اللغة الحورية
| اللغة الحورية - Hurrian | |
|---|---|
| موطنها | Mitanni |
| منقرضة | Ca 1000 BC |
| أكواد اللغات | |
| ISO 639-3 | xhu |
اللغة الحورية Hurrian كانت تدعى سابقاً ميتانية Mitanni (تبعاً لرسائل تل العمارنة) ثم اقترح تسميتها سوبارتية Subarian (بناء على النصوص الرافدية) ولكن الأرشيف الحثي يسميها لغة الحوريين (خورليلي Khurlili).
لقد انحدر الحوريون من هضبة أرمنية واستقروا في أعالي بلاد الرافدين وكانت الطبقة العليا الحاكمة من أصول هندية آرية، برزوا في القرن الرابع عشر ق.م بقيادة توشراتا تحت اسم الامبراطورية الميتانية التي تغلب عليها الحثيون في عام 1375 ق.م. وبعد ظهور الآشوريين اختفى الحوريون من مسرح التاريخ بعد أن تركوا كثيراً من الشواهد التي تدل عليهم. وتعد وثيقة تأسيس معبد أوركيش Urkish (في أعالي الخابور) أقدم آثارهم اللغوية. ولكن أطول نص حوري معروف حتى اليوم (نحو 400 سطر) يتمثل في رسالة الملك توشراتا إلى أمنحوتپ الثالث Amenhotep III، وهي إحدى رسائل تل العمارنة. ويضم الأرشيف الحثي عدداً من النصوص الحورية بعضها لغوي الطابع يضم قوائم كلمات متقابلة سومرية - أكادية - حورية - أغاريتية، والبعض الآخر نصوص دينية.
لقد كتبت الغالبية العظمى من النصوص الحورية بالخط المسماري البابلي ولكن بعضها كتب بأبجدية أُغاريت.
واللغة الحورية من اللغات اللصقية agglutinatin وقد حاول بعض الباحثين في الماضي نسبتها إلى اللغات القوقازية، مثلما حصل للغتين الأخريين الحاتية والأوراتية وسواهما، ولكن هذه اللغات حديثة نسبياً، من حيث تدوينها، ولا يعرف شيء عن ماضيها وصيغها القديمة ولا يجوز من الناحية المنهجية إجراء مقارنة بين لغات تفصل فيما بينها نحو ثلاثة آلاف سنة تقريباً، ولذلك تبقى مثل هذه المقارنات غير مجدية علمياً. ولكن الأبحاث اللغوية الحديثة أثبتت وجود قرابة بين الحورية والأوراتية الأحدث منها.
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التاريخ
The earliest Hurrian text fragments consist of lists of names and places from the end of the third millennium BC. The first full texts date to the reign of king Tish-atal of Urkesh, at the start of the second millennium BC, and were found on a stone tablet accompanying the Hurrian foundation pegs known as the "Urkish lions."[1] Archeologists have discovered the texts of numerous spells, incantations, prophecies and letters at sites including Hattusha, Mari, Tuttul, Babylon, Ugarit and others. Early study of the language, however, was entirely based on the Mitanni letter, found in 1887 at Amarna in Egypt, written by the Hurrian king Tushratta to the pharaoh Amenhotep III. The Hurro-Urartian relation was recognized as early as 1890 by Sayce (ZA 5, 1890, 260-274) and Jensen (ZA 6, 1891, 34-72).
Of Nergal the lord of Hawalum, Atal-shen, the caring shepherd, the king of Urkesh and Nawar, the son of Sadar-mat the king, is the builder of the temple of Nergal, the one who overcomes opposition. Let Shamash and Ishtar destroy the seeds of whoever removes this tablet. Shaum-shen is the craftsman.[2]
الصوتيات
الصوامت
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Plosive | p | t | k | ||
| Affricate | (ts) | ||||
| Fricative | f | s | x | ||
| Approximant | w | j | |||
| Lateral | l |
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
Grammar
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Absolutive | -Ø | -Ø, -lla |
| Ergative | -š | -(a)šuš |
| Genitive | -fe, -we | -(a)še |
| Dative | -fa, -wa | -(a)ša |
| Essive[3][4] (in, at ...) |
-a | -(a)ša, -a |
| Allative (to ...) |
-ta | -(a)šta |
| Ablative (from ...r) |
-tan | -(a)štan |
| Instrumental (with ...) |
-ae | not found |
| Ablative-Instrumental (through/by ...) |
-n(i), -ne | -(a)šani, -(a)šane |
| Comitative (together with ...) |
-ra | -(a)šura |
| Associative (as ...) |
-nn(i) | not found (often extrapolated -(a)šunn(i)) |
| Equative I (like ...) |
-ōš | not found |
| Equative II | -nna | -(a)šunna |
| 'e-Case' | -ē | not found |
In certain phonological environments, these endings can vary. The f of the genitive and dative endings merges with a preceding p or t giving pp and tt respectively, e.g. Teššuppe (of Teššup), Hepat-te (of Hepat). The associative can be combined with the instrumental, as in šēna-nn-ae (brother-instr-dat), meaning 'brotherly'.
The so-called essive case can convey the meaning "as" and a condition, but also to express direction, the aim of a demand, the transition from one condition to another, the direct object in antipassive constructions (where the transitive subject receives the absolutive case instead of the ergative), and, in the variety of Nuzi, also the dative.[4]
The article
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Absolutive | -Ø | -na |
| all other cases | -ne |
| (1) | ḫurwoḫḫeneš ōmīnneš | ||
| ḫurw-oḫḫe-ne-š | ōmīn-ne-š | ||
| Hurrian-adj-art.sg-erg.sg | land-art.sg-erg.sg | ||
| "the Hurrian land" | |||
| (2) | šēniffufenefe ōmīnīfe | ||
| šēn-iffu-fe-ne-fe | ōmīni-i-fe | ||
| brother-my-gen.sg-art.sg-gen.sg | land-his-gen.sg | ||
| "of the land of my brother" (lit, "of my brother his land") | |||
| (3) | ōmīni Mizrinefenefe efrīfe aštīnna | ||||||
| ōmīni | Mizri-ne-fe-ne-fe | efri-i-fe | ašti-i=nna | ||||
| country | Egypt-art.sg-gen.sg-art.sg-gen.sg | ruler-its-gen.sg | lady-his=she | ||||
| "she is the lady of the ruler of the country Egypt" | |||||||
| Transitivity | Present | Preterite | Future | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| intransitive | affirmative | -a | -ōšta | -ētta |
| negative | -okko | -ōštokko | -ēttokko | |
| antipassive | affirmative | -i | -ōši | -ēti |
| negative | -ikki | -ōšikki | -ētikki | |
| transitive without derivational suff. |
affirmative | Mari/Hattusha -o Mitanni -i |
Mari/Hattusha -ōšo Mitanni -ōši |
Mari/Hattusha -ēto Mitanni -ēti |
| negative | Mari/Hattusha -owa Mitanni -iwa |
Mari/Hattusha -ōšowa Mitanni -ōšiwa |
Mari/Hattusha -ētowa Mitanni -ētiwa | |
| transitive with derivational suff. |
affirmative | -Ø | Mari/Hattusha -ōšo Mitanni -ōši |
Mari/Hattusha -ēto Mitanni -ēti |
| negative | -wa | Mari/Hattusha -ōšowa Mitanni -ōšiwa |
Mari/Hattusha -ētowa Mitanni -ētiwa |
| 1st person singular |
1st person plural |
2nd person singular |
2nd person plural |
3rd person sing/pl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| with -i (transitive) (only Mitanni) |
-af, -au |
-auša | -i-o | -*aššo, -*aššu |
-i-a |
| with -wa (negated) |
-uffu | -uffuš(a) | -wa-o | -uššu | -wa-a |
| with other morphemes (no merging) |
-...-af, -...-au |
-...-auša | -...-o | -...-aššo, -...-aššu |
-...-a |
| Person/Number | Negation | Ending | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person Singular |
affirmative | -ile, after /l/ or /r/, -le and -re | "I want to..." |
| negative | -ifalli | "I do not want to..." | |
| 1st person Plural |
unattested | ||
| 2nd person Singular |
affirmative | -i, -e | "you will (imperative) |
| negative | -ifa, -efa | "you will not..." | |
| 2nd person Plural |
affirmative | -i(š), -e(š) | "you will..." |
| negative | -ifa(š), -efa(š) | "you will not..." | |
| 3rd person Singular |
affirmative | -ien1 | "he/she/it can..." |
| negative | -ifaen1 | "he/she/it cannot..." | |
| 3rd person Plural |
affirmative | -iten1 | "may they..." |
| negative | -itfaen1 | "may they not..." | |
| Ex. | Form | Gloss | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| (4) | koz-ōš-o | restrain-pret-2.sg | "You restrained" |
| (5) | pal-i-a-mā-šše=mān | know-trans-3rd-neg-nom=but | "..., but which he doesn't know" |
| (6) | pašš-ēt-i=t=ān šeniffuta | send-fut-antipass=1.sg.abs=and to.my.brother | "and I will send to my brother" |
| (7) | tiwēna tān-ōš-au-šše-na-Ø | the.things do-pret-1.sg-nom-art.pl-abs | "the things I've done" |
| (8) | ūr-i-uffu=nna=ān | want-trans-neg+1.sg=3.pl.abs=and | "and I don't want it" |
| (9) | itt-ōš-t-a | go-pret-intr-intr | "I went, you went, ..." |
| (10) | kul-le | say-opt.1.sg | "I want to say" |
| (11) | pašš-ien | send-opt.3.sg | "may he send" |
| (12) | pal-lae=n | know-final-3sg.abs | "so he knows" |
| (13) | kepānol-lefa=tta=ān | send-pot=1.sg.abs=and | "and I might send" |
| (14) | pailianeš šuḫnineš | ||
| pa-ilia-ne-š | šuḫni-ne-š | ||
| build-I.pret.part-art.sg-erg.sg | wall-art.sg-erg.sg | ||
| "the wall built by me" (here in the ergative, so a subject of a transitive verb) | |||
| Case | 1st Singular (I) |
2nd Singular (you) |
3rd Singular (he/she/it) |
1st Plural (we) |
2nd Plural (you) |
3rd Plural (they) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolutive (indep.) |
ište | fe | mane, manni | šattil, šattitil(la) | fella | manella |
| Absolutive (enclit.) |
-t(ta) | -m(ma) | -n(na), -me, -ma | -til(la) | -f(fa) | -l(la), -lle |
| Ergative | išaš | feš | manuš | šieš | fešuš | manšoš |
| Genitive | šofe | fefe | feše | |||
| Dative | šofa | fefa | šaša (?) | feša | manša | |
| Locative | feša (?) | |||||
| Allative | šuta | šašuta (?) | ||||
| Ablative | manutan | |||||
| Comitative | šura | manura | manšura, manšora | |||
| Equative II | šonna | manunna |
| Fall | 1st Singular (my) |
2nd Singular (your) |
3rd Singular (his/her/its) |
1st Plural (our) |
2nd Plural (your) |
3rd Plural (their) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| word-finally | -iffe | -f | -i | -iffaš | -šše | -yaš |
| before consonants (except /f,w/) | -iffu | -fu | -i | -iffaš | -šu | -yaš |
| before vowels and /f,w/ | -iff | -f | -i | -iffaš | n. bel. | -yaš |
| (15) | atīnīn mānnattamān | ||
| atī=nīn | mānn-a=tta=mān | ||
| so=truly | be-intr=1.sg.abs=but | ||
| "But I really am thus" | |||
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ارقام
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 13 or 30 | 17 or 70 | 18 or 80 | 10000 | 30000 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardinal number |
šukko, šuki |
šini | kike | tumni | nariya | šeše | šinti | kiri, kira |
tamri | ēmani | kikmani | šintimani | kirmani | nupi | kike nupi |
| Ordinal number |
unattested | šinzi | kiški | tumnušše | narišše | unattested | šintišše | unattested | unattested | ēmanze | unattested | unattested | kirmanze | unattested | unattested |
| (16) | iyallānīn šēniffuš tiwēna tānōšāššena | ||||||
| iya=llā=nīn | šēn-iffu-š | tiwē-na-Ø | tān-ōš-ā-šše-na-Ø | ||||
| rel.pron=3.pl.abs=truly | brother-my-erg.sg | object-art.pl-abs | send-pret-3.sg.subj-nom-art.pl-abs | ||||
| "those, which my brother sent" | |||||||
| (17) | olaffa katulle | ||
| ola-Ø=ffa | katul-le | ||
| other-abs=2.pl.abs | say-opt.1.sg | ||
| 'I want to tell youabs something elseabs“ | |||
| Word in morphemes | Grammatical analysis |
|---|---|
| unto=mān | now = but |
| iya=llē=nīn | relative.pronoun = 3.plural.absolutive = truly |
| tiwē-na-Ø | thing-article.plural-absolutive |
| šū-a=lla=mān | every-locative=3.plural.absolutive=but |
| šēn-iffu-š | brother-my-ergative.singular |
| kat-ōš-ā-šše-na-Ø | say-preterite.transitive-3.singular.subject-nominaliser-article.plural-absolutive |
| ūr-i-ā-šše-na-Ø | want-transitive-3.singular.subject-nominaliser-article.plural-absolutive |
| anti=lla=an | those=plural.absolutive=and |
| ēman-āmḫa | ten-multiplicative |
| tān-ōš-au | do-preterite.transitive-1.singular.subject |
انظر ايضاً
المصادر
- ^ Iselin, Claire; André-Salvini, Béatrice. "A Hurrian foundation deposit known as the "Urkish Lion"". Musée du Louvre. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
- ^ "Royal inscriptions". urkesh.org.
- ^ Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Hurrian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.94
- ^ أ ب Wegner, I. 2000. Einführung in die hurritische Sprache. P.56-57
قراءات أخرى
- Speiser, E. A. (1941). Introduction to Hurrian. New Haven: Pub. by the American schools of Oriental research under the Jane Dows Nies publication fund.
- Wegner, I., Hurritisch, eine Einführung, Harassowitz (2000), ISBN 3-447-04262-1.
