تشینجداو

چینگ‌داو 青岛 مدينة على مستوى ناحية ومدينة بمستوى دون المقاطعة 青岛市 Skyline of Qingdao May Fourth Square Badaguan St. Michael's Cathedral Tsingtao Beer Museum مع عقارب الساعة من أعلى اليسار: خط أقق چینگداو، St. Michael's Cathedral، ميناء چینگداو، معبد على سفح جبل لاو، وميدان الرابع من مايو الشعار موقع مدينة چینگداو (بالأصفر) في مقاطعة شان‌دونگ. چینگ‌داو موقع چینگداو في الصين. چینگ‌داو چینگ‌داو (شان‌دونگ) Show map of QingdaoShow map of شان‌دونگأظهر الكل الإحداثيات: 36°04′01″N 120°22′58″E البلد الصين المقاطعة شان‌دونگ Lease to Germany 6 March 1898 Japanese occupation 7 November 1914 Return to China 10 December 1922 Japanese Occupation 10 January 1938 Return to China 15 August 1945 مقعد المدينة منطقة شي‌نان الحكومة  • أمير الحزب الشيوعي الصيني لي تشون (李群)  • Mayor شيا گنگ (夏耕) المساحة  • مدينة على مستوى ناحية ومدينة بمستوى دون المقاطعة 10٬654 كم² (4٬114 ميل²)  • البر 10٬654 كم² (4٬114 ميل²)  • الماء 13٬800 كم² (5٬300 ميل²)  • الحضر 5٬171٫4 كم² (1٬996٫7 ميل²) التعداد  (2020 census)  • مدينة على مستوى ناحية ومدينة بمستوى دون المقاطعة 10٬071٬722  • الكثافة 950/km2 (2٬400/sq mi)  • Urban 7٬172٬451  • الكثافة الحضرية 1٬400/km2 (3٬600/sq mi)  • العمرانية 7٬172٬451 GDP  • Prefecture-level and Sub-provincial city CN¥ 1.200 trillion US$ 181.4 billion  • Per capita CN¥ 128,459 US$ 19,412 منطقة التوقيت UTC+8 (China Standard) الرمز البريدي 266000 مفتاح الهاتف 532 ISO 3166 code CN-SD-02 License Plate Prefix 鲁B & 鲁U Coastline 862.64 km (536.02 mi) (inclusive of offshore islands) 730.64 km (454.00 mi) (exclusive of islands) Major Nationalities Han: 99.86% County-level divisions 10 Climate Dwa/Cwa الموقع الإلكتروني qingdao.gov.cn رموز Flower China rose Camellia Tree Cedrus

تشینجداو "Qingdao" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters الاسم الصيني الصينية المبسطة 青岛 الصينية التقليدية 青島 البريد Tsingtao المعنى الحرفي "Qing (color) Island" أظهرالنسخ Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Qīngdǎo Bopomofo ㄑㄧㄥ ㄉㄠˇ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Chingdao Wade–Giles Chʻing1-tao3 Tongyong Pinyin Cingdǎo Yale Romanization Chīngdǎu MPS2 Chīngdǎu IPA [tɕʰíŋ.tɑ̀ʊ] ( استمع) Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Chīng-dóu Jyutping cing1 dou2 IPA قالب:IPAc-yue Southern Min Hokkien POJ Chheng-tó Tâi-lô Tsheng-tó ألمانية name ألمانية Tsingtau

تشينجداو أو چینگ‌داو ([tɕʰíŋtɑ̀ʊ]; also spelled تسينگتاو؛ Chinese: 青岛)، هي مدينة رئيسية في شرق مقاطعة شان‌دونگ. وتطل على البحر الأصفر. وهي واحدة من أجمل وأنظف المدن في جمهورية الصين الشعبية. وهي عقدة رئيسية على مبادرة السير والطريق التي تربط آسيا وأوروپا. ولديها أعلى ن.م.ا. لمدينة في المقاطعة. وتدار كمدينة بمستوى دون المقاطعة، وتنقسم إلى 6 مديريات و 4 مدن بمستوى ناحية. وفي 2014، بلغ تعداد سكان چینگداو 9,046,200 نسمة، يسكن منهم في الحضر 6,188,100 نسمة. وتقع في مقابل شبه جزيرة شان‌دونگ عبر البحر الأصفر، وتحد المدن التالية بمستوى مديرية: يان‌تاي إلى الشمال الشرقي، وِيْ‌فانگ إلى الغرب و ري‌ژاو إلى الجنوب الغربي.

Qingdao is a major seaport and naval base, as well as a commercial and financial center. It is home to electronics multinationals such as Haier and Hisense. The world's longest sea bridge, the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge, links the main urban area of Qingdao with Huangdao district, straddling the Jiaozhou Bay sea areas. Its historic, German-style architecture and Tsingtao Brewery, the second largest brewery in China are legacies of the German occupation (1898-1914).

In the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index, Qingdao ranked 47th; the index is published by the Z/Yen Group and China Development Institute, the other Chinese cities on the list being Shanghai, Hong Kong, Beijing, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Nanjing, Xi'an, Tianjin, Hangzhou, Dalian, and Wuhan. In 2007, Qingdao was named as one of China's top ten cities by the Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at the 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum. In 2009, Qingdao was named China's most livable city by the Chinese Institute of City Competitiveness. In 2018, Qingdao held the Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit. In 2020, Qingdao was rated as a Gamma + level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.

Qingdao is also a major city for global scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index according to the Nature Index 2020 Science Cities. The city is home to several notable universities, including the Ocean University of China, one of China's prestigious universities as a member of Project 985, and China University of Petroleum (East China), a member of the Project 211.

اسم "چینگداو" يعني "الجزيرة الخضراء". تشينغداو هي مدينة عريقة في تاريخ الصين في القرن العشرين. وكمدينة عريقة أخذت چینگداو بوصفها مستعمرة ألمانية في عام 1897. وخلال 17 سنة من الفترة الاستعمارية، ترك الألمان أثاراً مميزة في معمار چینگداو يمكن مشاهدتها اليوم في مركزها التاريخي ومحطة القطار على طراز باڤاري (ألمانيا) على شرق بحر الصين الشرقي ، حيث يقوم سكانها ببيع سجق براتڤورست في الشوارع. وفي عام 1903، أنشئت بيرة تسينغتاو العالمية الشهيرة بواسطة الألمان المشتاقين الى الوطن. وخلال الحرب العالمية الأولى استولى اليابانيون على المدينة. وطُردوا خلال حركة الرابع من مايو عام 1918 ولكن أعيد الاستيلاء علي المدينة عام 1938.

وقد استضافت چینگداو في عام 2008 أحداث الرياضات البحرية للألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2008. ويتفاوت مناخ تشينغداو بين رطب وحار جداً في الصيف الى عواصف ثلجية في فصل الشتاء. وتعتبر چینگداو المقصد الأمثل اذا أردت أن تجمع المتعة على شواطئ البحر مع زيارتكم الى الصين. ويحيط بها البحر من ثلاث جهات، وتجتذب چینگداو الكثير من السياح بمشاهدها البحرية الساحرة. ومشاهد مثل الفيلات الثماني العتيقة (با دا تشواى)، وجسر تشان وجبل لاوشان ستساعدكم علي تذكر چینگداو.

 التاريخ

 القِدم

Human settlement in the area dates back 6,000 years. The Dongyi lived here and created the Dawenkou, Longshan and Dongyeshi cultures. In the Eastern Zhou dynasty (770–256 BC), the town of Jimo was established, which was then the second-largest one in the Shandong region. The area in which Qingdao is located today was named Jiao'ao (胶澳) when it was administered by the Qing Dynasty on 14 June 1891.

 الاحتلالان الألماني والياباني

للمزيد من المعلومات: امتياز خليج كياوتشو

Sketch map of Qingdao, circa 1906

Main gate of former Chinese munitions depot, taken over by the Imperial German Navy, Kiautschou Bay, Shandong peninsula, 1898

In 1891, the Qing Empire decided to make coastal Qingdao (then known as "Jiao'ao") a defense base against naval attacks and began to improve its fortifications. Imperial German naval officials observed and reported on this activity during a formal survey of Jiaozhou Bay in May 1897. In November of that year, the Juye Incident would take place, in which three German missionaries were attacked, and two were killed. Subsequently, German troops seized and occupied the fortification.

The preindustrial, waning Qing Empire was forced to concede the area to Germany the following year, and the Kiautschou Bay concession, as it became known, existed from 1898 to 1914 (Li 2005, p. 81).

With an area of 552 km² (136,000 acres; 213 sq mi), it was located in the imperial province of Shandong (alternately romanized as Shantung or Shan-tung) on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula in northern China. Jiaozhou was alternatively romanized as Kiaochow, Kiauchau, or Kiao-Chau in English, and Kiautschou in German; Qingdao was its administrative center. "The so-called Marktstrasse (Market Street) was nothing more than the old main street of the Chinese village of Qingdao, and the buildings lining it were the former homes of fishermen and farmers. Having sold their property, they resettled their homes and fields in the villages further east."

Upon gaining control of the area, the Germans outfitted the impoverished fishing village of Qingdao with wide streets, solid housing areas, government buildings, electrification throughout, a sewer system and a safe drinking water supply, a rarity in large parts of Asia at that time and later.

The area had the highest school density and the highest per capita student enrollment in all of China, with primary, secondary and vocational schools funded by the Imperial German treasury and Protestant and Roman Catholic missions. Commercial interests established the Germania Brewery in 1903, which later became the world-famous Tsingtao Brewery. German cultural and commercial influences extended to other areas of Shandong Province, including the establishment of diverse commercial enterprises.

Identified by the German authorities as a strategically important port, Qingdao was administered by the Imperial Department of the Navy (Reichsmarineamt) rather than the Imperial Colonial Office (Reichskolonialamt). The growing Imperial German Navy based their East Asia Squadron there, allowing the warships to conduct operations throughout the western Pacific. Beginning in January 1898, the marines of III. Seebataillon were based at Qingdao. Construction of the Jiaoji Railway began on 23 September 1899, and was completed in 1904.

Japanese military currency

• Siege of Tsingtao
• 10 sen (1914)

Before the outbreak of World War I (1914–1918), ships of the German naval forces under Admiral Count von Spee were located at central Pacific colonies on routine missions. The fleet then rendezvoused in the Marianas Islands to plan a transit back to Germany rather than be trapped in the Pacific by more powerful and numerous Allied fleets (British and Japanese).

After a minor British naval attack on the German concession in Shandong in 1914, Japanese Empire troops occupied the city and the surrounding province during the Siege of Tsingtao (Qingdao) after Japan's declaration of war on Germany in accordance with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. China protested against Japan's violation of her neutrality but was not able to interfere in the military operations. The decision of the Paris Peace Conference and the Versailles Treaty negotiations not to restore Chinese rule over the previous foreign concessions in Qingdao after the Great War triggered the May Fourth Movement (4 May 1919) of anti-imperialism, nationalism and cultural identity in China.

خريطة تشينجداو في 1912

The city came under Chinese rule in December 1922, under control of the Republic of China (ROC) established in 1912 after the Chinese Revolution the year before. However, Japan maintained its economic dominance of the railway and the province as a whole. The city became a direct-controlled municipality of the ROC Government in July 1929.

Japan re-occupied Qingdao in 1938, a year after it expanded the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), (a precursor to World War II, 1939–1945) with its plans of territorial expansion into China's coast. Nationalist (Kuomintang) ROC forces returned after the Japanese surrender in September 1945. On 2 June 1949, during the Chinese Civil War and shortly before the founding of the communist People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949 the city was taken by Chairman Mao Zedong and his troops.

 Qingdao city planning and development

 1898–1914

The development of the Qingdao urban space during the German occupation (1898–1914) originated from the port. Mass urban construction began in 1898 with the relocation of Chinese dwellers along the coast. With the completion of such series of mass construction projects such as wharves, the Tsingtao-Jinan Railway Line, Tsingtao Railway Station and locomotive works, a city was starting to take shape. The area had the highest school density and highest per capita student enrollment in all of China, with primary, secondary and vocational schools funded by the Berlin treasury as well as Protestant and Roman Catholic missions.

In 1910, the Germans drew up for the second time the city planning of Tsingtao (Warner 2001, p. 33). The former urban area was extended four times highlighted by the emphasis on the development of commerce and trade. Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925), leader of the Chinese Revolution of 1911 and subsequently first president of the Republic of China, visited the Tsingtao area and stated in 1912, "I am impressed. The city is a true model for China's future".

 1914–1922

The development of Tsingtao urban space continued during the first Japan-occupation period (1914–1922). In 1914, Tsingtao was taken over by the Japanese and served as a base for the exploitation of natural resources of Shandong and northern China. With the development of industry and commerce, a "New City District" was established to furnish the Japanese colonists with commercial sections and living quarters, which suggested a striking contrast to the shabby houses in the local Chinese zones (Li 2007, p. 133). In the meantime, several schools, hospitals, and public buildings were constructed, followed by urban streets and intercity highways as well. The urban spatial layout continued to expand northward along the east bay area.

 1922–1938

The development of Tsingtao urban space during the ROC-ruled period (1922–1938). This period saw the substantial progress of the urban development of Tsingtao. The government engaged itself in mass construction that gave birth to villa districts at the beach and bank groups in CBD. Plenty of public buildings and facilities for entertainment and sports were completed. By the year 1937, the urban population numbered 385,000(Lu 2001, p. 327). Tsingtao consequently distinguished itself as a prominent holiday resort and summer retreat.

 1938–1945

The development of Tsingtao urban space during the second Japan-occupied period (1938–1945). Japanese armed forces returned to Tsingtao in 1938 and started to strive for the construction of the Greater Tsingtao in the following June. Accordingly, they worked out the city planning of the Greater Tsingtao and the City Planning of the Mother Town (Tsingtao City Proper), even though they had not had the opportunity to actualize either, respectively. The period in question did not witness much urban progress except for the logical construction of No. 6 Wharf, some Japanese residences, and a small number of roads and streets (Lu 2001, p. 339).

 Postwar

After World War II, the KMT allowed Qingdao to serve as the headquarters of the Western Pacific Fleet of the US Navy in 1945; however, its headquarters were transferred to the Philippines sometime in late 1948. On 2 June 1949, the CPC-led Red Army entered Qingdao and the city and province have been under PRC control since that time.

Since the 1984 inauguration of China's open-door policy to foreign trade and investment, Qingdao has rapidly developed into an ultramodern port city. It is now the headquarters of the Chinese navy's northern fleet. An early example of the open-door policy occurred on 5 November 1984, when three United States Naval vessels visited Qingdao. This was the first US port call to China in more than 37 years. يوإس‌إس Rentz, يوإس‌إس Reeves, and يوإس‌إس Oldendorf and their crews were officially hosted by the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN).

Northern Qingdao, particularly Shibei, Licang, and Chengyang districts, are now major manufacturing centers. The city has recently experienced a strong growth period, with a new central business district created to the east of the older business district. Outside of the center of the city, there is a large industrial zone, which includes chemical processing, rubber, and heavy manufacturing, in addition to a growing high-tech area. Numerous local and national service companies, rather than manufacturers, are based in the city's southern district.

Image of Qingdao in the early 1900s

 التقسيمات الإدارية

	التقسيم		السكان	مساحة الأرض	الرمز البريدي	رمز المنطقة*
			في 2007	كم²
	مدينة چینگداو الكبرى
	■ Shinan-qu	市南区 / 市南區	430,000	30.01	266000	370202
	■ Shibei-qu	市北区 / 市北區	470,000	28.63	266000	370203
	■ Sifang-qu	四方区 / 四方區	360,000	34.55	266000	370205
	■ Licang-qu	李沧区 / 李滄區	280,000	95.52	266000	370213
	ضاحية وريف چینگداو
	■ Laoshan-qu	崂山区 / 嶗山區	190,000	389.34	266100	370212
	■ Chengyang-qu	城阳区 / 城陽區	430,000	553.2	266000	370214
	■ Huangdao-qu	黄岛区 / 黃島區	260,000	274.1	266000	370211
	■ Jiaozhou-shi	胶州市 / 膠州市	750,000	1210	266300	370281
	■ Jiaonan-shi	胶南市 / 膠南市	840,000	1927	266400	370284
	■ Jimo-shi	即墨市 / 即墨市	1,070,000	1727	266200	370282
	■ Pingdu-shi	平度市 / 平度市	1,330,000	3166	266700	370283
	■ Laixi-shi	莱西市 / 萊西市	720,000	1522	266600	370285

 الجغرافيا

Qingdao (labeled CH'ING-TAO (TSINGTAO) 青島) (1954)

Map including Qingdao (labeled as CH'ING-TAO (TSINGTAO))

تقع مدينة چینگداو في شرقي الصين، جنوب شبه جزيرة شان‌دونگ ، وهي مطلة على البحر الأصفر، كما تعد مقصداً سياحياً مشهوراً. وتتنوع المعالم فيها، منها سواحل تحتضنها رمال رقيقة، وجزائر تتناثر عليها صخور فريدة. وتتأثر چینگداو بالثقافات الأجنبية، وذلك يتمثل في تنوع الأساليب المعمارية الذي يجمع بين الماضي والحاضر.

في موسم الصيف، يأتي السياح من أنحاء البلاد إليها للتمتع بجمال البحر ونشاط الأمواج، حيث يمارس بعضهم رياضة المراكب الشراعية.

وفي نهاية الأسبوع الثاني من شهر أغسطس كل سنة يقام في چینگداو مهرجان البيرة الذي يدوم 16 يوما، حيث يمكن للسياح قضاء الإجازة هناك بارتياح ورضى.

 المناخ

چینگداو
جدول طقس (التفسير)
ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     11   3 −3     12   5 −2     21   9 2     35   15 8     55   20 13     84   24 18     142   27 22     151   28 23     63   25 19     48   20 13     28   12 6     12   6 −1 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س إجمالي الهطل - مم المصدر: مرصد هونگ كونگ
أظهرالتحويل لوحدات إمبراطورية ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     0.4   37 26     0.5   40 29     0.8   48 36     1.4   59 46     2.2   69 56     3.3   75 64     5.6   81 72     5.9   83 73     2.5   78 66     1.9   68 56     1.1   54 43     0.5   42 31 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °ف إجمالي الهطل - بوصة

أظهرClimate data for چینگداو
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	2.8 (37.0)	4.6 (40.3)	9.0 (48.2)	15.0 (59.0)	20.3 (68.5)	23.7 (74.7)	27.1 (80.8)	28.4 (83.1)	25.3 (77.5)	19.8 (67.6)	12.3 (54.1)	5.7 (42.3)	16.2 (61.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−3.3 (26.1)	−1.9 (28.6)	2.3 (36.1)	7.9 (46.2)	13.2 (55.8)	17.8 (64.0)	22.2 (72.0)	23.0 (73.4)	18.9 (66.0)	13.1 (55.6)	5.9 (42.6)	−0.5 (31.1)	9.9 (49.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	11.3 (0.44)	12.1 (0.48)	21.4 (0.84)	34.6 (1.36)	54.9 (2.16)	84.0 (3.31)	142.1 (5.59)	151.1 (5.95)	62.7 (2.47)	48.2 (1.90)	27.9 (1.10)	11.8 (0.46)	662.1 (26.06)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	3.1	3.7	4.7	6.7	7.5	9.4	12.4	10.2	6.5	6.1	4.7	3.4	78.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours	186.0	180.8	220.1	222.0	244.9	219.0	182.9	223.2	219.0	220.1	189.0	182.9	2٬489٫9
Source 1: الأرصد الصينية (1971−2000)
Source 2: مرصد هونگ كونگ (sun only, 1961−1990)

 الديموغرافيا

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1913	58٬000	—
1953	916٬846	+1480.8%
1964	1٬383٬433	+50.9%
1982	4٬227٬594	+205.6%
1990	6٬663٬989	+57.6%
2000	7٬494٬194	+12.5%
2010	8٬715٬100	+16.3%
2020	9٬499٬800	+9.0%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

Of the 10 million residents of Qingdao, 6.2 million reside in the Qingdao urban area. Another estimated 5 million live in other cities under Qingdao's jurisdiction. The annual birth rate is calculated around 76,507, with a birth rate of 10.15 per year per thousand, and a death rate of 6.32, both calculated on an annual basis. Living standards are among the highest of leading Chinese cities due to the strong export economy and relatively high family wages.

There is a large Korean community in Qingdao. By 2009, there were approximately 100,000 Koreans working, studying and living in Qingdao, which makes Qingdao the second in terms of Korean population in China, following Beijing which has about 200,000 Koreans.

According to the 2021 Qingdao Statistical Yearbook, the permanent resident population of Qingdao in 2020 was 10.1057 million, an increase of 182700 people compared to the previous year.

 أهم المعالم السياحية

 با دا تشواى (الثماني العتيقة)

با دا تشواى منطقة سياحية جاذبة رئيسية قريبة من ساحل تشينغداو وتتكون من ثمانية شوارع سُميت علي الحصون العسكرية الثمانية الكبرى في العصور القديمة. وعلي طول الشوارع العديد من المنازل التقليدية (الكلاسيكية) الأوروبية التي بُنيت عندما احتل الجيش الألماني تشينغداو قبل الحرب العالمية الأولى. والأجواء فيها لا مثيل لها في أي مكان آخر بالصين، حيث مساحات خضراء شاسعة وشوارع واسعة وحركة مرور قليلة.

 جبل لاوشان

يواجه جبل لاوشان البحر الأصفر ويقع على بُعد 30 كيلومتراً شرق وسط مدينة تشينغداو. وجبل لاوشان العالي والمهيب مشهور بمناظره الجبلية ومشاهده الساحلية الطبيعية الرائعة والمدهشة. وهو يحمل أيضاً أهمية كبيرة في الديانة الطاوية. وفي ذروة الطاوية، كانت هناك تسع قصور وثمانية معابد طاوية و72 ديراً في الجبل، وكانت تضم حوالي 1,000 كاهن وراهبة طاوية. وفي الوقت الحاضر يعتبر قصر تايتشينغ الأكبر والأقدم بين المؤسسات الطاوية المُحَافَظ عليها. وكان قد بُني أولاً في أوائل عهد أسرة سونغ الشمالية (960-1127) ويتميز القصر بنمط معماري بسيط. وتحيط به العديد من المواقع الطبيعية الخلابة ويعد مركزاً للمنطقة السياحية بأسرها.

 شاطئ هويتشيوان

چینگداو مدينة مشهورة بخطها الساحلي الطويل المنحنى والجميل. وخليج هويتشيوان هو أحد خلجانها الخمسة الأكثر شهرة بجانب خلجان تواندو، چینگداو،فوشان و تايبينغ.

وشاطئ هويتشيوان مشهور بمياهه الصافية ورماله الناعمة ونسائمه الرقيقة وأمواجه الهادئة.

وستقام سباقات القوارب الشراعية للألعاب الأولمبية التاسعة والعشرين في عام 2008 في خليجي هويتشيوان وفوشان. وللترحيب بالألعاب أعادت الحكومة إعمار الخليج والتخلص من الحصى الموجود على الشاطئ لجعل المنطقة أكثر طبيعية ولطافة وسحراً..

 الاقتصاد

Qingdao-based Tsingtao beer, China's second-largest domestic brand and its largest export brand.

Qingdao TV Tower

In recent years, an important region in Eastern China, Shandong Province has seen substantial change in its economic landscape. Much of this development has been concentrated in Qingdao. Qingdao has seen rapid development. With an annual growth rate of 18.9 percent in 2006, the city's GDP reached 42.3 billion, ranking first in Shandong Province and tenth out of China's top 20 cities. GDP per capita comprised CN¥52,895 (US$7,616) in 2008. The GDP has grown steadily at an average pace of 16% annually.

In 2006, Qingdao was ranked one of six "golden cities" by the World Bank, out of 120 Chinese cities assessed on factors including investment climate and government effectiveness. In 2018, Qingdao's GDP reached CN¥1200.15 billion, though it shrank a little in 2019.

Internationally, Qingdao is perhaps best known for its Tsingtao Brewery, founded by a German-British joint venture in 1903 that produces Tsingtao beer, the best-known Chinese export beer. It is also home to Haier, a large white goods manufacturer, and Hisense, a major electronics company. In 2002 guitar manufacturers Epiphone opened a factory in Qingdao.

In 1984 the Chinese government named a district of Qingdao a Special Economic and Technology Development Zone (SETDZ). Along with this district, the entire city had gone through fast-tracked development of secondary and tertiary industries. Qingdao has been the recipient of large foreign investment and its port is a hub for local and international trade. South Korea and Japan in particular made extensive investments in the city. In terms of primary sector industries, Qingdao has an estimated 50,000 acres (200 km²) of arable land. Qingdao has a zigzagging pattern coastline, and thus possesses an invaluable stock of fish, shrimp, and other sea resources.

Qingdao's wind power electricity generation performs at among the highest levels in the region.

 Industrial zones

• Qingdao West Coast New District
• Qingdao Special Economic and Technological Development Area
• Qingdao Free Trade Zone
• Qingdao High-tech Industrial Zone
• Qingdao University Industrial Zone

 النقل

 الطرق

There are a total of 1,145 km (711 mi) of roads in the Qingdao area, with nearly 500 km (310 mi) of expressways. These National Trunk Highway System (NTHS) Expressways begin or pass through in Qingdao. Expressways that begin in Qingdao are in Bold:

• G15 Shenhai Expressway (Shenyang, Liaoning-Haikou, Hainan)
• G18 Rongwu Expressway (Rongcheng, Shandong-Wuhai, Inner Mongolia)
• G20 Qingyin Expressway (Qingdao-Yinchuan, Ningxia)

Spur Route: G2011 Qingxin Expressway (Qingdao-Xinhe, Pingdu, Shandong)

• G22 Qinglan Expressway (Qingdao-Lanzhou, Gansu)

These provincial expressways begin in or pass through Qingdao. Expressways that begin in Qingdao are in Bold:

• S16 Rongwei Expressway (Rongcheng-Weifang)
• S19 Longqing Expressway (Longkou-Qingdao)
• S21 Xinwei Expressway (Xinhe-Weifang)
• S24 Weiqing Expressway (Weihai-Qingdao)

Other than Expressways, there are also National Highways that pass through or begin in Qingdao. National Highways that begin in Qingdao are in bold:

• G204 (Yantai-Shanghai)
• G206 (Yantai-Shantou)
• G308 (Qingdao-Shijiazhuang)
• G309 (Rongcheng-Lanzhou)

 Haiwan Bridge

On 30 June 2011, the longest bridge over water opened in Qingdao. The bridge, Haiwan Bridge, is 26.4 miles (42.5 km) long and connects Qingdao to Huangdao and Hongdao. The bridge is almost three miles (4.8 km) longer than the previous record-holder, the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in the American state of Louisiana. Haiwan Bridge is supported by more than 5,000 pillars and costs about 10 billion yuan which is about 1.5 billion dollars. The bridge was designed by the Shandong Gausu Group and the construction lasted for four years. Haiwan Bridge cut the commute between the city of Qingdao and the sprawling suburb of Huangdao by 30 minutes. At least 10,000 workers toiled in two teams around the clock to build the bridge, which was constructed from opposite ends.

On the same day, the Jiaozhou Bay Tunnel opened. The tunnel brought much convenience to people by supporting public buses and making transport between the two areas more convenient.

 Marine

انظر أيضاً: Port of Qingdao

Qingdao (official name: Qingdao port international co. ltd.) hosts one of the world's busiest seaports. Cooperative relations have been established with 450 ports in 130 countries worldwide. The port of Qingdao is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. In 2003, the annual cargo handling capacity exceeded 100 million tons for the first time. The number of containers reached 3.41 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) of cargoes.

By 2011, the port had become the world's sixth-busiest by Total Cargo Volume, having handled 372,000,000 metric tons (366,000,000 long tons; 410,000,000 short tons) of cargo in that year. As of 2016, it was the 8th in the world in terms of TEUs (Twenty Foot Equivalent Units).

The Orient Ferry connects Qingdao with Shimonoseki, Japan. There are two ferry lines connecting Qingdao with South Korea. The New Golden Bridge II operates between Qingdao and Incheon, and the Blue Sea Ferry operates between Qingdao and Gunsan.

Qingdao port also includes a number of large adjacent ports including Dongjiakou.

 Aviation

Qingdao Jiaodong International Airport, located 39 km (24 mi) away from the city center, is served by 13 domestic and international airlines that operate 94 routes, 12 of which are international and regional. The airport opened on August 12, 2021, as a replacement for Qingdao Liuting International Airport.

 Intercity rail

Qingdao railway station

Qingdao's railway development picked up during the late 1990s. It is at the start of the Jinan–Qingdao high-speed railway, the Qingdao–Jinan passenger railway and the original Qingdao–Jinan railway. Qingdao's city proper has some major railway stations, including Qingdao railway station, Cangkou railway station, Dagang railway station and Qingdao North railway station. Sifang railway station is now closed to passengers.

D and G series high-speed trains travel on the Jinan–Qingdao high-speed railway and reach speeds of 300 km/h (190 mph) on the Jinan-Qingdao Section. Services go to Beijing, Shanghai, Hefei, Jinan and Tianjin. The fastest train between Qingdao and Beijing is G206 / G205, which takes 2 hours and 58 minutes.

Domestic rail lines connect Qingdao with many cities in China, including Beijing, Lanzhou, Chengdu, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Jinan and Jining.

 Public transport

A Qingdao bus

Qingdao's public traffic owns 5283 large and medium-sized buses, CNG buses اعتبارا من 2012. There are also 136 trolleybuses اعتبارا من 2012. All of the buses and trolleybuses can be accessed using the Qingdao Public Traffic IC Card (青岛卡), which uses radio frequencies so the card does not have to physically touch the scanner. After that, all public transportation companies use Qingdaotong Card, the last company that started to use this card is the Zhenqing bus company located in The West Coast New Area of Qingdao (original Huangdao Distinct) in 2019.

Non air-conditioned buses cost 1 yuan (excluding the tunnel bus), The volume of road passenger transport approaches 737 million per year. The Public Transport Brand of 'Ri-Xin Bus (日新巴士)' is also known in China.

There are several taxi companies in Qingdao including Yiqing Company, Zhongqing Company, Jiaoyun Company, and, Huaqing Company.

 Metro

المقالة الرئيسية: Qingdao Metro

Platform of Qingdao Metro

After getting the approval from the State Council, the government announced on 18 August 2009 that Qingdao is ready to spend more than 29 billion yuan ($4.2 billion) before 2016 on its subway construction. Construction of 54.7 km (34.0 mi) of subway line 3 was completed before 2016 with a total investment of 29.2 billion yuan ($4.3 billion). Metro Line 3 is the first line in function and opened on 16 December 2015. In the long term, the city plans to build eight subway lines in downtown and some suburban districts, which account for 231.5 km (143.8 mi) in future. The system has an operating length of 243 km (151 mi), lines in operation including Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 8, Line 11, and Line 13.

As of February 24, 2023, according to the approved network plan of Qingdao City, there are 19 long-term plans for Qingdao Metro, with a total length of 872 kilometers; The third phase construction plan has been approved, with a total of 13 lines and a total length of 503 kilometers, ranking ninth in the national approved mileage level; Seven lines have been opened and operated, including Lines 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, and 13, with an operating mileage of 315 kilometers. As of March 2023, there are 146 operating stations, ranking tenth in China and second in northern cities; There are 10 lines under construction (including extension lines), including the West Extension and Phase II of Line 2, Line 5, Phase I and Phase II of Line 6, Phase II of Line 7, South Section and Branch of Line 8, Phase I of Line 9, and Phase I of Line 15. The total length under construction is 188 kilometers, and it is expected to be fully completed by 2028.

 Tramway

المقالة الرئيسية: Qingdao Tram

The Qingdao Tram system is operating in Chengyang District

The Qingdao Tram (official name: Modern tram demonstration line) of Chengyang District, Qingdao, is a tram system operating in Chengyang District, Qingdao, China. It opened in 2016. The Qingdao Public Transport Group Rail Bus Co., Ltd. is responsible for operation and management. The system is only composed of 1 tram line.

 الثقافة

تضم چینگداو الكثير من المباني على الطراز المعماري الألماني.

Qingdao retains many buildings with a German architectural style

There are a large number of German-style buildings in Qingdao's city center, a remarkable fact considering the German leased-territory period only lasted 16 years (1898–1914). The unique combination of German and Chinese architecture therein, combined with German demographic roots and a large Korean expatriate population, gives Qingdao a rather distinct atmosphere. An old saying described Qingdao as a city of "red tiles green trees, blue sky, and blue sea." This saying indeed gives a picture of a bird view of Qingdao. A larger number of areas in former foreign styles are well preserved. Although the new city area is under large-scale reconstruction, the old city area (especially the western part of Shinan District) still retains many traditional buildings.

St. Michael's Cathedral

Skyscrapers in Qingdao

 Notable people

• Long Ding, American football kicker
• James R. Lilley, U.S. diplomat
• Ma Jian (马建)
• Ma Jun (马军)
• Xiao Hong (萧红)
• Xiao Jun (萧军)
• Duanmu Hongliang (端木蕻良)
• Zou Chenglu (邹承鲁) was born in Qingdao
• Erin Pizzey, (was born in Qingdao)
• Li Zhaoxing (李肇星)
• Zhang Ruimin (张瑞敏)
• Victoria Song (宋茜, f(x))
• Huang Zitao (黄子韬, musician, actor)
• Huang Bo (黄渤)
• Zhang Jike (张继科)
• Gao Fenghan (高凤翰)
• Toshiro Mifune (was born in Qingdao)
• Li Cunxin (李存信)
• Huang Xiaoming (黄晓明)
• Chen Hao (陈好)
• Xia Yu (夏雨)
• Fan Bingbing (范冰冰, born in Qingdao)
• Bai Baihe (白百合)
• Hao Haidong (郝海东)
• Wang Dong (王栋, midfielder for Qingdao Huanghai)
• Bu Xiangzhi (卜祥志, chess grandmaster)
• Zhang Juanjuan (张娟娟, archer)
• Malcolm H. Wiener, (was born in Qingdao)
• Ni Ping (倪萍)
• Tang Guoqiang (唐国强)
• Ren Jialun (任嘉伦)
• Chen Meng (陈梦)

 Movies shot in Qingdao

• A Little Red Flower (送你一朵小红花 2020) 2020
• A Better Tomorrow 2018 (英雄本色2018) 2016
• The Great Wall (长城) 2016
• Underdog Fight (硬汉) 2008
• Underdog Fight II (硬汉 II) 2013
• Ocean Heaven (海洋天堂) 2010
• Beauty Remains (美人依旧) 2005

 Language

During the city's leased-territory days, German, the official language, was rigorously taught and promoted. Since the demise of Germany's colonial empire after World War I, the German language is all but gone, leaving little impact on the local languages. A local accent known as Qingdao dialect (Chinese: 青岛话; pinyin: Qīngdǎo huà) distinguishes the residents of the city from those of the surrounding Shandong province. Due to the efforts by the city government to promote standard Mandarin, most educated people can speak standard Mandarin in addition to their native dialect. With reform policies and English teaching, some young citizens have been taught English and many can converse with English-speaking foreigners. Business and traffic signs in English are becoming more and more common.

 Festivals

Notable festivals include:

• Qingdao International Horticultural Exposition 2014 is the biggest international fair that has been held in the history of the city.
• Qingdao International Beer Festival in August/September, held annually since 1991.

 Media

Qingdao previously had a large German community and a German garrison, so three German newspapers operated in Qingdao. German papers included Deutsch-Asiatische Warte (traditional Chinese: 泰東古今鑑; simplified Chinese: 泰东古今鉴; pinyin: Tàidōng Gǔjīn Jiàn; weekly newspaper published until 1906, included Die Welt des Ostens, Altes und Neues aus Asiens drei Kaiserreichen, a cultural supplement), the Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten and the Kiautschou Post (a daily paper published from 1908 to 1912, referring to the Kiautschou (Jiaozhou) Bay concession). German publishing in Qingdao ended after World War I and the beginning of the Japanese administration.

A 1912 publication of the United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce said that the Tageblatt für Nordchina of Tianjin was read in Qingdao and that major newspapers from Shanghai were also read in Qingdao.

Bandao Broadcasting Media Corporation, a news and broadcasting agency was founded in 1999.

 Tourism

Qingdao attracts many tourists due to its seaside setting and temperate weather. Parks, beaches, sculptures, and unique German and modern architecture line the shore. Its centrally located tourist information center, the "Qingdao Information Center for International Visitors for International Visitors," is located on Middle Hong Kong Road (香港中路).

Qingdao's major attractions include:

 Western Shinan district

• Zhan Qiao (Pier, 栈桥)
• Little Qingdao Isle (小青岛)
• Tian Hou Temple (天后宫), Qingdao Folk Museum
• Badaguan (八大关; 'Eight Great Passes'), the older area of town with some surviving German architecture.
• Lu Xun Park, named after Lu Xun, modern Chinese writer and critic, who lived and taught in the 1930s.
• Zhongshan Park, named after the style name 'Zhongshan' of Sun Yat-sen, a famous modern Chinese politician.
• Xiao Yu Shan (小鱼山; 'Little Fish Hill')
• The twin-spired St. Michael's Cathedral (Kathedrale St. Michael; 天主教堂), a notable example of Qingdao's famous Neo-romanesque architecture, designed by German architect Alfred Fräbel, completed in 1934.
• Qingdao Aquarium (青岛水族馆)
• Kiautschou Governor's Hall (Gouverneurspalast; 提督府), the office building of former German governors and former municipal government
• Xinhao Hill (信号山)

Photographs of Historic Eurasian Area

• 

  Hua Shi Lou in the Eight Great Passes

• 

  Former site of the headquarters of the German Administration

• 

  The Protestant Church (Evangelische Kirche; 基督教堂)

• 

  The pier on the seafront

• 

  A view of Qingdao

 Eastern Shinan district

• May Fourth Square (Platz des vierten Mai), Coastal plaza with the Wind of May sculpture
• Tsingtao Brewery (Tsingtao-Brauerei), founded by Germany and the most exported beer from China.
• Zhanshan Temple (Dschanschan-Tempel), Qingdao's oldest Buddhist temple.
• Qingdao International Sailing Centre (青岛奥林匹克帆船中心), hosted the Olympic and Paralympic Sailing competitions in 2008.

 Laoshan district

• Lao Shan (Mount Lao, Lauschan, 崂山), 40 km (25 mi) east of Qingdao, the most famous Taoist mountain with Taoist retreat – Great Purity Palace (太清宫)
• National Shilaoren Tourist Resort (石老人国家旅游度假区), the famous bathing beach symbolized by a characteristic natural sea rock with a shape like an old man
• Xiaomaidao Park (小麦岛公园), the park with hills, a beach, and a nice view of the coastal line

 التعليم

 Higher education

Old Main Building of Qingdao University of Science and Technology

Qingdao is home to a large number of higher education institutions. The Ocean University of China, formerly called the Ocean University of Qingdao, is the most important university of maritime sciences in China. In addition, the Qingdao University, Qingdao University is ranked No. 940 among Best Global Universities. Schools are ranked according to their performance across a set of widely accepted indicators of excellence. the Qingdao University of Science and Technology as well as the Qingdao Technological University have also been integral parts of higher education in Qingdao for decades. Shandong University Qingdao (SDUQ) was established in 2016, belonging to Shandong University System. Other institutions include:

• China University of Petroleum, completed its relocation from Dongying to Qingdao in 2012
• Shandong University of Science and Technology, the main campus is based in Qingdao since 2003
• Qingdao Agricultural University, the main campus is based in Qingdao since 2007
• Qingdao Technical College
• Qingdao Binhai University, located at Huangdao.

Shandong University was located in Qingdao from 1909 to 1936. A new branch campus of the university is under construction in Aoshanwei Town, Jimo.

 International schools

• Korean International School of Qingdao
• Malvern College Qingdao
• Pegasus California School, Qingdao
• International School of Qingdao
• Qingdao Amerasia International School
• Qingdao No.1 International School
• Qingdao Oxford International College
• Yew Chung International School of Qingdao
• Belt & Road Collaborative Innovation College (BRCIC)

 Secondary schools

• Qingdao No. 2 High School
• Qingdao No. 58 School
• Qingdao No. 1 High School
• Qingdao No. 9 High School
• Qingdao No. 15 High School
• Qingdao No. 19 High School

 Sports

 Stadiums

Qingdao Conson Stadium

• Guoxin Gymnasium (Qingdao city sports center)
• Yizhong Sports Center
• Qingdao Tiantai Stadium
• Hongcheng Stadium
• Qingdao Youth Football Stadium

 2008 Olympic Summer Games

During the 2008 Summer Olympics, Qingdao and Beijing cohosted the Olympic Sailing competitions. In Qingdao, the events took place along the shoreline by the city. These events were hosted at the Qingdao International Sailing Centre and held in Fushan Bay, near the city's central business district. An international broadcasting center and purpose-built hotel were constructed for the Games.

 Motorsport

The IndyCar Series signed a contract with the Qingdao city council to hold an IndyCar race in Qingdao in 2012. The subsequently canceled race was supposed to take place on a 6.23 km (3.87 mi) street circuit.

 شخصيات شهيرة

• Kang Youwei (康有为)
• ون يي‌دوو (闻一多)
• Laoshe (舒庆春，字老舍)
• Shen Congwen (沈从文)
• Xiao Hong (萧红)
• Xiao Jun (萧军)
• Liang Shiqiu (梁实秋)
• Duanmu Hongliang (端木蕻良)
• Zang Kejia (臧克家)
• صن لي (孙犁)
• Tong Dizhou (童第周)
• Li Zhaoxing (李肇星)
• Victoria Song (宋茜)

Other notable people include:

• Qiu Chuji (丘处机)
• Gao Fenghan (高凤翰)
• Mifune Toshiro (was born in Qingdao)
• Li Cunxin (李存信)
• Victoria Song (宋茜)
• Huang Xiaoming (黃曉明)
• Chen Hao (陈好)
• Xia Yu (夏雨)
• Fan Bingbing(范冰冰)
• Wang Dong (Chinese Footballer)

 المهرجانات

مهرجان في چینگداو عام 1913

• مهرجان البيرة الدولي في چینگداو في أغسطس/سبتمبر، يعقد سنوياً منذ 1991.
• China International Afforestation Fair، منذ 2003
• APEC SMEs Technology Conference and Fair
• China Qingdao Fishing Competition
• Qingdao Bar-Culture Festival
• China International Exposition of electronic home appliances
• China Qingdao Ocean Festival
• China International Maritime Exhibition
• Qingdao International Fashion Week
• China International Fishery Fair
• China Qingdao International Hot Air Balloon Festival
• Qingdao International Beach Festival

 المنطقة الأورو-آسيوية التاريخية

الموقع السابق للمقر الرئيسي للادارة الألمانية.

الكنيسة الپروتستانية (基督教堂)

سارية على الواجهة البحرية.

صورة لمدينة چینگداو.

 المنطقة النائية

• متحف چینگداو
• Stone Old Man (Shi Laoren, 石老人) Sightseeing Garden
• QD Polar World
• Langya Observation Resort (瑯琊台度假区), located in the previous Qi State, Jiaonan City.
• Great Wall of Qi
• Chanzhi Reservoir, located 10 kilometres to the north of Laixi city, on the middle and upperreaches of the Dagu River.
• Sanlihe Garden, Jiaozhou City
• Jiaozhou Governor's Hall, former seat of the present and previous two governments.

 المدن الشقيقة

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة المدن والبلدات الشقيقة في الصين

چینگداو على توأمة مع: Qingdao has 36 sister cities.

City	Country	Year of Agreement
Acapulco	المكسيك	1985
Adelaide	أستراليا	2014
Bilbao	إسپانيا	2004
Daegu	كوريا الجنوبية	1993
Faisalabad	پاكستان	2021
Galway	أيرلندا	1999
Iloilo City	الفلپين	2003
Klaipėda	لتوانيا	2004
Long Beach	الولايات المتحدة	1985
Makassar	إندونيسيا	N/A
Mannheim	ألمانيا	2016
Miami	الولايات المتحدة	2005
Montevideo	أوروگواي	2004
Nantes	فرنسا	2005
Nes Ziyyona	إسرائيل	1997
North Shore City	نيوزيلندا	2008
Odesa	أوكرانيا	1993
Paderborn	ألمانيا	2003
Perm	روسيا	2003
Puerto Montt	تشيلي	1999
Regensburg	ألمانيا	2009
Richmond	كندا	2008
Saint Petersburg	روسيا	2006
Shimonoseki	اليابان	1979
Southampton	المملكة المتحدة	1998
Velsen	هولندا	1998
Vila Velha	البرازيل	2009
Wilhelmshaven	ألمانيا	1992
Yerevan	أرمنيا	2023

 See also

• List of twin towns and sister cities in China
• Shandong
• Qingdao Oriental Movie Metropolis

 وصلات خارجية

• Qingdao Government website
• Qingdao Government website (صينية)

هذه المقالة تحتوي على نصوص بالصينية. بدون دعم الإظهار المناسب, فقد ترى علامات استفهام ومربعات أو رموز أخرى بدلاً من الحروف الصينية.