رسائل تل العمارنة
رسائل العمارنة أو أرشيف العمارنة، عبارة عن مجموعة كبيرة من الرُقم الطينية المكتوبة باللغة الأكادية (البابلية) والخط المسماري التي وجدت في أرشيف قصر الملك المصري إخناتون (امنحوتب الرابع) في مقر حكمه (أخت أتون) تل العمارنة في مصر تبلغ وثائق العمارنة ٣٨٢ وثيقةً، منها ٣٥٠ رسالةً، أرسل معظمها ملـوك الممالـك الكبرى في الشرق القديم (الميتانية، البابلية، الحثية) وعدد كبير من ملوك ممالك بـلاد الشام (الصغرى) وحكامها وزعماؤها، وملك ألاشيا (قبرص) إلى ملوك من الأسـرة الثامنة عشرة الحاكمة في مصر وممثليهم الكبار. كما أنها مدونة بالكتابة المسمارية، واللغة الأكّدية (اللهجة البابلية الوسـيطة)، وقـد كانتـا، الأكثر انتشاراً واستخداماً في شرقي المتوسط، بل إن اللغة الأكّدية كانت بمنـزلة اللغة الدولية، تُحرر بها جميع المراسلات الدولية، كما كان الكتّاب والرسل الـذين ينقلـون الكلام ويترجمون المدون أهم عناصر التواصل والتراسل بين الممالك. تغطي وثائق العمارنة حقبة قصيرة، تبلغ نحو ربع قرن (نحـو ١٣٦٠-١٣٣٥ ق.م)، وهي محفوظة في متاحف عالمية عدة، أبرزها متحف برلين، والمتحف المصري فـي القاهرة ، والمتحف البريطاني بلندن. وقد نشرت استنـساخات لهـا فـي ١٨٨٩-١٨٩٠م، ثم نشرها النرويجي كنودتسن Knudtzon بشكل كامل، ثم تتالت بعـد ذلـك جهود الباحثين فيها، وصدرت ترجمات لها إلى عدد من اللغات الأوربية. وتجـدر الإشارة إلى الاهتمام المتزايد للباحثين الإسرائيليين وذوي الميول التوراتية بهـا، فـي العقود الأخيرة.[1]
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الرسائل
ملخص الرسائل
رسائل العمارنة مرتبة سياسياً بالتقريب عكس عقارب الساعة:
- 001-014 بابل
- 015-016 آشور
- 017-030 ميتاني
- 031-032 أرزاوا
- 033-040 ألاسيا
- 041-044 حتي
- 045-380+ سوريا/لبنان/كنعان
رسائل العمارنة من سوريا/لبنان/كنعان موزعون كالتالي:
- 045-067 سوريا
- 068-227 لبنان (حيث 68-140 هم من گوبلا التي تـُعرف باسم بيبلوس وجبيل)
- 227-380 كنعان
قائمة رسائل العمارنة
Note: Many assignments are tentative; spellings vary widely. This is just a guide.
| EA# | Letter author to recipient |
|---|---|
| EA# 1 | Amenhotep III to Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil |
| EA# 2 | Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep III |
| EA# 3 | Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep III |
| EA# 4 | Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep II |
| EA# 5 | Amenhotep III to Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil |
| EA# 6 | Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep III |
| EA# 7 | Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV |
| EA# 8 | Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV |
| EA# 9 | Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV |
| EA# 10 | Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV |
| EA# 11 | Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV |
| EA# 12 | princess to her lord |
| EA# 13 | Babylon |
| EA# 14 | Amenhotep IV to Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II |
| EA# 15 | Assyrian king Ashur-Uballit I to Amenhotep IV |
| EA# 16 | Assyrian king Ashur-Uballit I to Amenhotep IV |
| EA# 17 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III |
| EA# 18 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III |
| EA# 19 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III |
| EA# 20 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III |
| EA# 21 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III |
| EA# 22 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III |
| EA# 23 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III |
| EA# 24 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III |
| EA# 25 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III |
| EA# 26 | Mitanni king Tushratta to widow Tiy |
| EA# 27 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep IV |
| EA# 28 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep IV |
| EA# 29 | Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep IV |
| EA# 30 | Mitanni king to Palestine kings |
| EA# 31 | Amenhotep III to Arzawa king Tarhundaraba |
| EA# 32 | Arzawa king Tarhundaraba to Amenhotep III(?) |
| EA# 33 | Alashiya king to pharaoh #1 |
| EA# 34 | Alashiya king to pharaoh #2 |
| EA# 35 | Alashiya king to pharaoh #3 |
| EA# 36 | Alashiya king to pharaoh #4 |
| EA# 37 | Alashiya king to pharaoh #5 |
| EA# 38 | Alashiya king to pharaoh #6 |
| EA# 39 | Alashiya king to pharaoh #7 |
| EA# 40 | Alashiya minister to Egypt minister |
| EA# 41 | Hittite king Suppiluliuma to Huri[a] |
| EA# 42 | Hittite king to pharaoh |
| EA# 43 | Hittite king to pharaoh |
| EA# 44 | Hittite prince Zi[k]ar to pharaoh |
| EA# 45 | Ugarit king [M]istu ... to pharaoh |
| EA# 46 | Ugarit king ... to king |
| EA# 47 | Ugarit king ... to king |
| EA# 48 | Ugarit queen ..[h]epa to pharaohs queen |
| EA# 49 | Ugarit king Niqm-Adda II to pharaoh |
| EA# 50 | woman to her mistress B[i]... |
| EA# 51 | Nuhasse king Addunirari to pharaoh |
| EA# 52 | Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep III #1 |
| EA# 53 | Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep III #2 |
| EA# 54 | Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep III #3 |
| EA# 55 | Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep III #4 |
| EA# 56 | ... to king |
| EA# 57 | ... |
| EA# 58 | |
| EA# 58 | [Qat]ihutisupa to king(?) obverse |
| EA# 59 | Tunip peoples to pharaoh |
| EA# 60 | Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #1 |
| EA# 61 | Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #2 |
| EA# 62 | Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to Pahanate |
| EA# 63 | Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #3 |
| EA# 64 | Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #4 |
| EA# 65 | Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #5 |
| EA# 66 | --- to king |
| EA# 67 | --- to king |
| EA# 68 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #1 |
| EA# 69 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Egypt official |
| EA# 70 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #2 |
| EA# 71 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Haia(?) |
| EA# 72 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #3 |
| EA# 73 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #1 |
| EA# 74 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #4 |
| EA# 75 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #5 |
| EA# 76 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #6 |
| EA# 77 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #2 |
| EA# 78 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #7 |
| EA# 79 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #8 |
| EA# 80 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #9 |
| EA# 81 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #10 |
| EA# 82 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #3 |
| EA# 83 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #11 |
| EA# 84 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #12 |
| EA# 85 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #13 |
| EA# 86 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #4 |
| EA# 87 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #5 |
| EA# 88 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #14 |
| EA# 89 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #15 |
| EA# 90 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #16 |
| EA# 91 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #17 |
| EA# 92 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #18 |
| EA# 93 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #6 |
| EA# 94 | Gubla man to pharaoh |
| EA# 95 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to chief |
| EA# 96 | chief to Rib-Addi |
| EA# 97 | Iapah-Addi to Sumu-Hadi |
| EA# 98 | Iapah-Addi to Ianhamu |
| EA# 99 | pharaoh to Ammia prince(?) |
| EA#100 | Irqata peoples |
| EA#100 | Tagi to Lab-Aya |
| EA#101 | Gubla man to Egypt official |
| EA#102 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to [Ianha]m[u] |
| EA#103 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #19 |
| EA#104 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #20 |
| EA#105 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #21 |
| EA#106 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #22 |
| EA#107 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #23 |
| EA#108 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #24 |
| EA#109 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #25 |
| EA#110 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #26 |
| EA#111 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #27 |
| EA#112 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #28 |
| EA#113 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to Egypt official |
| EA#114 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #29 |
| EA#115 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #30 |
| EA#116 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #31 |
| EA#117 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #32 |
| EA#118 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #33 |
| EA#119 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #34 |
| EA#120 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #35 |
| EA#121 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #36 |
| EA#122 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #37 |
| EA#123 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #38 |
| EA#124 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #39 |
| EA#125 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #40 |
| EA#126 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #41 |
| EA#127 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #42 |
| EA#128 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #43 |
| EA#129 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #44 |
| EA#129 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #45 |
| EA#130 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #46 |
| EA#131 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #47 |
| EA#132 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #48 |
| EA#133 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #49 |
| EA#134 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #50 |
| EA#135 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #51 |
| EA#136 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #52 |
| EA#137 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #53 |
| EA#138 | Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #54 |
| EA#139 | Ilirabih & Gubla to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#140 | Ilirabih & Gubla to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#141 | Beruta king Ammunira to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#142 | Beruta king Ammunira to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#143 | Beruta king Ammunira to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#144 | Zidon king Zimriddi to pharaoh |
| EA#145 | [Z]imrid[a] to an official |
| EA#146 | Tyre king Abi-Milki to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#147 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#148 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#149 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#150 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #5 |
| EA#151 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #6 |
| EA#152 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #7 |
| EA#153 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #8 |
| EA#154 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #9 |
| EA#155 | Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #10 |
| EA#156 | Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#157 | Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#158 | Amurru king Aziri to Dudu #1 |
| EA#159 | Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#160 | Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#161 | Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #5 |
| EA#162 | pharaoh to Amurra prince |
| EA#163 | pharaoh to ... |
| EA#164 | Amurru king Aziri to Dudu #2 |
| EA#165 | Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #6 |
| EA#166 | Amurru king Aziri to Hai |
| EA#167 | Amurru king Aziri to (Hai #2?) |
| EA#168 | Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #7 |
| EA#169 | Amurru son of Aziri to an Egypt official |
| EA#170 | Ba-Aluia & Battiilu |
| EA#171 | Amurru son of Aziri to pharaoh |
| EA#172 | --- |
| EA#173 | ... to king |
| EA#174 | Bieri of Hasabu |
| EA#175 | Ildaja of Hazi to king |
| EA#176 | Abdi-Risa |
| EA#177 | Guddasuna king Jamiuta |
| EA#178 | Hibija to a chief |
| EA#179 | ... to king |
| EA#180 | ... to king |
| EA#181 | ... to king |
| EA#182 | Mittani king Shuttarna to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#183 | Mittani king Shuttarna to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#184 | Mittani king Shuttarna to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#185 | Hazi king Majarzana to king |
| EA#186 | Majarzana of Hazi to king #2 |
| EA#187 | Satija of ... to king |
| EA#188 | ... to king |
| EA#189 | Qadesh mayor Etakkama |
| EA#190 | pharaoh to Qadesh mayor Etakkama(?) |
| EA#191 | Ruhiza king Arzawaija to king |
| EA#192 | Ruhiza king Arzawaija to king #2 |
| EA#193 | Dijate to king |
| EA#194 | Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #1 |
| EA#195 | Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #2 |
| EA#196 | Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #3 |
| EA#197 | Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #4 |
| EA#198 | Ara[ha]ttu of Kumidi to king |
| EA#199 | ... the king |
| EA#200 | servant to king |
| EA#2001 | Sealants |
| EA#2002 | Sealants |
| EA#201 | Artemanja of Ziribasani to king |
| EA#202 | Amajase to king |
| EA#203 | Abdi-Milki of Sashimi |
| EA#204 | prince of Qanu to king |
| EA#205 | Gubbu prince to king |
| EA#206 | prince of Naziba to king |
| EA#207 | Ipteh ... to king |
| EA#208 | ... to Egypt official or king |
| EA#209 | Zisamimi to king |
| EA#210 | Zisami[mi] to Amenhotep IV |
| EA#2100 | Carchemish king to Ugarit king Asukwari |
| EA#211 | Zitrijara to king #1 |
| EA#2110 | Ewiri-Shar to Plsy |
| EA#212 | Zitrijara to king #2 |
| EA#213 | Zitrijara to king #3 |
| EA#214 | ... to king |
| EA#215 | Baiawa to king #1 |
| EA#216 | Baiawa to king #2 |
| EA#217 | A[h]... to king |
| EA#218 | ... to king |
| EA#219 | ... to king |
| EA#220 | Nukurtuwa of (?) [Z]unu to king |
| EA#221 | Wiktazu to king #1 |
| EA#222 | pharaoh to Intaruda |
| EA#222 | Wik[tazu] to king #2 |
| EA#223 | En[g]u[t]a to king |
| EA#224 | Sum-Add[a] to king |
| EA#225 | Sum-Adda of Samhuna to king |
| EA#226 | Sipturi_ to king |
| EA#227 | Hazor king |
| EA#228 | Hazor king Abdi-Tirsi |
| EA#229 | Abdi-na-... to king |
| EA#230 | Iama to king |
| EA#231 | ... to king |
| EA#232 | Acco king Zurata to pharaoh |
| EA#233 | Acco king Zatatna to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#234 | Acco king Zatatna to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#235 | Zitatna/(Zatatna) to king |
| EA#236 | ... to king |
| EA#237 | Bajadi to king |
| EA#238 | Bajadi |
| EA#239 | Baduzana |
| EA#240 | ... to king |
| EA#241 | Rusmania to king |
| EA#242 | Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#243 | Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#244 | Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#245 | Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#246 | Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #5 |
| EA#247 | Megiddo king Biridija or Jasdata |
| EA#248 | Ja[sd]ata to king |
| EA#248 | Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh |
| EA#249 | |
| EA#249 | Addu-Ur-sag to king |
| EA#250 | Addu-Ur-sag to king |
| EA#2500 | Shechem |
| EA#251 | ... to Egypt official |
| EA#252 | Labaja to king |
| EA#253 | Labaja to king |
| EA#254 | Labaja to king |
| EA#255 | Mut-Balu or Mut-Bahlum to king |
| EA#256 | Mut-Balu to Ianhamu |
| EA#257 | Balu-Mihir to king #1 |
| EA#258 | Balu-Mihir to king #2 |
| EA#259 | Balu-Mihir to king #3 |
| EA#260 | Balu-Mihir to king #4 |
| EA#261 | Dasru to king #1 |
| EA#262 | Dasru to king #2 |
| EA#263 | ... to lord |
| EA#264 | Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#265 | Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#266 | Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#267 | Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#268 | Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#269 | Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#270 | Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#271 | Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #5 |
| EA#272 | Sum. .. to king |
| EA#273 | Ba-Lat-Nese to king |
| EA#274 | Ba-Lat-Nese to king #2 |
| EA#275 | Iahazibada to king #1 |
| EA#276 | Iahazibada to king #2 |
| EA#277 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#278 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#279 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#280 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#281 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#282 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #5 |
| EA#283 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #6 |
| EA#284 | Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #7 |
| EA#285 | Jerusalem king Abdi-Hiba to pharaoh |
| EA#286 | Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh |
| EA#287 | Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh |
| EA#288 | Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh |
| EA#289 | Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh |
| EA#290 | Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh |
| EA#290 | Qiltu king Suwardata to king |
| EA#291 | ... to ... |
| EA#292 | Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#293 | Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#294 | Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#295 | Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#296 | Gaza king Iahtiri |
| EA#297 | Gezer mayor Iapah[i] to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#298 | Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#299 | Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#300 | Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#301 | Subandu to king #1 |
| EA#302 | Subandu to king #2 |
| EA#303 | Subandu to king #3 |
| EA#304 | Subandu to king #4 |
| EA#305 | Subandu to king #5 |
| EA#306 | Subandu to king #6 |
| EA#307 | ... to king |
| EA#308 | ... to king |
| EA#309 | ... to king |
| EA#310 | ... to king |
| EA#311 | ... to king |
| EA#312 | ... to king |
| EA#313 | ... to king |
| EA#314 | Jursa king Pu-Ba-Lu to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#315 | Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#316 | Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh |
| EA#317 | Dagantakala to king #1 |
| EA#318 | Dagantakala to king #2 |
| EA#319 | A[h]tirumna king Zurasar to king |
| EA#320 | Asqalon king Yidia to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#321 | Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#322 | Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#323 | Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #4 |
| EA#324 | Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #5 |
| EA#325 | Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #6 |
| EA#326 | Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #7 |
| EA#327 | ... the king |
| EA#328 | Lakis mayor Iabniilu to pharaoh |
| EA#329 | Lakis king Zimridi to pharaoh |
| EA#330 | Lakis mayor Sipti-Ba-Lu to pharaoh #1 |
| EA#331 | Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #2 |
| EA#332 | Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #3 |
| EA#333 | Ebi to a prince |
| EA#334 | ---dih of Zuhra [-?] to king |
| EA#335 | --- [of Z]uhr[u] to king |
| EA#336 | Hiziri to king #1 |
| EA#337 | Hiziri to king #2 |
| EA#338 | Zi. .. to king |
| EA#339 | ... to king |
| EA#340 | ... |
| EA#341 | ... |
| EA#342 | ... |
| EA#356 | myth of Adapa and the South Wind |
| EA#357 | myth the Ereskigal and Nergal |
| EA#358 | myth fragments |
| EA#359 | myth Epic of King of Battle |
| EA#360 | ... |
| EA#361 | ... |
| EA#362 | ... |
| EA#364 | Ayyab to king |
| EA#365 | Megiddo king Biridiya to pharaoh |
| EA#366 | ... |
| EA#367 | pharaoh to Endaruta of Akshapa |
| EA#369 | ... |
| EA#xxx | Amenhotep III to Milkili |
| H#3100 | Tell el-Hesi |
| P#3200 | Pella prince Mut-Balu to Yanhamu |
| P#3210 | Lion Woman to king |
| T#3002 | Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa |
| T#3005 | Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa |
| T#3006 | Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa |
| U#4001 | Ugarit king Niqmaddu |
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التأريخ
William L. Moran summarizes the state of the chronology of these tablets as follows:
Despite a long history of inquiry, the chronology of the Amarna letters, both relative and absolute, presents many problems, some of bewildering complexity, that still elude definitive solution. Consensus obtains only about what is obvious, certain established facts, and these provide only a broad framework within which many and often quite different reconstructions of the course of events reflected in the Amarna letters are possible and have been defended. ...The Amarna archive, it is now generally agreed, spans at most about thirty years, perhaps only fifteen or so.[2]
From the internal evidence, the earliest possible date for this correspondence is the final decade of the reign of Amenhotep III, who ruled from 1388 to 1351 BC (or 1391 to 1353 BC), possibly as early as this king's 30th regnal year; the latest date any of these letters were written is the desertion of the city of Amarna, commonly believed to have happened in the second year of the reign of Tutankhamun later in the same century in 1332 BC. Moran notes that some scholars believe one tablet, EA 16, may have been addressed to Tutankhamun's successor Ay.[3] However, this speculation appears improbable because the Amarna archives were closed by Year 2 of Tutankhamun, when this king transferred Egypt's capital from Amarna to Thebes.
قصة الاكتشاف
في العام 1885 م قامت إحدى النسوة بالحفر في تلة العمارنة (التل الآثري لأخت أتون العتيقة) لاستخراج التربة من أجل صناعة الأجر الطيني، وخلال الحفر استخرجت بالصدفة بعض الرُقم المسمارية، لقد اعتقد الباحثون في البداية أن كسر هذه الرقم مزورة، لكنه تبين فيما بعد أنها حقيقية وعبارة عن مراسلات دبلوماسية من عدة ملوك موجهة للملك اخناتون، كثير من هذه المراسلات مصدرها ملوك قليلوا الأهمية خاضعين لسياسة اخناتون
التنقيب
خلال العامين 1891- 1892 م تمكن فلندرز پتري (Flinders Petrie) من كشف الأرشيف الملكي في مدينة أخت أتون واكتشف المزيد من الرُقم، حيث وصل عددها المعروف منها 379 حتى اليوم. ويقدمون معلومات عن الحلفاء الآسويين للقصر الملكي. حيث أن اقدم الرسائل يعود لزمن أمنحوتب الثالث (1388- 1351 ق.م). والحديثة تعود لزمن أخناتون (1351- 1334 ق.م)، وكون الرٌقم كانت مغلفة ومصنفة بصناديق خشبية نجد أن أغلبها بلا تاريخ بعد زوال (إهتراء) المغلف الخشبي وبالتلي يصعب سلسلتها زمنياً. كل الرسائل مكتوبة باللغة الأكادية -عدا ثلاث رسائل- وأحياناً تظهر لهجة (لكنة) محلية لكتابها، فقد كانت اللغة الأكادية (البابلية) لغة التواصل في بلاد الشام كما أضحت عليه الآرامية بعدها.
استنتاجات
يمكن من خلال هذه الرسائل معرفة السياسة الخارجية لمصر في حينها، فكما تحوي رسائل الملوك الآسيوين، كذلك تحتوي نسخاً من الرسائل المرسة من البلاط الملكي ، بعض الرسائل بسيطة وسطحية عبارة عن ترجي للملك ليرسل ذهباً يشير بعض الباحثين حول غرابة كون ارشيف القصر الملكي يتكون في معظمه من رسائل ملوك أغراب عن مصر وأمراء تابعين لها خارج حدودها، ويستنتج بعضهم مثل آلدرِد (Cyril Aldred) ان الملك المصري مارس سياسة خارجية بوعي مكنه من السيطرة على تلك المالك والإمارات من خلال دعمه للملوك الضعفاء وإضعافه للملوك الاقوياء
انظر ايضاً
- Abdi-Heba
- Labaya
- Ashur-uballit I
- See the town of "Lakiša", Lachish, for "find" of one tablet, EA 333.
- Amarna letters–localities and their rulers
ملفات
لمطالعة نص الكتاب، انظر s:مراسلات تل العمارنة الدولية.
بيبليوجرافيا
المصادر
- ^ فاروق اسماعيل، مملكة نُخشي في العصور الأكادية والمصرية القديمة، مجلة الدراسات التاريخية، كانون الأول 2011: http://www.damascusuniversity.edu.sy/mag/history/FCKBIH/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A(17).pdf
- ^ Moran, p.xxxiv
- ^ Moran, p.xxxv, n.123
أبحاث وتحليلات
- Goren, Y., Finkelstein, I. & Na'aman, N., Inscribed in Clay - Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets and Other Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Tel Aviv: Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, 2004. ISBN 965-266-020-5
وصلات خارجية
- Encyclopedia of el-Amarna Contains summaries of the letters.
- Mineralogical and Chemical Study of the Amarna Tablets - Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets – University of Tel Aviv web page
- All 6 views on 1--Sample letter(Mesopotamian)
- Article explanation of 6 views of a Tablet-letter.
[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/The Tell el-Amarna Tablets "|The Tell el-Amarna Tablets]"]. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Check|url=value (help)
