أومـّا

Coordinates: 31°40′02″N 45°53′15″E / 31.66722°N 45.88750°E / 31.66722; 45.88750
هذا المقال هو عن the Sumerian city. إذا كنت تريد the Islamic term، انظر Ummah. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر أومـّا (توضيح).
Umma
Umma is located in العراق
Umma
Umma
كما يظهر في العراق
المكانDhi Qar Province, العراق
المنطقةMesopotamia
الإحداثيات31°40′02″N 45°53′15″E / 31.66722°N 45.88750°E / 31.66722; 45.88750
النوعSettlement
ملاحظات حول الموقع
تواريخ الحفريات1854, 1885, 1999-2002, 2017-2019
الأثريونWilliam Loftus, John Punnett Peters, Nawala Ahmed Al-Mutawalli, Drahoslav Hulínek
موقع مدينة أومـّا في سومر

أومّا هي مدينة عراقية تعرف حاليا بإسم "جوخة" وتقع على بعد 10كم تقريبا غربي نهر الغراف وقضاء الرفاعي.

Umma (سومرية: 𒄑𒆵𒆠 ummaKI;[1] in modern Dhi Qar Province in Iraq, was an ancient city in Sumer. There is some scholarly debate about the Sumerian and Akkadian names for this site.[2] Traditionally, Umma was identified with Tell Jokha. More recently it has been suggested that it was located at Umm al-Aqarib, less than 7 km (4.3 mi) to its northwest or was even the name of both cities.[3][4] One or both were the leading city of the Early Dynastic kingdom of Gišša, with the most recent excavators putting forth that Umm al-Aqarib was prominent in EDIII but Jokha rose to preeminence later. The town of KI.AN was also nearby.[5] KI.AN, which was destroyed by Rimush, a ruler of the Akkadian Empire. There are known to have been six gods of KI.AN including Gula KI.AN and Sara KI.AN.[6]

The tutelary gods of Umma were Sara and Ninura. It is known that the ED ruler Ur-Lumma built a temple to the god Enki-gal and one to the god Nagar-pa'e at Umma.[7]

In the early Sumerian literary composition Inanna's descent to the netherworld, Inanna dissuades demons from the netherworld from taking Shara, patron of Umma, who was living in squalor.[8]

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التاريخ

The site was occupied at least as far back as the Uruk period. A number of proto-cuneiform came from there. While most early textual sources are from Early Dynastic III, a few tablets and a plaque from ED I/II came from there.[9]


فترة الأسرات المبكرة

Imprisoned man of Umma on the Stele of the Vultures

Because the two sites were not excavated until modern times, based on the many looted texts available to them, earlier archaeologists grouped together the ancient cities during the Early Dynastic period of Gišša and Umma into the single geographic name of Umma. Modern excavation at these sites has clarified that.[2] Gišša ceased occupation after the ED and only one ruler is known, based on a lapis lazuli bead reading "To the goddess Inanna, Aka, king of Gišša (dedicated this bead)".[7]

Best known for its long frontier conflict with Lagash, as reported 2400 BCح. 2400 BC by Entemena,[10][11] the city reached its zenith 2350 BCح. 2350 BC, under the rule of Lugal-Zage-Si who also controlled Ur and Uruk.

الفترة السرگونية

An Early Dynastic inscription of Lugalannatum from Umma (Collection of the Louvre Museum)

Under the Akkadian Empire Umma was a major power and economic center rivaled only by Adab and Uruk. Eleven governors under Akkad are known as well as two who may have been under Gutium. One, Lu-Utu, reports building a temple for Ninhursag and another for Ereshkigal. Namahni, a governor from the time of Iarlagan of Gutium, records building the E-ula temple of Ninura.[12][13] The Sargonic period ruler of Umma Lugalanatum built the temple E-gidru there.

"Lugalannatum prince of Umma... built the E.GIDRU [Sceptre] Temple at Umma, buried his foundation deposit [and] regulated the orders. At that time, Si'um was king of Gutium."[13]

فترة أور الثالثة

Clay tablet. Delivery certificate. Reign of Shu-Sin of Ur, 21st century BCE. From Umma, Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin

Under the Ur III dynasty, Umma became an important provincial center. Several governors of Umma under Ur are known, Aa-kala, Dadaga, and Ur-Lisi, all sons of one Ur-Nigar, and Ninbilia, wife of Aa-kala.[14][15][16] Most of the over 30,000 tablets recovered from the site are administrative and economic texts from that time.[17] They permit an excellent insight into affairs in Umma.[18] A year name of Ur III ruler Shu-Sin was "Year Shu-Sin the king of Ur built the temple of Shara in Umma". The next ruler Ibbi-Sin also had a year name of "Year Ibbi-Sin the king of Ur built the temple of Shara in Umma". The Umma calendar of Shulgi (21st century BCح. 21st century BC) is the immediate predecessor of the later Babylonian calendar, and indirectly of the post-exilic Hebrew calendar.

In the following Isin-Larsa period, a ruler of Larsa, Sumuel (c. 1894-1866 BC), lists as one of his later year names "Year Umma was destroyed".

الآثار

Tell Jokha

Aerial view of Umma

The site of Tell Jokha was visited by William Loftus in 1854 and John Punnett Peters of the University of Pennsylvania in 1885. Peters found it to be half covered with sand dunes and found fragments of worked stone and copper fragments.[19][20] In the early 1900s, many illegally excavated Umma tablets from the Third Dynasty of Ur began to appear on the antiquities market.[21] From 1999 to 2002 Jokha was worked by an Iraqi team led by Nawala Ahmed Al-Mutawalli, recovering a number of tablets and bullae from the Early Dynastic, Sargonic, Ur III, and Old Babylonian periods as well as an Ur III period temple and Old Babylonian residences. The cuneiform tablets are in the process of being published.[22][23][24][25][26] In 2016, a team from the Slovak Archaeological and Historical Institute led by Drahoslav Hulínek began excavations at Tell Jokha focusing on the Temple of Shara. A trench (Trench 1) excavated in 2016 showed the temple had two construction phases (Level 3 and 4). Level 4 is thought to date from the Old Akkadian period. In 2017 a square at the top (Trench 2) of the tell was opened, amidst numerous looter holes, and at Level 5 found Early Dynastic construction. In 2019 and 2020 eighteen cuneiform tablets from the Old Babylonian, Ur III, Old Akkadian and Early Dynastic periods were found in Trench 2, three in situ. A topographic survey showed that in the Early Dynastic period Umma reached an area of 400 hectares, with a 40 hectare city center.[27][28]

أم العقارب (Gišša)

Map of a property belonging to the city of Ur III Umma, indicating the acreage of each parcel

The site of Umm al-Aqarib (located at 45.80°E longitude and 31.60°N latitude) lies about 6 kilometers southeast of Tell Jokha, covers about 5 square kilometers and is made up of 21 mounds the largest of which is 20 meters above the level of the plain. It is thought to be the ancient city of Gišša and was abandoned after the Early Dynastic period. The location was first visited by John Punnett Peters in the late 1800s, finding it relatively free from sand and featuring two prominent elevations of baked bricks set with bitumen.[20]It was excavated for a total of 7 seasons in 1999–2002 (led by Donny George Youkhanna and Haider A. Urebi) and 2008–2010 (led by Taha Kerim Abod) under difficult conditions.[29][30] At Umm al-Aqarib, archaeologists uncovered levels from the Early Dynastic Period (c. 2900–2300 BC), including residences, palaces, and several monumental buildings, including two Early Dynastic temples (the White Temple and Temple H). About 70 "cuneiform sources" were also excavated.[31][32][33][34] The tutelary god is thought to be Ama-usum-ga/Usumgal-ana.[35]

Tell Shmet

Stone tablet re Il, king of Umma, c. 2400 BC "For ..., Il, king of Umma, son of Eandamu, grandson of Enakale king of Umma, built his/her temple"

The site of Tell Shmet (also Tell Schmidt) also lies nearby, around 10 kilometers to the northwest of Umma and within visual distance of Zabala. It was part of the Umma province. The site measures 990 by 720 meters (712,800 square meters). The main Sargonic and Ur III remains of the site were destroyed by a Ministry of Agriculture program to plant trees so as to prevent sand dunes. In response to looting which began in 1994 the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage conducted salvage excavations in 2001 and 2002 under Mohammad Sabri Abdulraheem.[36][37][38][39] All of the paper records of the excavation were lost in looting of residential areas after the 2003 war. Plano-convex bricks and a residential area of the Early Dynastic III and Akkadian periods were uncovered. Finds included 67 clay cuneiform tablets, dozens of cylinder seals, and a number of stone and metal objects. The tablets mostly date ED III with the latest being Ur III. The tablets support the proposal that the ancient name of the site was Ki.anki. They mention the names of the gods Ninazu and Dumuzi-Maru. Only some of the tablets have been published.[40]


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النهب

During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, after Coalition bombing began, looters descended upon the site which is now pockmarked with hundreds of ditches and pits. The prospects for future official excavation and research were seriously compromised in the process.[41] In 2011, Global Heritage Network, which monitors threats to cultural heritage sites in developing nations, released aerial images comparing Umma in 2003 and 2010, showing a landscape devastated by looters' trenches during that time—approximately 1.12 square km in total.[42] Confiscated Umma area cuneiform tablets continue to make their way to the Museum of Iraq, including a group of 1500 in 2009.[43]

Rulers of Umma

First Dynasty of Umma

Ruler Proposed reign Notes
Pabilgagaltuku 2500 BCح. 2500 BC A governor of Umma, he was captured by Ur-Nanshe of Lagash.[44]
Ush
("Ninta")		 Imprisoned man of Umma on the Stele of the Vultures.jpg 2450 BCح. 2450 BC Attacked Lagash and removed the boundary stone set up by Mesilim, and was defeated by Eannatum.[44]
Enakalle
Enakalle on the plate of queen Bara-irnun.jpg
 2440 BCح. 2440 BC Made a boundary treaty with Eannatum.[45]
Ur-Lumma Ur-Lumma, king of Umma, son of En-a-Kale tablet.jpg 2430 BCح. 2430 BC Son of Enakalle. Challenged Enannatum I, but was defeated by his successor Enmetena.[45][44]
Il Stone tablet re Il, king of Umma, c. 2400 BC - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC07155 (orientation).jpg 2420 BCح. 2420 BC Successor to Ur-Lumna. He rebelled against Enannatum II, and destroyed the dynasty of Ur-Nanshe.[45]
Gishakidu This cuneiform text gives the city of Umma's account of its long-running border dispute with Lagash. Circa 2350 BCE. From Umma, Iraq. The British Museum, London.jpg 2410 BCح. 2410 BC Son of Il[44]
Edin 2400 BCح. 2400 BC Ruler of Umma [44]
Me'annedu 2400 BCح. 2400 BC Ruler of Umma, reigned at least 29 years[44][46]
Ushurdu? 2370 BCح. 2370 BC Ruler of Umma[44]
Ukush Lugalzagesi king of Uruk king of the Land son of Ukush.jpg 2360 BCح. 2360 BC Father of Lugal-Zage-Si.[44]
Lugal-Zage-Si Prisoner exiting a cage, on an Akkadian Empire victory stele circa 2300 BCE, Louvre Museum.jpg 2350 BCح. 2350 BC Conqueror of all Sumer, founder of the third dynasty of Uruk, vanquished by Sargon of Akkad.[44]

Second Dynasty of Umma

Ruler Proposed reign Notes
Lugalanatum Gutian inscription-AO 4783-gradient.jpg 2120 BCح. 2120 BC Vassal to the Gutian Dynasty.[44]

معرض صور

  • Stele of Ushumgal, 2900-2700 BC. Probably from Umma.[47]

    Stele of Ushumgal, 2900-2700 BC. Probably from Umma.[47]

  • Vase of King Gishakidu, king of Umma, and son of Ur-Lumma. This cuneiform text gives the city of Umma's account of its long-running border dispute with Lagash. 2350 BCح. 2350 BC. From Umma, Iraq. The British Museum, London

    Vase of King Gishakidu, king of Umma, and son of Ur-Lumma. This cuneiform text gives the city of Umma's account of its long-running border dispute with Lagash. 2350 BCح. 2350 BC. From Umma, Iraq. The British Museum, London

  • Votive plaque offered by Bara-irnun, queen of Umma, to God Šara in gratitude for sparing her life. Date 2370 BCح. 2370 BC.[48]

    Votive plaque offered by Bara-irnun, queen of Umma, to God Šara in gratitude for sparing her life. Date 2370 BCح. 2370 BC.[48]

An official of Umma, 2400 BCح. 2400 BC
Diorite statue of Lupad, an official of the city of Umma, with inscriptions recording the purchase of land in Lagash. Early Dynastic Period III, 2400 BCح. 2400 BC.[49]


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انظر أيضاً

المراجع

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للاستزادة

  • B. Alster, "Geštinanna as Singer and the Chorus of Uruk and Zabalam", UET 6/1 22, JCS, vol. 37, pp. 219–28, 1985
  • [4]Bedale, Charles Lees, "Sumerian Tablets from Umma in the John Rylands Library, Manchester", The University Press, 1915
  • B. R. Foster, "Umma in the Sargonic Period", Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. 20, Hamden, 1982
  • Georges Contenau, "Umma sous la Dynastie d'Ur", Librarie Paul Geuthner, 1916
  • Jacob L. Dahl, "The Ruling Family of Ur III Umma: A Prosopographical Analysis of an Elite Family in Southern Iraq 4000 Years ago", Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten/Netherlands Institute for the Near East (NINO), 2007, ISBN 90-6258-319-9
  • [5]Romina Laurito, Alessandra Mezzasalma, Lorenzo Verderame, "Texts and Labels: A Case Study from Neo-Sumerian Umma", Proceedings of the 51st Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Held at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, July 18–22, 2005 Robert D. Biggs, Jennie Myers, and Martha T. Roth, eds., Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 62, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2008 ISBN 978-1-885923-54-7
  • Lambert, Maurice, "L’occupation Du Girsu Par Urlumma Roi d’Umma", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 81–84, 1965
  • T. Maeda, "Ruler’s Family of Umma and Control over the Circulation of Silver", ASJ 18, pp. 254-260, 1996
  • Molina, Manuel, "Court Officials at Umma in Ur III Times", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 125-148, 2013
  • Notizia, P. and Visicato, G., "Early Dynastic and Early Sargonic Administrative Texts Mainly from the Umma Region in the Cornell University Cuneiform Collections", CUSAS 33. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press, 2016
  • F. Pomponio, "Lukalla of Umma", ZA 82, pp. 169–179, 1992
  • Rost, Stephanie, and Angelo Di Michele, "Systematic Versus Random Sampling in Approaches to Landscape Archaeology: The Umma Survey Project in Southern Mesopotamia", Journal of Field Archaeology 47.5, pp. 285-304, 2022
  • [6]Stephanie Rost, "Written Sources in the Empirical Investigation of Ancient Irrigation: The Operation of the I-sala Irrigation System in the Umma Province in Late Third-Millennium BCE Southern Mesopotamia", in Irrigation in Early States: New Directions, Oriental Institute Seminars 13, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, pp. 137-174, 2022 ISBN 978-1-61491-071-8
  • Shin T. Kang, "Sumerian economic texts from the Umma archive", University of Illinois Press, 1973 ISBN 0-252-00425-6
  • Tonia M. Sharlach, "Provincial taxation and the Ur III State", Brill, 2003 ISBN 90-04-13581-2
  • Steinkeller, Piotr, "An Estimate of the Population of the City of Umma in Ur III Times", At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 535-566, 2017
  • van Driel, G., "The Size of Institutional Umma", Archiv Für Orientforschung, vol. 46/47, pp. 80–91, 1999

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Rulers of Sumer

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