إسپو

Espoo Espoo – Esbo
مدينة وبلدية
Espoon kaupunki Esbo stad
Clockwise from top: skyline of offices in Keilaniemi, Panorama Tower in Leppävaara, the Espoo Cultural Centre, Haukilahti docks, the Gallen-Kallela Museum, Aalto University Otaniemi campus auditorium, and Accountor Tower.
Coat of arms
الموقع في منطقة Uusimaa ومركز هلسنكي
Espoo الموقع في فنلندا Espoo الموقع في أوروپا
الإحداثيات: 60°12′20″N 024°39′20″E
البلد	فنلندا
المنطقة	Uusimaa
المركز	هلسنكي الكبرى
الميثاق	1458
المدينة	1972
الحكومة
• مدير المدينة	Jukka Mäkelä
• الكثافة	0/km2 (0/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+02:00 (EET)
• الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)	UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Climate	Dfb
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.espoo.fi

Espoo (فنلندية: [ˈespoː]; سويدية: Esbo [¹ɛsːbɔ], النطق السويدي: [ˈesːbo] ( استمع)) is the second largest city and municipality in Finland. It is part of the Finnish Capital Region, along with the cities of Helsinki, Vantaa, and Kauniainen, and most of its population lives in the inner urban core of the Helsinki metropolitan area. Espoo shares its eastern border with Helsinki and Vantaa, while enclosing Kauniainen. Other bordering municipalities of Espoo are Nurmijärvi and Vihti in the north, and Kirkkonummi in the west. The city is located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, in the region of Uusimaa, and has a population of 256٬896.

Espoo encompasses 528 square kilometres (204 sq mi), of which 312 km² (120 sq mi) is land. The national park of Nuuksio is situated in northwestern Espoo.

Espoo does not have a traditional city center, having instead several local regional centers. Espoo is thus divided into seven major areas (فنلندية: suuralueet, سويدية: storområden): Vanha-Espoo (with administrative center), Suur-Espoonlahti, Pohjois-Espoo, Suur-Kauklahti, Suur-Leppävaara, Suur-Matinkylä, and Suur-Tapiola.

Aalto University is based in Otaniemi, Espoo, along with a thriving science community that includes numerous startups and organizations such as VTT – the Technical Research Center of Finland. Several major companies are based in Espoo, including Nokia, HMD Global, Tieto, KONE, Neste, Fortum, Orion Corporation, Outokumpu, and Foreca, as well as video game developers Rovio and Remedy Entertainment.

The city of Espoo is officially bilingual. The majority of the population, 83.6%, speaks Finnish as their mother tongue, while a minority of 8.3% speaks Swedish. 8% of Espoo's population has a first language other than Finnish or Swedish.

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 Etymology

The name Espoo probably comes from the Swedish name for the River Espoo, Espå (or Espåå), which in turn comes from the old Swedish word äspe, meaning a border of aspen, and the Swedish word for "river", å, thus "a river bordered by aspen". The name was first mentioned in 1431. The banks of the River Espoo are even today heavily populated with aspen.

 History

VR Class Vk3 steam locomotive at Kauklahti railway station in the 1920s

Anti-aircraft searchlight in Haukilahti in 1940

The first inhabitants in the area arrived about 9,000 years ago. Physical evidence (pollen grains) indicates agriculture from ca. 1000 AD, but there are no historical records. Up to the 13th century, the area was a borderland between the hunting grounds of Finnish Proper and Tavastian Finns, with a sparse population. Immigrants from Sweden established permanent agricultural settlements to the area from the late 13th century onwards after the so-called Second Crusade to Finland. Espoo was a subdivision of the Kirkkonummi congregation until 1486–1487. The oldest known document referring to Kirkkonummi is from 1330; Espoo as a subchapter has been dated to the 1380s, although the first document directly referring to Espoo is from as late as 1431. The construction of the Espoo Cathedral, the oldest preserved building in Espoo, marks the independence of Espoo. Administratively, Espoo was a part of Uusimaa. When the province was split to Eastern and Western provinces governed from the Porvoo and Raasepori castles, respectively, the eastern border of the Raasepori province was in Espoo. The 13th-century road connecting the most important cities in Finland at that time, the King's Road, passes through Espoo on its way from Stockholm via Turku and Porvoo to Viipuri.

In 1557, King Gustav Vasa decided to stabilize and develop the region by founding a royal mansion in Espoo. The government bought the villages of Espåby and Mankby (Finnish: Mankki) and transferred the population elsewhere, and built the royal mansion in Espåby. (Mankby was eventually abandoned and was never repopulated.) The royal mansion housed the king's local plenipotentiary (vogt), and collected royal tax in kind paid by labor on the mansion's farm. The administrative center Espoon keskus has grown around the church and the Espoo railway station, but the municipality has retained a network-like structure to the modern day.

In 1920, Espoo was only a rural municipality of about 9,000 inhabitants, of whom 70% were Swedish speaking. Agriculture was the primary source of income, with 75% of the population making their living from farming. Kauniainen was separated from Espoo in 1920, and it gained city rights the same year as Espoo, in 1972.

Espoo started to grow rapidly in the 1940s and '50s. It quickly developed from a rural municipality into a fully-fledged industrial city, gaining city rights in 1972. Due to its proximity to Helsinki, Espoo soon became popular amongst people working in the capital. In the fifty years from 1950 to 2000, the population of Espoo grew from 22,000 to 210,000. Since 1945, the majority of people in Espoo have been Finnish-speaking. In 2006, the Swedish-speaking inhabitants represented barely 9% of the total population. The population growth is still continuing, but at a slower rate.

 Geography

The districts and major areas of Espoo

 Location

Espoo is located in southern Finland, along the shore of the Gulf of Finland, and in the region of Uusimaa and the Helsinki sub-region. Prior to the abolition of Finnish provinces in 2009, Espoo was a part of the Southern Finland Province.

The city borders Helsinki, the Finnish capital, which is to the east. Other neighbouring municipalities are Vantaa to the east and northeast, Nurmijärvi to the north, Vihti to the northwest, and Kirkkonummi to the west and southwest. Espoo is a part of the Finnish Capital Region, which is the inner core of the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area.

 Subdivision

المقالة الرئيسية: Districts of Espoo

Espoo is divided into seven major areas (فنلندية: suuralueet, سويدية: storområden): Vanha-Espoo (with administrative center), Suur-Espoonlahti, Pohjois-Espoo, Suur-Kauklahti, Suur-Leppävaara, Suur-Matinkylä, and Suur-Tapiola. These major areas are then divided into a total of 56 districts.

 Features

Although Espoo is relatively highly populated, it has large amounts of natural wilderness, particularly in the city's western and northern portions. The city has a total of 71 lakes, the largest of which are Lake Bodom, Nuuksion Pitkäjärvi, Vanhankylän Pitkäjärvi, Loojärvi, Velskolan Pitkäjärvi, Saarijärvi, Matalajärvi, Siikajärvi, and Lippajärvi. The city has a large coastline on the Gulf of Finland.

Espoo has six Natura 2000 protected areas: Bånberget forests, Espoonlahti–Saunalahti bay area (partially in Kirkkonummi), Laajalahti bay, Matalajärvi lake, Nuuksio National Park (partially in Kirkkonummi and Vihti), as well as forests in Vestra (partially in Vantaa).

The official animal of Espoo is the Siberian flying squirrel, the official bird is the common blackbird, and the official plant is Anemone nemorosa.

 Demographics

Historical population of Espoo
Year	Population	Year	Population
1901	5,888	1985	156,778
1910	7,891	1990	172,629
1920	8,817	1995	191,247
1930	11,370	2000	213,271
1940	13,378	2005	231,704
1950	22,878	2010	247,970
1960	53,042	2013	260,753
1970	92,655	2020 (est.)	281,970
1975	120,632	2030 (est.)	306,965
1980	137,409	2040 (est.)	323,875
Population by grand district (in 2006)
Area	Population	Area	Population
Leppävaara	58,048	Vanha-Espoo	33,613
Espoonlahti	48,649	Pohjois-Espoo	9,754
Tapiola	41,905	Kauklahti	6,191
Matinkylä	33,613

The population by citizenship in 2018 was 89.1% Finnish and 10.9% other nationalities. Religious affiliation was 53.6% Lutheran, 4.3% other, and 42.1% no religious affiliation.

Espoo contains many high income suburbs, and six out of the ten highest average income postal code areas in Finland are in Espoo.

 Immigrants and language

Population by mother tongue
Language	Population (2017)	Percentage
Finnish	214,299	76.70%
Swedish	20,077	7.22%
Russian	6,622	2.38%
Estonian	6,064	2.18%
Arabic	3,281	1.18%
English	2,824	1.02%
Somali	2,595	0.93%
Chinese	2,466	0.89%
Albanian	1,845	0.66%
Kurdish	1,635	0.59%
Persian	1,449	0.52%
Vietnamese	1,086	0.39%
Spanish	912	0.33%
Urdu	799	0.29%
Filipino	772	0.28%
German	681	0.24%
Turkish	652	0.23%
Bengali	646	0.23%
Hindi	637	0.23%
French	472	0.17%
Thai	467	0.17%
Nepali	465	0.17%
Hungarian	428	0.15%
Tamil	416	0.15%
Romanian	408	0.15%
Telugu	378	0.14%
Amharic	328	0.12%
Polish	322	0.12%
Swahili	306	0.11%
Portuguese	299	0.11%
Bulgarian	298	0.11%
Italian	281	0.10%
Other	4,834	1.74%

In 2017, there were 44,935 residents with a foreign background. The largest groups are from Estonia, Russia and Iraq.

People with a foreign background
County of origin	Population (2017)
روسيا	6,660 (2.40%)
إستونيا	6,566 (2.36%)
العراق	2,792 (1.00%)
الصومال	2,536 (0.91%)
الصين	2,392 (0.86%)
الهند	2,118 (0.76%)
يوغوسلاڤيا	1,813 (0.65%)
السويد	1,455 (0.52%)
إيران	1,191 (0.43%)
ڤيتنام	1,128 (0.41%)
پاكستان	899 (0.32%)
الفلپين	892 (0.32%)
أفغانستان	865 (0.31%)
المملكة المتحدة	718 (0.26%)
ألمانيا	702 (0.25%)
الولايات المتحدة	658 (0.24%)
صربيا والجبل الأسود	645 (0.23%)
تركيا	627 (0.23%)
نيجريا	578 (0.21%)
بنگلادش	532 (0.19%)
تايلند	528 (0.19%)
سوريا	517 (0.19%)
إثيوپيا	491 (0.18%)
رومانيا	481 (0.17%)
نيپال	452 (0.16%)
غانا	432 (0.16%)
كنيا	393 (0.14%)
المغرب	367 (0.13%)
إسپانيا	351 (0.13%)
المجر	334 (0.12%)
پولندا	317 (0.11%)
إيطاليا	304 (0.11%)
بلغاريا	302 (0.11%)
فرنسا	298 (0.11%)

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 Culture

The Espoo Cultural Centre

Espoo hosts a Museum of Modern Art called EMMA (Espoo Museum of Modern Art), built in a renovated old print house, the WeeGee house, named after an old book print company Weilin & Göös. The same building hosts also Finland's only Museum of Horology (فنلندية: Kellomuseo, سويدية: Urmuseum) and a Toy Museum. Glims Farmstead Museum is also located in the city. The Espoo cultural centre, home of the world-renowned Tapiola Sinfonietta, where numerous concerts and theater performances are held, is located in Tapiola (سويدية: Hagalund).

Espoo has several old manors of which two are open to the general public. The most important is Espoon kartano (سويدية: Esbo gård, Espoo Manor), first mentioned in maps in 1495, and belonging to the noble Ramsay family since 1756. The current main building dates back to 1914, but a mill dates from the 1750s and Finland oldest walved stone bridge from 1777 is on the King's Road (فنلندية: Kuninkaantie, سويدية: Kungsvägen) which passes by the manor. The main building can be rented for weddings and similar occasions. Guided tours are available on request for groups. The other manor open to public is Pakankylän kartano, located on the northern shore of Lake Bodom. The manor hosts a restaurant and club rooms, partly with original furniture open to the public, but meant originally to Kaisankoti sanatory and old people's home located on ground of the manor.

The Metal band Children of Bodom comes from Espoo, Finland. They are named after the unsolved murder known as the Lake Bodom murders which took place at the shore of Lake Bodom, a lake in northern Espoo, in 1960. The bands Norther and Kiuas also come from Espoo.

The educational department took part in Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013 in Finland.

 Sports

Espoo Metro Areena in Tapiola

Tapiolan Urheilupuisto stadium in Tapiola

At the 1952 Summer Olympics, the city's Westend Tennis Hall hosted the fencing events.

 Ice hockey

Espoo Blues was a successful hockey club; between 1998 and 2016 it iced a men's hockey team which played at the men's premier SM-liiga and a women's hockey team which played at the women's premier Naisten SM-sarja. The women's team, Espoo Blues Naiset, won 13 Finnish women's championships in the 18 year span (1998-2016), seven of them won consecutively. The men's and women's ice hockey teams were known as Kiekko-Espoo from 1984-1998 and 1990-1998 respectively.

In Spring 2016 Jääkiekko Espoo Oy, the organization which owned the clubs, declared bankruptcy. A new club called Espoo United was established to replace Espoo Blues. Espoo United's men's ice hockey team played at the second highest level Mestis. The Espoo United women's hockey team played at the highest level, Naisten Liiga, and won silver in the 2017 league championships. Espoo United was also active in basketball and the men's basketball team played at the second highest level; the women's basketball team played at the highest level, Naisten Korisliiga.

In August 2017, in what was described as an effort to stabilize the club's tenuous financial situation, Espoo United abandoned its women's teams in both ice hockey and basketball. Espoo United's former women's basketball team quickly acquired transfer to Tapiolan Honka but the women's ice hockey team was left in an unsustainable situation.

The Finnish Ice Hockey Association chose to intervene in September 2017 and created an organization that would allow the team to play under the name Espoo Blues until a better structure could be identified. In April 2018, despite the dumping of its women's teams, Espoo United declared bankruptcy and its men's teams folded.

In April 2019, the women's ice hockey team Espoo Blues merged with Kiekko Espoo Oy, a significant junior hockey club with the largest girls hockey program in the country, to become Kiekko-Espoo. At the time of the merger, the team was the winningest team in Naisten Liiga history with 14 Naisten Liiga championships and a combined 24 Naisten Liiga championship medals over 29 seasons.

 Football

FC Honka is a football club. The men's team was promoted into the Finnish premier division (Veikkausliiga) for the first time in its history at the end of the 2005 season. They play their home matches at Tapiolan urheilupuisto.

 Floorball

Espoo also has two floorball teams playing at highest level Salibandyliiga. The two teams are Esport Oilers and Westend Indians.

 Athletes from Espoo

Espoo is the birthplace of 2007 Formula One World Champion Kimi Räikkönen, former Dallas Stars forward Jere Lehtinen (three time NHL Selke Trophy winner), former Formula One driver JJ Lehto, professional downhill mountain biker Matti Lehikoinen, professional ten-pin bowling star Osku Palermaa and 2009 European Figure Skating Champion Laura Lepistö.

 Public transport

Espoo is well-served by public transport, through the Helsinki commuter rail network, the Helsinki Metro's Länsimetro extension opened in November 2017, and buses provided by Helsingin seudun liikenne. In 2024 the orbital Jokeri light rail line will connect Espoo to eastern Helsinki.

 Politics

The city hall of Espoo, located in Espoon keskus

Espoo's city council has 75 members. Following the municipal election of 2017 the council seats are allocated in the following way: National Coalition Party 26 seats, Greens 17, Social Democrats 10, True Finns 7, Swedish People's Party 6, Centre Party 3, Left Alliance 3, Christian Democrats 2 and Liberal Party 1.

Support for the center-right National Coalition Party is high in Espoo. Results of the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election in Espoo:

• National Coalition Party 40.4%
• True Finns 14.6%
• Social Democratic Party 14.4%
• Green League 11.6%
• Swedish People's Party 6.7%
• Centre Party 4.3%
• Left Alliance 3.6%
• Christian Democrats 2.7%

Espoo is the home for True Finns chairman Timo Soini.

 International relations

Nuuksio National Park in autumn

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 البلدات التوأم - المدن الشقيقة

Espoo is twinned with:

• Esztergom, Hungary
• Gatchina, Russia
• Irving, Texas, United States
• Køge, Denmark
• Kongsberg, Norway

• Kristianstad, Sweden
• Nõmme, Estonia
• Skagafjörður, Iceland
• Shanghai, China
• Sochi, Russia

 انظر أيضاً

• The UN's Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, signed in Espoo 1991 (text of Convention)
• Districts of Espoo
• Kytö
• Pakankylä
• Postipuu School
• Sello mall shooting
• List of European regions by GDP

 المراجع

الهامش

المصادر

• Espoon kaupungin taskutilasto 2007, issued by the City of Espoo, 2007

 وصلات خارجية

• 1952 Summer Olympics official report. p. 50.
• City of Espoo – Official website (فنلندية)
• City of Espoo (Esbo) – Official website (Swedish)
• City of Espoo – Official website (إنگليزية)
• Visit Espoo Espoo for travellers (فنلندية) (Swedish) (إنگليزية)
• Helsinki University of Technology – located in Espoo (فنلندية) (Swedish) (إنگليزية)
• Helsinki.fi – Helsinki region in a nutshell (فنلندية) (Swedish) (إنگليزية)