III dynasty
"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"Blank space.pngKing Ur-Nammu.jpg
Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin Ibbi-Sin
2050 ق.م.


2000 ق.م. Middle Kingdom of Egypt
Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
حوالي 2000 ق.م. Amorite invasions Elamite invasions
Kindattu (Shimashki Dynasty)
2025-1763 ق.م. Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀ 		Third Eblaite
Kingdom
(Semitic)
Ibbit-Lim Immeya Indilimma 		Old Assyrian Empire
(2025–1378 ق.م.)
Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 		Isin-Larsa period (Amorites)
Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu
Dynasty of Larsa: Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II 		Sukkalmah dynasty

Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
1894–1595 ق.م. Second Intermediate Period
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 		Abraham
(Biblical) 		Yamhad
F0182 Louvre Code Hammourabi Bas-relief Sb8 rwk.jpg
First Babylonian dynasty
("Old Babylonian Period")
(Amorites)
Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballitSabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-Ditana

Early Kassite rulers

Second Babylonian dynasty
("Sealand Dynasty")
Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu
Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar
mDIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama
Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil

Sixteenth
Dynasty
Abydos
Dynasty
Seventeenth
Dynasty

Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
("Hyksos")
Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos

Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi 		Mitanni
(1600–1260 ق.م.)
Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar
1531–1155 ق.م.
Tutankhamun
New Kingdom of Egypt
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ahmose I Amenhotep I
Kudurru Louvre Sb31.jpg
Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites)
Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi 		Middle Elamite period

(1500–1100 ق.م.)
Kidinuid dynasty
Igehalkid dynasty
Untash-Napirisha

Thutmose I Thutmose II Thutmose III
Hatshepsut♀ Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb Hittite Empire
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret♀ 		Elamite Empire
Shutrukid dynasty
Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 ق.م. Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI

Third Intermediate Period

Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II

Phoenicia



Kingdom of Israel
Saul
Ish-bosheth
David
Solomon 		Syro-Hittite states Middle Assyrian Empire
Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II 		Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin")
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur 		Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 ق.م.)
1025–934 BCE Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli
911–745 ق.م. Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV

Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini

Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Tefnakht Bakenranef

Kingdom of Samaria

Kingdom of Judah 		Neo-Assyrian Empire
Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V
Tablet of Shamash relief.jpg
Ninth Babylonian Dynasty
Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri
 Humban-Tahrid dynasty

Urtak
Teumman
Ummanigash
Tammaritu I
Indabibi
Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Taharqa
("Black Pharaohs")
Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun 		Neo-Assyrian Empire

(Sargonid dynasty)
Tiglath-Pileser† Shalmaneser† Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon† Sennacherib† Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi† Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon† Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II

Assyrian conquest of Egypt
626–539 BCE Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III 		Neo-Babylonian Empire
Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus 		Median Empire
Deioces Phraortes Madius Cyaxares Astyages
539–331 BCE Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
(Achaemenid conquest of Egypt)
Darius In Parse.JPG
Achaemenid Empire
Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE Ptolemaic dynasty
Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion 		Hellenistic Period
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
Argead dynasty: Alexander I Philip Alexander II Antigonus

Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes

141–30 BCE Kingdom of Judea
Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias 		Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus Parthian Empire
Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 ق.م.–618 م Roman Empire
(Roman conquest of Egypt)
Province of Egypt 		Roman Empire
Judea 		Roman Empire
Syria 		Roman Empire
Province of Mesopotamia 		Vologases III Parthamaspates Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
618–628 م Sasanian Empire
(Sasanian conquest of Egypt)
Province of Egypt
Shahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz 		Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Khosrow II Kavad II Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
628–641 م Roman Empire
Province of Egypt 		Roman Empire
يهودا 		Roman Empire
سوريا 		Roman Empire
مقاطعة الرافدين
639–651 م Muslim conquest of Egypt Muslim conquest of the Levant Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Font Awesome 5 solid long-arrow-alt-right.svg حكام آسيا الوسطى القديمة
  1. ^ W. Hallo; W. Simpson (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
  2. ^ "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
  3. ^ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins (in الإنجليزية). Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
  4. ^ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq (in الإنجليزية). Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.
  5. ^ "The Sumerian king list: translation". etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-05-08.
  6. ^ حسب قائمة الملوك السومريين
  7. ^ أ ب Per Sumerian King List
  8. ^ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History (in الإنجليزية). Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.

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سبقه:
نخاو الأول 		فرعون
الأسرة السادسة والعشرون
664 - 610 ق.م. 		لحقه:
نخاو الثاني
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