ريو دي جانيرو

ريو دي جانيرو

Rio de Janeiro
ريو دي جانيرو Rio de Janeiro
بلدية
	بلدية ريو دي جانيرو
	تمثال المسيح الفادي على جبل كوركوڤادو ويظهر جبل شوگرلوف وخليج گوانابارا في الخلفية. تلفريك شوگرلوف مسرح البلدية متحف الغد استاد ماراكانا بارا دي تيجوكا وسط مدينة ريو حيث سانتا تريزا، وكاتدرائية متروپوليتان (في الوسط)، قناة كاريوكا (يمين) وجسر ريو نيتروي (في الخلفية)
	Flag Coat of arms
	الكنية: Cidade Maravilhosa (المدينة الرائعة)، Princesa Maravilhosa (الأميرة الرائعة)، Cidade dos Brasileiros (مدينة البرازيليين)
	الموقع في ولاية ريو دي جانيرو
	ريو دي جانيرو الموقع في البرازيل ريو دي جانيرو الموقع في أمريكا الجنوبية
	الإحداثيات: 22°54′40″S 43°12′20″W / 22.91111°S 43.20556°W
البلد	البرازيل
المنطقة	الجنوبية الشرقية
الولاية	ريو دي جانيرو
البلدان التاريخية	مملكة الپرتغال; المملكة المتحدة للپرتغال والبرازيل والغرب; امبراطورية البرازيل
استوطنت	1555; 470 years ago
تأسست	1 مارس 1565; منذ 460 سنة
السمِيْ	القديس سيباستيان; خليج گوانابارا
الحكومة
• النوع	المجلس-العمدة
• الكيان	بلدية ريو دي جانيرو
• العمدة	إدواردو پايس (الديمقراطي الاشتراكي)
• نائب العمدة	إدواردو كاڤاليير (PSD)
المساحة
• بلدية	1٬221 كم² (486٫5 ميل²)
• العمران	4٬539٫8 كم² (1٬759٫6 ميل²)
المنسوب	2 m (7 ft)
أعلى منسوب	1٬020 m (3٬349 ft)
أوطى منسوب	0 m (0 ft)
التعداد (2022)
• بلدية	6٫211٫223
• الترتيب	الرابعة في أمريكا الجنوبية; الثانية في البرازيل
• الكثافة	5٬174٫6/km2 (13٬402/sq mi)
• Urban	11٬616٬000[needs update]
• العمرانية	12٫280٫702[needs update] (الثانية)
• الكثافة العمرانية	2٬705٫1/km2 (7٬006/sq mi)
صفة المواطن	كاريوكا
ن.م.إ. (ق.ش.م، القيم الثابتة لعام 2015)
• السنة	2023
• الإجمالي (الكبرى)	285.9 بليون دولار
• للفرد	23.700 دولار
منطقة التوقيت	UTC−3 (ت.ب.)
الرمز البريدي	20000-001 إلى 23799-999
مفتاح الهاتف	21
م.ت.ب. (2010)	0.799 – high
ن.م.إ. الاسمي 2018 (City)	93.9 بليون دولار (2nd)
للفرد	14.046 دولار (الثانية)
الموقع الإلكتروني	en.prefeitura.rio
موقع تراث عالمي حسب اليونسكو
الاسم الرسمي	ريو دي جانيرو: أفق كاريوكا بين الجبل والبحر
النوع	ثقافي
المعيار	vi
التوصيف	2012 (36th session)
الرقم المرجعي	1100

ريو دي جانيرو (Rio de Janeiro؛ pt^[6])، أو اختصاراً ريو،^[7] هي عاصمة ولاية ريو دي جانيرو. وهي ثاني أكثر المدن اكتظاظاً بالسكان في البرازيل (بعد ساو پاولو)، وسادس أكبر المدن اكتظاظاً بالسكان في الأمريكتين.

أسسها الپرتغاليون عام 1565، وكانت في البداية مقراً لرئاسة ريو جانيرو، وهي إحدى مناطق الامبراطورية الپرتغالية. وفي عام 1763، أصبحت عاصمة ولاية البرازيل، إحدى ولايات الامبراطورية الپرتغالية. عام 1808، عندما انتقل البلاط الملكي الپرتغالي إلى البرازيل، أصبحت ريو دي جانيرو مقر بلاط الملكة ماريا الأولى. ثم قامت بعد ذلك، تحت قيادة ابنها الأمير الوصي جواو السادس، برفع البرازيل إلى مرتبة مملكة، ضمن المملكة المتحدة للپرتغال والبرازيل والغرب. ظلت ريو عاصمة للملكية متعددة القارات حتى عام 1822، عندما بدأت حرب استقلال البرازيل. وهذه واحدة من الحالات القليلة في التاريخ التي انتقلت فيها عاصمة دولة مستعمرة رسمياً إلى مدينة في إحدى مستعمراتها. ثم خدمت ريو دي جانيرو كعاصمة للملكية المستقلة، امبراطورية البرازيل، حتى عام 1889، ثم عاصمة لجمهورية البرازيل حتى عام 1960 عندما نُقلت العاصمة إلى برازيليا.

تتمتع ريو دي جانيرو بثاني أكبر ناتج محلي إجمالي في البلاد،^[8] ورقم 30 في العالم عام 2008.^[9] يقدر هذا بنحو 343 بليون ريال برازيلي. يقع في المدينة المقر الرئيسي لشركات النفط والتعدين والاتصالات البرازيلية، بما في ذلك اثنتان من أكبر شركات البلاد، پتروبراس وڤالي، وأكبر تكتل إعلامي في أمريكا اللاتينية، مجموعة گلوبو. تعد المدينة موطناً للعديد من الجامعات والمعاهد، وهي ثاني أكبر مركز للبحث والتطوير في البرازيل، حيث تمثل 17% من الناتج العلمي الوطني وفقاً لبيانات عام 2005.^[10] على الرغم من ارتفاع معدل الجريمة، فإن المدينة لديها في الواقع أقل معدل جريمة من معظم عواصم الولايات البرازيلية.^[11]

ريو دي جانيرو هي واحدة من أكثر المدن زيارة في نصف الكرة الأرضية الجنوبي وتشتهر ببيئتها الطبيعية، وشواطئ كرنڤال، وسامبا، وبوسا نوڤا، وبالنيريو^[12] مثل بارا دا تيجوكا، كوپاكابانا ، إيپانيما، ولبلون. بالإضافة إلى الشواطئ، تشمل المعالم تمثال المسيح الفادي العملاق أعلى جبل كوركوڤادو، والذي سُمي كغحدى عجائب الدنيا السبع الجديدة؛ جبل شوگرلوف وتلفريكها الشهير؛ سامبودرومو (سامبادروم)، وهو طريق استعراضي دائم تصطف على جانبيه المدرجات ويستخدم أثناء الكرنڤال؛ واستاد ماراكانا، من أكبر ملاعب كرة القدم في العالم. استضافت ريو دي جانيرو الألعاب الأولمپية الصيفية 2016 والألعاب الپارالمپية الصيفية 2016] مما جعل المدينة أول مدينة في أمريكا الجنوبية وأول مدينة ناطقة بالپرتغالية تستضيف الفعاليات على الإطلاق، والمرة الثالثة التي أقيمت فيها الألعاب الأولمپية في مدينة في نصف الكرة الأرضية الجنوبي.^[13] استضاف استاد ماراكانا نهائيات كأس العالم 1950 وكأس العالم 2014 وكأس العالم للقارات 2013، وألعاب عموم أمريكا 2007. كما استضافت المدينة قمة مجموعة العشرين 2024، وستستضيف كأس العالم للسيدات 2027.^[14]^[15]

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التاريخ

الانتماءات التاريخية

الامبراطورية الپرتغالية 1565–1815

المملكة المتحدة للپرتغال والبرازيل والغرب 1815–1822

البرازيل 1822–1889

جمهورية البرازيل 1889–الحاضر

فترة ما قبل كابرال

كانت المنطقة مأهولة بشعوب التوپي، الپوري، البوتوكودو، والماكساكالي.^[16]

الفترة الاستعمارية

تأسيس ريو دي جانيرو في 1 مارس 1565.

صادف الأوروپيون خليج گوانابارا لأول مرة في 1 يناير 1502 (ومن هنا جاء تسمية ريو دي جانيرو، أي "نهر يناير")، أثناء رحلة استكشافية پرتغالة بقيادة المستكشف گاسپار دي لموس، قبطان سفينة في أسطول پدرو ألڤاريز كابرال، أو تحت قيادة گونزالو كويلو.^[17] ويقال إن المستكشف الفلورنسي أمريگو ڤسپوتشي شارك كمراقب بدعوة من الملك مانوِل الأول في نفس الرحلة الاستكشافية.

عام 1555، احتل 500 مستعمر فرنسي إحدى جزر خليج گوانابارا، والتي تسمى حالياً جزيرة ڤيلگاگنون، تحت قيادة الأميرال الفرنسي نيكولا دوران دو ڤيلگاگنون. نتيجة لذلك، بنى ڤيلگاگنون حصن كوليگني على الجزيرة عند محاولته إنشاء مستعمرة فرنسا في أنتاركتيكا. وفي النهاية، أصبحت هذه المستعمرة الفرنسية تشكل تهديداً كبيراً للمستعمرة الپرتغالية القائمة وفي عام 1560 صدر الأمر بالتخلص منها. وبعد ذلك، بدأ الحاكم العام الجديد للبرازيل مم دي سا عدواناً عسكرياً استمر لسنوات، ثم واصله لاحقاً ابن أخيه إيستاسيو دي سا. وفي 20 يناير 1567، فرضت الهزيمة النهائية على القوات الفرنسية وطُردت نهائياً من البرازيل.

وصل بين 500.000 ومليون عبد إلى رصيف فالونجو من خلال تجارة العبيد الأطلسية^[18].

في 1 مارس 1565 أسس الپرتغاليون مدينة ريو جانيرو، بقيادة إيستاكيو دي سا، ومشاركة أنطونيو دي ماريز. سُميت ساو سباستياو دو ريو دي جانيرو، تكريماً للقديس سباستياو، القديس والراعي الذي يحمل نفس اسم ملك الپرتغال آنذاك سباستياو. كان اسم ريو دي جانيرو هو الاسم الذي يُطلق على خليج گوانابارا. حتى أوائل القرن 18. تعرضت المدينة للتهديد أو الغزو من قبل العديد من القراصنة والقراصنة الفرنسيين، مثل جان-فرانسوا دوكلرك ورينيه دوگواي-تروين.^[19]

في أواخر القرن 17، أثناء عصر السكر، اكتشف البانديرانتس الذهب والماس في رئاسة ميناز گرايس المجاورة، وبالتالي أصبحت ريو دي جانيرو ميناءً أكثر عملية لتصدير الثروة (الذهب والأحجار الكريمة، بالإضافة إلى السكر) من سلڤادور، باهيا، أبعد إلى الشمال الشرقي. في 27 يناير 1763،^[20] انتقلت الإدارة الاستعمارية في أمريكا الپرتغالية من سلڤادور إلى ريو دي جانيرو. وظلت المدينة عاصمة استعمارية في المقام الأول حتى عام 1808، عندما فرّت العائلة المالكة الپرتغالية ومعظم نبلاء لشبونة المرتبطين بها من غزو ناپليون للبرتغال، وانتقلوا إلى ريو دي جانيرو.

الفترة الملكية الپرتغالية

نجت عائلة براگانزا الملكية البرتغالية من الحروب الناپليونية التي اجتاحت أوروپا عندما نقلت الملكة ماريا الأولى والأمير الوصي جواو البلاط الملكي الپرتغالي إلى البرازيل عام 1807. وظل البلاط الملكي في ريو حتى عودته إلى الپرتغال عام 1821.

نُقلت عاصمة المملكة إلى المدينة، والتي أصبحت بالتالي العاصمة الأوروپية الوحيدة خارج أوروپا. نظراً لعدم وجود مساحة مادية أو بنية حضرية لاستيعاب مئات النبلاء الذين وصلوا فجأة، فقد طُرد العديد من السكان ببساطة من منازلهم.^[21] في العقد الأول، أنشئت العديد من المؤسسات التعليمية، مثل الأكاديمية العسكرية، والمدرسة الملكية للعلوم والفنون والحرف اليدوية، والأكاديمية الامبراطورية للفنون الجميلة، بالإضافة إلى مكتبة البرازيل الوطنية- التي تضم أكبر مجموعة في أمريكا اللاتينية^[22] – الحديقة النباتية. ظهرت أول صحيفة مطبوعة في البرازيل، وهي صحيفة گازيتا دو ريو دي جانيرو، في التداول خلال هذه الفترة.^[23] عندما رُفعت البرازيل إلى مرتبة مملكة عام 1815، أصبحت عاصمة المملكة المتحدة للپرتغال والبرازيل والغرب حتى عودة العائلة المالكة الپرتغالية إلى لشبونة عام 1821، لكنها ظلت عاصمة مملكة البرازيل.^[24]

منذ الفترة الاستعمارية وحتى عصر الاستقلال الأول، كانت ريو دي جانيرو مدينة للعبيد. وكان هناك تدفق كبير من العبيد الأفارقة إلى ريو دي جانيرو: عام 1819، كان هناك 145.000 عبد. وفي عام 1840، وصل عدد العبيد إلى 220.000.^[25] بين عامي 1811 و1831، وصل ما بين 500.000 ومليون عبد إلى ريو دي جانيرو عبر رصيف ڤالونگو، الذي أصبح حالياً موقع تراث عالمي.^[26] كان ميناء ريو دي جانيرو أكبر ميناء للعبيد في أمريكا.^[27]

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الفترة الامبراطورية

خليج بوتافوگو عام 1869.

عندما أعلن الأمير پدرو الأول استقلال البرازيل عام 1822، قرر الاحتفاظ بمدينة ريو دي جانيرو عاصمة لامبراطوريته الجديدة بينما تم إثراء المكان بزراعة قصب السكر في منطقة كامپوس، وخاصة بزراعة البن الجديدة في وادي پارايبا.^[24] من أجل فصل المقاطعة عن عاصمة الامبراطورية، تحولت المدينة إلى بلدية محايدة عام 1834، مما أدى إلى انتقال محافظة ريو دي جانيرو إلى نيتروي كعاصمة.^[24] باعتبارها المركز السياسي للبلاد، ركزت ريو الحياة السياسية الحزبية للإمبراطورية. وكانت المسرح الرئيسي للحركات المناهضة للعبودية والجمهورية في النصف الأخير من القرن 19.^[24] في ذلك الوقت انخفض عدد العبيد بشكل كبير وتطورت المدينة، مع وجود مجاري حديثة، وترامات تجرها الحيوانات، ومحطات قطار تعبر المدينة، وإضاءة تعمل بالغاز والكهرباء، وأسلاك الهاتف والتلغراف، ومواسير للمياه.^[24] ظلت ريو عاصمة للبرازيل بعد عام 1889، عندما أُستبدل النظام الملكي بالجمهورية.

في 6 فبراير 1889، تأسس مصنع بانگو للنسيج، باسم شركة التقدم الصناعي البرازيلية Companhia Progresso Industrial do Brasil). افتُتح المصنع رسمياً في 8 مارس 1893، في مجمع به أنماط معمارية مختلفة مثل العمارة الإيطالية والقوطية الحديثة وبرج على طراز سقف المانسارد. بعد الافتتاح عام 1893، وصل عمال من بريطانيا العظمى إلى بانگو للعمل في مصنع النسيج. أصبحت المزارع القديمة قرى عمالية ذات منازل من الطوب الأحمر، وبُنيت كنيسة على الطراز القوطي الحديث، والتي لا تزال موجودة حتى الآن باسم كنيسة أبرشية القديس سباستيان والقديسة سسليا. ظهرت أيضاً دور السينما في الشوارع والمباني الثقافية. في مايو 1894، وصل توماس دونوهو، وهو عامل بريطاني من بسبي، إسكتلندا، إلى بانگو.^[28]

اندهش دونوهو عندما اكتشف أن البرازيليين لا يعرفون شيئاً عن كرة القدم على الإطلاق. لذا كتب إلى زوجته إليزابث، طالباً منها إحضار كرة قدم عندما تسافر إليه. وبعد وقت قصير من وصولها، في سبتمبر 1894، أقيمت أول مباراة كرة قدم في البرازيل في الملعب بجوار مصنع النسيج. كانت مباراة خماسية بين عمال بريطانيين، وأقيمت قبل ستة أشهر من أول مباراة نظمها تشارلز ميلر في ساو پاولو. ومع ذلك، لم يؤسس نادي بانگو لكرة القدم رسمياً حتى عام 1904.^[29]

الفترة الجمهورية

ريو دي جانيرو، ح. عقد 1910.

في الوقت الذي تأسست فيه الجمهورية القديمة، كانت المدينة تفتقر إلى التخطيط الحضري والصرف الصحي، مما ساعد في انتشار العديد من الأمراض، مثل الحمى الصفراء والزحار والجدري والسل وحتى الموت الأسود. فرض پرييرا پاسوس، الذي عُين عمدة عام 1902، إصلاحات لتحديث المدينة، وهدم المساكن التي كان يعيش فيها معظم السكان الفقراء. ثم انتقل هؤلاء الأشخاص للعيش في تلال المدينة، مما أدى إلى إنشاء أول فاڤلاس (الأحياء العشوائية).^[30] على غرار پاريس، بنى پاسوس مسرح البلدية، والمتحف الوطني للفنون الجميلة والمكتبة الوطنية في وسط المدينة؛ وجلب الطاقة الكهربائية إلى ريو وأنشأ طرقاً أكبر لتكييف المدينة مع السيارات.^[31] كما قام پاسوس بتعيين أوزوالدو كروز مديراً عاماً للصحة العامة. تضمنت خطط كروز لتطهير المدينة من الأمراض التطعيم الإجباري لجميع السكان والدخول القسري إلى المنازل لقتل البعوض والجرذان. ثار سكان المدينة ضد سياسة كروز، فيما عُرف بثورة اللقاحات.^[32]

قناة كاريوكا في العشرينيات.

عام 1910، شهدت ريو ثورة السوط، حيث تمرد أفراد طاقم برازيلي أفريقي في البحرية البرازيلية ضد الاستخدام المفرط للعقاب البدني، والذي كان مشابهاً للعقاب الذي يتلقاه العبيد. سيطر المتمردون على البارجة ميناز گرايس وهددوا بإطلاق النار على المدينة. وقعت ثورة عسكرية أخرى عام 1922، وهي ثورة حصن كوپاكابانا، وهي مسيرة ضد سياسة الجمهورية القديمة المعروفة بالكورونولية وسياسة القهوة مع الحليب. كانت هذه الثورة بمثابة بداية للحركة التننتية، وهي الحركة التي أدت إلى الثورة البرازيلية 1930 التي بدأت عصر ڤارگاس.

حتى السنوات الأولى من القرن 20، كانت المدينة مقتصرة إلى حد كبير على الحي المعروف حالياً بمركز المدينة التاريخي (انظر أدناه)، عند مصب خليج گوانابارا. بدأ مركز ثقل المدينة في التحول جنوباً وغرباً إلى ما يسمى زونا سول (المنطقة الجنوبية) في الجزء الأول من القرن 20، عندما بُني أول نفق تحت الجبال بين بوتافوگو والحي المعروف حالياً باسم كوپاكابانا. تم تسهيل توسع المدينة نحو الشمال والجنوب من خلال توحيد نظام النقل بالحافلات الكهربائية في ريو بعد عام 1905.^[33] ساعدت البيئة الطبيعية في بوتافوگو، جنبًا إلى جنب مع شهرة فندق كوپاكابانا پالاس، الفندق الفاخر في الأمريكتين في الثلاثينيات، ريو في اكتساب السمعة التي لا تزال تتمتع بها حتى اليوم كمدينة للحفلات الشاطئية. وقد تلطخت هذه السمعة إلى حد ما في السنوات الأخيرة بسبب عنف الأحياء العشوائية الناتج عن تجارة المخدرات والميليشيات.^[34]

قافلة من دبابات إم 41 واكر بولدوجگ في شوارع المدينة عام 1968 أثناء الحكم العسكري. في ذلك الوقت، كانت ريو دي جانيرو مدينة-ولاية، وعاصمة گوانابارا.

كانت خطط نقل عاصمة-الولاية من ريو دي جانيرو إلى وسط البرازيل محل مناقشة من حين لآخر، وعندما انتُخب گوسلينو كوبيتشك رئيسًاً عام 1955، كان ذلك جزئياً على أساس وعود ببناء عاصمة جديدة.^[35] ورغم أن كثيرين اعتقدوا أن الأمر كان مجرد خطاب سياسي، إلا أن كوبيتشك نجح في بناء برازيليا ومنطقة فدرالية جديدة بتكلفة باهظة بحلول عام 1960. وفي 21 أبريل من تلك السنة، انتقلت عاصمة البرازيل رسمياً إلى برازيليا. وأصبحت أراضي المنطقة الفدرالية السابقة ولاية خاصة بها، گوانابارا، بعد الخليج الذي يحدها من الشرق، والذي يضم مدينة ريو دي جانيرو فقط. بعد انقلاب 1964 الذي نصب دكتاتورية عسكرية، أصبحت الولاية-المدينة هي الولاية الوحيدة المتبقية في البرازيل التي تعارض الجيش. ثم في عام 1975، أزال مرسوم رئاسي يُعرف باسم "الاندماج" الوضع الفدرالي للمدينة ودمجها مع ولاية ريو دي جانيرو، حيث حلت مدينة ريو دي جانيرو محل نيتروي كعاصمة للولاية، وتأسست منطقة ريو دي جانيرو الحضرية.^[36]

عام 1992، استضافت ريو قمة الأرض، وهو مؤتمر أممي لمحاربة التحلل البيئي. وبعد عشرين عاماً، في 2012، استضافت المدينة مؤتمراً آخر حول التنمية المستدامة، مؤتمر الأمم المتحدة للتنمية المستدامة. كما استضافت المدينة يوم الشباب العالمي 2013، وهو يوم الشباب العالمي الثاني في أمريكا الجنوبية والأول في البرازيل. وفي المجال الرياضي، استضافت ريو دي جانيرو الألعاب الأمريكية 2007 ونهائي كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2014. في 2 أكتوبر 2009، أعلنت اللجنة الأولمپية الدولية أن ريو دي جانيرو ستستضيف الألعاب الأولمپية الصيفية 2016 والألعاب الپارالمپية الصيفية 2016، متغلبة على المنافسين شيكاغو وطوكيو ومدريد. أصبحت ريو أول مدينة في أمريكا الجنوبية تستضيف الفعالية وثاني مدينة في أمريكا اللاتينية (بعد مكسيكو سيتي في الألعاب الأولپبية الصيفية 1968)، تستضيف الألعاب. منذ أوائل ع. 2010، أُدرت ريو دي جانيرو كموقع للتراث العالمي لليونسكو من أجل فنونها وثقافتها الحضرية ومناظرها الطبيعية المصممة حول بيئة طبيعية.

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الجغرافيا

صورة ساتلية لريو دي جانيرو الكبرى من محطة الفضاء الدولية.

تقع مدينة ريو دي جانيرو بالقرب من الطرف الغربي للشريط (من كابو فريو إلى الشرق مباشرة من إلها جراندي) الساحلي البرازيلي الأطلسي بالقرب من مدار الجدي حيث يتجه الخط الساحلي شرقًا وغربًا؛ وبالتالي تواجه المدينة الجنوب إلى حد كبير. تأسست عند مدخل خليج گوانابارا (Baía de Guanabara)، الذي يتميز بنقطة من الأرض تسمى قالب السكر (Pão de Açúcar) - "بطاقة تعريف" للمدينة.^[37]

يبلغ عدد سكان مدينة ريو دي جانيرو، التي تحتل مساحة قدرها 1182.3 كم²،^[38] حوالي 6.000.000 نسمة.^[39] بينما يبلغ سكان المنطقة الحضرية الكبرى بنحو 11-13 مليون نسمة. يُعرف سكان المدينة بكاريوكا. الأغنية الرسمية لريو هي "المدينة الرائعة (Cidade Maravilhosa)، تلحين أندري فيلو.

المنتزهات

پاركي لاگي حيث يظهر جبل كوركوڤادو في الخلفية.

الأقواس في الحديقة النباتية.

بحيرة رودريگو دي فريتاس.

تحتوي المدينة على منتزهات ومحميات بيئية مثل منتزه تيجوكا الوطني، أول غابة حضرية في العالم ومحمية التراث البيئي والمحيط الحيوي التابعة لليونسكو؛ ومنتزه پدرا برانكا الولائي، الذي يضم أعلى نقطة في ريو دي جانيرو، قمة پدرا برانكا؛ ومجمع كوينتا دا بوا ڤيستا؛ والحديقة النباتية؛^[40] حديقة حيوان ريو؛ پاركي لاگي؛ وپاسيو پوبليكو، أول منتزه عام في الأمريكتين.^[41] بالإضافة إلى ذلك فإن منتزه فلامنگو هو أكبر مكب نفايات في المدينة، ويمتد من المنطقة الوسطى إلى المنطقة الجنوبية، ويحتوي على متاحف ومعالم أثرية، بالإضافة إلى الكثير من النباتات.

منذ عام 1961، أصبحت غابة تيجوكا (Parque Nacional da Tijuca)، أكبر غابة حضرية محاطة بالمدن وثاني أكبر غابة حضرية في العالم، منتزهاً وطنياً. أكبر غابة حضرية في العالم هي غابة فلورستا دا پدرا برانكا (غابة الصخور البيضاء)، والتي تقع في المنطقة الغربية من ريو دي جانيرو.^[42]

البيئة

بسبب التركز المرتفع للصناعات في المنطقة الحضرية، واجهت المدينة مشاكل خطيرة تتعلق بالتلوث البيئي. وفقد خليج گوانابارا مناطق المانجروف ويعاني من مخلفات الصرف الصحي المنزلي والصناعي والزيوت والمعادن الثقيلة. وعلى الرغم من أن مياهه تتجدد عندما تصل إلى البحر، فإن الخليج هو المستقبل النهائي لجميع الروافد المتولدة على امتداد ضفافه وفي أحواض الأنهار والجداول العديدة التي تتدفق إليه. مستويات الجسيمات في الهواء أعلى بمرتين من تلك التي أوصت بها منظمة الصحة العالمية، ويرجع ذلك جزئياً إلى الأعداد الكبيرة من المركبات المتضمنة.^[43]

تسير مياه خليج سپتيبا ببطء على نفس المسار الذي يسلكه خليج گوانابارا، حيث تُصرف مياه الصرف الصحي التي ينتجها سكان يبلغ عددهم نحو 1.29 مليون نسمة دون معالجة في الجداول أو الأنهار. وفيما يتصل بالتلوث الصناعي، فقد أُلقيت على مر السنين نفايات شديدة السمية، مع تركيزات عالية من المعادن الثقيلة ــ وخاصة الزنك والكادميوم ــ من قِبَل المصانع في المناطق الصناعية في سانتا كروز، إيتاگواي، نوڤا إيگواسو، والتي بُنيت في إطار سياسات الدولة.^[44]

عانت بحيرة ماراپندي وبحيرة رودريگو دي فريتاس من تساهل السلطات ونمو عدد المباني السكنية القريبة. أدى تصريف مياه الصرف الصحي بشكل غير قانوني وموت الطحالب إلى تقليل الأكسجين في المياه، مما تسبب في نفوق الأسماك.^[45]^[46]

من ناحية أخرى، هناك علامات على إزالة التلوث من البحيرة من خلال شراكة بين القطاعين العام والخاص تأسست عام 2008 لضمان أن مياه البحيرة ستكون في نهاية المطاف مناسبة للاستحمام. وتتضمن إجراءات إزالة التلوث نقل الحمأة إلى الحفر الكبيرة الموجودة في البحيرة نفسها، وإنشاء اتصال مباشر جديد تحت الأرض مع البحر، مما سيساهم في زيادة تبادل المياه اليومي بين البيئتين. ومع ذلك، خلال الألعاب الأوليمپية، استضافت البحيرة مسابقات التجديف وكانت هناك مخاوف عديدة بشأن العدوى المحتملة الناتجة عن مياه الصرف الصحي البشرية.^[47]

صورة پانورامية لمدينة ريو دي جانيرو حيث تظهر جبال كوركوڤادو (اليسار)، شوگرلوف (الوسط، الخلفية)، والشقيقان (اليمين)، من بلڤدر تشاينز.

المناخ

عاصفة ليلية مصحوبة بالبرق في ريو دي جانيرو، المنظر من جبل شوگرلوف.

شاطئ كوپاكابانا في يوم مشمس.

تتمتع ريو بمناخ الساڤنا المداري (Aw) الذي يحد بشكل وثيق مناخ الرياح الموسمية المدارية (Am) بحسب تصنيف كوپن للمناخ، وغالباً ما يتميز بفترة طويلة من الأمطار الغزيرة بين شهري ديسمبر ومارس.^[48] تشهد المدينة صيفاً حاراً ورطباً وشتاءً دافئاً مشمساً. وفي المناطق الداخلية من المدينة، تكون درجات الحرارة أكثر من 40 درجة مئوية شائعة خلال الصيف، على الرغم من أنها نادراً ما تستمر لفترات طويلة، بينما يمكن أن تحدث درجات حرارة قصوى أكثر من 27 درجة مئوية على أساس شهري.

على امتداد الساحل، تعمل النسمات التي تهب على الشاطئ والبحر على تعديل درجات الحرارة. وبسبب موقعها الجغرافي، غالباً ما تصل إلى المدينة جبهات باردة قادمة من أنتاركتيكا، وخاصة خلال فصلي الخريف والشتاء، مما يتسبب في تغيرات متكررة في الطقس. في الصيف، قد تتساقط أمطار غزيرة، والتي تسببت في بعض الأحيان في حدوث فيضانات وانهيارات أرضية كارثية. تسجل المناطق الجبلية أمطاراً أكثر لأنها تشكل حاجزاً للرياح الرطبة القادمة من المحيط الأطلسي.^[49]

شهدت المدينة حالات نادرة من الصقيع في الماضي. وفي بعض المناطق داخل ولاية ريو دي جانيرو، تتساقط أحياناً حبيبات الثلج والجليد (المعروفة باسم granizo) وحبات البَرًد.^[50]^[51]^[52]

الجفاف نادر جداً، وإن كان من المحتم أن يحدث أحياناً نظراً لمناخ المدينة المداري الموسمي القوي. أثر الجفاف البرازيلي في عامي 2014 و2015، والذي كان الأكثر شدة في المنطقة الجنوبية الشرقية، والأسوأ منذ عقود، على إمدادات المياه في المنطقة الحضرية بأكملها (التحويل من نهر پارايبا دو سول إلى نهر گواندو الذي يعد مصدراً رئيسياً لأكثر المناطق اكتظاظاً بالسكان في الولاية). كانت هناك خطط لتحويل نهر پارايبا دو سول إلى نظام كانتاريرا أثناء أزمة المياه عام 2014 من أجل مساعدة منطقة ساو پاولو الكبرى التي ضربها الجفاف الشديد. ومع ذلك، فإن توفر كمية كافية من الأمطار لتزويد المنطقتين الحضريتين بمياه الصنبور في المستقبل مجرد تكهنات.^[53]^[54]^[55]

في نفس الضواحي تقريباً (نوڤا إيگواسو والمناطق المحيطة بها، بما في ذلك أجزاء من كامپو گراندي وبانگو) التي تتوافق مع موقع هطول الأمطار الزائفة (گرانيزو) في مارس 2012 وفبراير-مارس 2013 ويناير 2015، كانت هناك ظاهرة شبيهة بالإعصار في يناير 2011، لأول مرة في تاريخ المنطقة المسجل، مما تسبب في أضرار هيكلية وانقطاعات طويلة الأمد للكهرباء، لكن لم تحدث وفيات.^[56]^[57]

أوصت المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية بأن البرازيل، وخاصة منطقتها الجنوبية الشرقية، يجب أن تكون مستعدة لحوادث الطقس القاسي متزايدة الشدة في المستقبل القريب، حيث أن الأحداث مثل الفيضانات والانهيارات الطينية في ريو دي جانيرو يناير 2011 ليست ظاهرة معزولة. في أوائل مايو 2013، تسببت الرياح التي تجاوزت سرعتها 90 كم/ساعة في انقطاع التيار الكهربائي في 15 حياً من المدينة وثلاث بلديات مجاورة، وأسفرت عن مقتل شخص واحد.^[58] وشهدت ريو رياحاً قوية مماثلة (بسرعة 100 كم/ساعة تقريباً) في يناير 2015.^[59]

تلفريك شوگرلوف تصل القمة.

تختلف درجات الحرارة أيضاً وفقاً للارتفاع والمسافة من الساحل ونوع الغطاء النباتي أو استخدام الأراضي. خلال فصل الشتاء، تجلب الجبهات الباردة ونسمات البحر عند الفجر/الصباح درجات حرارة معتدلة؛ والجبهات الباردة، ومنطقة التقارب المداري (على شكل رياح من غابة الأمازون)، والرياح البحرية الأقوى (غالباً من إعصار خارج مداري) والتبخر الصيفي تجلب الأمطار أو العواصف. وبالتالي فإن المناخ الشبيه بالرياح الموسمية يتميز بشتاء وربيع جافين ومعتدلين، وصيف وخريف شديدي الرطوبة والدفء. ونتيجة لذلك، فإن درجات الحرارة التي تزيد عن 40 درجة مئوية، والتي قد تحدث طوال العام تقريباً لكنها أكثر شيوعاً خلال فصل الصيف، غالباً ما تعني أن درجة الحرارة الفعلية "المحسوسة" تزيد عن 50 درجة مئوية، عندما تكون الرياح قليلة ونسبة الرطوبة النسبية مرتفعة.^[60]^[61]^[62]^[63]

بحسب بيانات المعهد الوطني البرازيلي للأرصاد الجوية، منذ عام 1931، كانت أدنى درجة حرارة مطلقة مسجلة في ريو دي جانيرو هي 6.4 درجة مئوية في 18 أغسطس 1933،^[64] في محطة الأرصاد الجوية في حي بانگو (توقف تشغيلها في مارس 2004). هذه المحطة نفسها، التي تقع في أكثر أحياء المدينة حرارة،^[65] سجلت درجة الحرارة القصوى 43.1 درجة مئوية في 14 يناير 1984، والتي احتفظت بالرقم القياسي لأعلى درجة حرارة في المدينة حتى 26 ديسمبر 2012، عند تسجيل 43.2 درجة مئوية في محطة سانتا كروز.^[66] الرقم القياسي لهطول الأمطار خلال 24 ساعة هو 349.4 ملم، تم تسجيله في 26 فبراير 1971، في المحطة السابقة في حي إنگنو دي دنترو.^[67]

Climate data for ريو دي جانيرو (سودي)، ارتفاع 11 متر، (1981–2010 درجات الحرارة الصغرى والكبرى، 1961–1990)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	40.9 (105.6)	41.8 (107.2)	41.0 (105.8)	39.3 (102.7)	36.3 (97.3)	35.9 (96.6)	34.9 (94.8)	38.9 (102.0)	40.6 (105.1)	42.8 (109.0)	40.5 (104.9)	43.2 (109.8)	43.2 (109.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	31.5 (88.7)	32.2 (90.0)	31.2 (88.2)	30.0 (86.0)	27.8 (82.0)	26.7 (80.1)	26.4 (79.5)	27.0 (80.6)	26.7 (80.1)	28.2 (82.8)	29.4 (84.9)	30.3 (86.5)	29.0 (84.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)	27.8 (82.0)	28.3 (82.9)	27.6 (81.7)	26.5 (79.7)	24.3 (75.7)	23.0 (73.4)	22.6 (72.7)	23.1 (73.6)	23.2 (73.8)	24.7 (76.5)	25.9 (78.6)	26.8 (80.2)	25.3 (77.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	24.1 (75.4)	24.4 (75.9)	24.0 (75.2)	23.0 (73.4)	20.7 (69.3)	19.3 (66.7)	18.7 (65.7)	19.1 (66.4)	19.6 (67.3)	21.1 (70.0)	22.3 (72.1)	23.2 (73.8)	21.6 (70.9)
Record low °C (°F)	17.7 (63.9)	18.9 (66.0)	18.6 (65.5)	16.2 (61.2)	11.1 (52.0)	11.6 (52.9)	12.2 (54.0)	10.6 (51.1)	10.2 (50.4)	10.1 (50.2)	15.1 (59.2)	17.1 (62.8)	10.1 (50.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	137.1 (5.40)	130.4 (5.13)	135.8 (5.35)	94.9 (3.74)	69.8 (2.75)	42.7 (1.68)	41.9 (1.65)	44.5 (1.75)	53.6 (2.11)	86.5 (3.41)	97.8 (3.85)	134.2 (5.28)	1٬069٫4 (42.10)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)	11	7	8	9	6	6	4	5	7	9	10	11	93
Average relative humidity (%)	79	79	80	80	80	79	77	77	79	80	79	80	79.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours	211.9	201.3	206.4	181.0	186.3	175.1	188.6	184.8	146.2	152.1	168.5	179.6	2٬181٫8
Source: المعهد الوطني البرازيلي للأرصاد الجوية (INMET) (هطول الأمطار، الرطوبة، الشمس 1961–1990)^[68]^[69]^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74]^[75]^[76]^[77]

Climate data for ريو دي جانيرو (ألتو دا بوا ڤيستا، ارتفاع 347 متر، (درجات الحرارة الاعتيادية 1981-2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	37.5 (99.5)	36.5 (97.7)	36.8 (98.2)	34.8 (94.6)	33.0 (91.4)	32.9 (91.2)	32.7 (90.9)	38.5 (101.3)	37.5 (99.5)	38.5 (101.3)	37.1 (98.8)	38.5 (101.3)	38.5 (101.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	30.1 (86.2)	30.6 (87.1)	29.1 (84.4)	27.7 (81.9)	25.2 (77.4)	24.3 (75.7)	24.1 (75.4)	24.7 (76.5)	24.7 (76.5)	25.9 (78.6)	27.3 (81.1)	28.7 (83.7)	26.9 (80.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	20.7 (69.3)	20.9 (69.6)	20.2 (68.4)	18.8 (65.8)	16.8 (62.2)	15.3 (59.5)	14.8 (58.6)	15.3 (59.5)	16.1 (61.0)	17.3 (63.1)	18.6 (65.5)	19.8 (67.6)	17.9 (64.2)
Record low °C (°F)	12.0 (53.6)	15.2 (59.4)	14.5 (58.1)	11.5 (52.7)	10.2 (50.4)	6.7 (44.1)	7.3 (45.1)	8.7 (47.7)	8.1 (46.6)	10.5 (50.9)	11.4 (52.5)	10.2 (50.4)	6.7 (44.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	209.1 (8.23)	174.8 (6.88)	215.7 (8.49)	203.3 (8.00)	188.5 (7.42)	132.7 (5.22)	182.3 (7.18)	141.9 (5.59)	223.0 (8.78)	203.7 (8.02)	217.0 (8.54)	273.8 (10.78)	2٬365٫8 (93.14)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	11	8	11	9	10	7	8	9	12	12	12	13	122
Source: المعهد الوطني البرازيلي للأرصاد الجوية — INMET(سجلات درجات الحرارة: 06/01/1966-الحاضر)^[78]^[79]^[80]^[67]^[81]

Climate data for ريو دي جانيرو (بانگو)، ارتفاع 40 متر، (درجات الحرارة الاعتيادية 1981-2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	43.1 (109.6)	40.8 (105.4)	41.2 (106.2)	38.9 (102.0)	36.8 (98.2)	35.7 (96.3)	36.1 (97.0)	40.2 (104.4)	42.0 (107.6)	41.6 (106.9)	41.6 (106.9)	41.1 (106.0)	43.1 (109.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	33.9 (93.0)	34.8 (94.6)	33.0 (91.4)	31.5 (88.7)	29.0 (84.2)	28.2 (82.8)	27.5 (81.5)	28.4 (83.1)	28.3 (82.9)	29.9 (85.8)	31.5 (88.7)	32.8 (91.0)	30.7 (87.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	23.8 (74.8)	24.0 (75.2)	23.2 (73.8)	21.7 (71.1)	19.3 (66.7)	17.8 (64.0)	17.1 (62.8)	17.7 (63.9)	18.6 (65.5)	20.3 (68.5)	21.7 (71.1)	22.9 (73.2)	20.7 (69.3)
Record low °C (°F)	16.9 (62.4)	17.2 (63.0)	17.2 (63.0)	12.5 (54.5)	11.3 (52.3)	8.7 (47.7)	9.0 (48.2)	10.4 (50.7)	11.0 (51.8)	12.4 (54.3)	11.4 (52.5)	14.0 (57.2)	8.7 (47.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	204.9 (8.07)	148.7 (5.85)	155.7 (6.13)	108.7 (4.28)	74.8 (2.94)	56.4 (2.22)	43.5 (1.71)	38.8 (1.53)	81.2 (3.20)	80.9 (3.19)	105.0 (4.13)	152.4 (6.00)	1٬251 (49.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	12	9	10	7	7	5	5	5	9	9	9	11	98
Source: المعهد الوطني البرازيلي للأرصاد الجوية — INMET (سجلات درجات الحرارة من 1961-01-01 إلى 2004-03-27)^[82]^[83]^[84]^[67]^[81]^[64]

Climate data for ريو دي جانيرو (ريالنگو)، ارتفاع 42 متر، (درجات الحرارة الاعتيادية 1981-2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	40.5 (104.9)	40.3 (104.5)	39.5 (103.1)	38.0 (100.4)	35.6 (96.1)	35.4 (95.7)	35.5 (95.9)	38.5 (101.3)	40.6 (105.1)	42.0 (107.6)	40.3 (104.5)	41.5 (106.7)	42.0 (107.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	32.6 (90.7)	33.3 (91.9)	32.5 (90.5)	30.8 (87.4)	28.1 (82.6)	27.7 (81.9)	26.9 (80.4)	28.0 (82.4)	28.0 (82.4)	29.2 (84.6)	30.4 (86.7)	31.3 (88.3)	29.9 (85.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	23.5 (74.3)	23.5 (74.3)	23.1 (73.6)	21.3 (70.3)	18.4 (65.1)	16.8 (62.2)	16.4 (61.5)	17.4 (63.3)	18.2 (64.8)	20.0 (68.0)	21.3 (70.3)	22.6 (72.7)	20.2 (68.4)
Record low °C (°F)	17.8 (64.0)	16.9 (62.4)	17.3 (63.1)	13.7 (56.7)	12.2 (54.0)	9.0 (48.2)	8.5 (47.3)	9.8 (49.6)	10.0 (50.0)	11.6 (52.9)	13.2 (55.8)	16.5 (61.7)	8.5 (47.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	169.4 (6.67)	113.4 (4.46)	137.8 (5.43)	92.4 (3.64)	52.8 (2.08)	32.8 (1.29)	43.7 (1.72)	26.6 (1.05)	48.1 (1.89)	82.2 (3.24)	111.7 (4.40)	163.9 (6.45)	1٬074٫8 (42.31)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	12	9	10	7	7	5	5	5	9	9	9	11	98
Source: المعهد الوطني البرازيلي للأرصاد الجوية — INMET (سجلات درجات الحرارة من 1971-04-01 إلى 1976-10-31، ومن1986-06-01 وإلى 1986-11-30 ومن 1999-01-01- الحاضر)^[85]^[86]^[87]

Climate data for ريو دي جانيرو، (سانتا جروز)، ارتفاع 63 متر، (درجات الحرارة الاعتيادية 1981-2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	42.5 (108.5)	41.5 (106.7)	40.1 (104.2)	38.5 (101.3)	36.0 (96.8)	35.2 (95.4)	36.0 (96.8)	39.1 (102.4)	41.2 (106.2)	41.2 (106.2)	40.5 (104.9)	43.2 (109.8)	43.2 (109.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	32.7 (90.9)	33.6 (92.5)	32.3 (90.1)	30.8 (87.4)	28.2 (82.8)	27.6 (81.7)	26.7 (80.1)	27.7 (81.9)	27.4 (81.3)	28.7 (83.7)	30.0 (86.0)	31.2 (88.2)	29.7 (85.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	22.9 (73.2)	23.1 (73.6)	22.6 (72.7)	21.4 (70.5)	19.1 (66.4)	18.0 (64.4)	17.3 (63.1)	17.8 (64.0)	18.5 (65.3)	19.7 (67.5)	20.9 (69.6)	22.0 (71.6)	20.3 (68.5)
Record low °C (°F)	16.9 (62.4)	17.8 (64.0)	16.4 (61.5)	13.2 (55.8)	12.0 (53.6)	9.0 (48.2)	9.7 (49.5)	11.6 (52.9)	11.3 (52.3)	13.3 (55.9)	14.6 (58.3)	16.1 (61.0)	9.0 (48.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	143.8 (5.66)	100.1 (3.94)	110.6 (4.35)	101.3 (3.99)	67.7 (2.67)	48.0 (1.89)	52.2 (2.06)	36.7 (1.44)	71.4 (2.81)	76.7 (3.02)	92.8 (3.65)	138.9 (5.47)	1٬040٫2 (40.95)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	11	8	9	7	7	5	6	6	8	8	9	11	95
Source: المعهد الوطني البرازيلي للأرصاد الجوية — INMET (سجلات درجات الحرارة من 1963-01-01 إلى 1994-10-16 ومن 1998-05-04-الحاضر)^[88]^[89]^[90]

الديموغرافيا

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1872	274٬972	—
1890	522٬651	+90.1%
1900	811٬443	+55.3%
1920	1٬157٬873	+42.7%
1940	1٬764٬141	+52.4%
1950	2٬377٬451	+34.8%
1960	3٬281٬908	+38.0%
1970	4٬251٬918	+29.6%
1980	5٬090٬700	+19.7%
1991	5٬336٬179	+4.8%
2000	5٬851٬914	+9.7%
2010	6٬320٬446	+8.0%
2022	6٬211٬223	−1.7%
^[91]

بحسب تعداد 2010، كان هناك 5.940.224 شخصاً يقيمون في مدينة ريو دي جانيرو.^[92] منذ عام 1960، عندما تجاوزتها ساو پاولو، أصبحت مدينة ريو دي جانيرو ثاني أكبر مدينة من حيث عدد السكان في البرازيل.^[93]

الجماعات العرقية

كشف تعداد 2022 عن الأرقام التالية: البرازيليون البيض (45.4% أو 2.821.619)؛ المختلطون (38.7% أو 2.403.895)؛ السود (15.6% أو 968.428)؛ الآسيويون (10.514 أو 0.2%)؛ الأصليون (6.531 أو 0.1%).^[94] يشكل الإناث 53.2% من سكان ريو دي جانيرو بينما يشكل الذكور 46.8%.^[95]

تشكل جالية السود السكان الذين جُلب أجدادهم كعبيد، معظمهم من أنگولا وموزمبيق، بالإضافة إلى أشخاص من أصول أنگولية وموزمبيقية وغرب أفريقية انتقلوا إلى ريو من مناطق أخرى من البرازيل. ويشكل السود أو ذو الأصول المختلطة قرابة نصف سكان المدينة.^[96] يُعرف البيض في البرازيل من خلال النمط الظاهري الذي يشبه الأوروپيين وليس من خلال النسب، ويمكن أن يكون اثنان من الأشقاء من تصنيفات "عرقية" مختلفة^[97] في استمرارية لون البشرة والنمط الظاهري من الپاليدو (البرانكو) أو البشرة الفاتحة، عبر البرانكو مورينو أو القوقازيون السمر، المستيكو كلارو أو البشرة الفاتحة متعددة الأعراق، الپاردو (العرق المختلط) إلى النگرو أو السود. على سبيل المثال، يشمل الاستخدام الشائع لكلمة پاردو أولئك الذين ينتمون إلى الكابوكلو' (المستيزو)، والمولاتوس (المولاتو)، والكافوزو (الزامبو)، والجوكاراس (مصطلح قديم يشير إلى ثلاثي الأعراق) والأمريكان-الهنود الغربيين (ويسمون أيضاً الكابوكلو)، وهم أقرب إلى لون البشرة وليس إلى جماعة عرقية بعينها.

الهجرة

العرقيات في ريو دي جانيرو
العرقية			النسبة المئوية
البيض			45.4%
]الپاردو (متعددو الأعراق)			38.7%
السود			15.6%
الآسيويون			0.2%
السكان الأصليون			0.1%

Different ethnic groups contributed to the formation of the population of Rio de Janeiro. Before European colonization, there were at least seven different indigenous peoples speaking 20 languages in the region. A part of them joined the Portuguese and the other the French. Those who joined the French were then exterminated by the Portuguese, while the other part was assimilated.^[98]

Rio de Janeiro is home to the largest Portuguese population outside of Lisbon in Portugal.^[99] After independence from Portugal, Rio de Janeiro became a destination for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from Portugal, mainly in the early 20th century. The immigrants were mostly poor peasants who subsequently found prosperity in Rio as city workers and small traders.^[100]

Portuguese immigrant in Rio de Janeiro, considered the largest "Portuguese city" outside Portugal^[101]

The Portuguese cultural influence is still seen in many parts of the city (and many other parts of the state of Rio de Janeiro), including architecture and language. Most Brazilians with some cultural contact with Rio know how to easily differentiate between the local dialect, Carioca , and other Brazilian dialects. People of Portuguese ancestry predominate in most of the state. The Brazilian census of 1920 showed that 39.7% of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil lived in Rio de Janeiro. Including all of the Rio de Janeiro, the proportion raised to 46.3% of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil. The numerical presence of the Portuguese was extremely high, accounting for 72% of the foreigners who lived in the capital. Portuguese born people accounted for 20.4% of the population of Rio, and those with a Portuguese father or a Portuguese mother accounted for 30.8%. In other words, native born Portuguese and their children accounted for 51.2% of the inhabitants of Rio, or a total of 267,664 people in 1890.^[102]

مدينة ريو دي جانيرو (1890)
الجماعة	السكان	النسبة ^[103]
المهاجرون الپرتغاليون	106.461	20.4%
برازيليون أحد والديهم على الأقل پرتغالي	161.203	30.8%
مهاجرون پرتغاليون وأحفادهم	267.664	51.2%

As a result of the influx of immigrants to Brazil from the late 19th to the early 20th century, also found in Rio de Janeiro and its metropolitan area are communities of Levantine Arabs who are mostly Christian or Irreligious, Spaniards, Italians, Germans, Japanese,^[104]

Genomic ancestry of non-related individuals in Rio de Janeiro^[105]
Race or skin color	Number of individuals	Amerindian	African	European
White	107	6.7%	6.9%	86.4%
Pardo (Mixed race)	119	8.3%	23.6%	68.1%
Black	109	7.3%	50.9%	41.8%

According to an autosomal DNA study from 2009, conducted on a school in the poor suburb of Rio de Janeiro, the "pardos" there were found to be on average about 80% European, and the "whites" (who thought of themselves as "very mixed") were found to carry very little Amerindian and/or African admixtures. The results of the tests of genomic ancestry are quite different from the self made estimates of European ancestry. In general, the test results showed that European ancestry is far more important than the students thought it would be. The "pardos" for example thought of themselves as ¹⁄₃ European, ¹⁄₃ African and ¹⁄₃ Amerindian before the tests, and yet their ancestry on average reached 80% European.^[106]^[107] Other studies showed similar results^[105]^[108]

الديانات

Religion in Rio de Janeiro (2010 Census)^[109]
Religion			Percent
Roman Catholicism			51.1%
Protestantism			23.4%
Other Christian			2.4%
No religion			13.6%
Spiritism			5.9%
Others			3.6%

Religion in Rio de Janeiro is diverse, with Catholic Christianity being the majority religion. According to data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), in 2010 the population of Rio de Janeiro had 3,229,192 Roman Catholics (51.1%), 1,477,021 Protestants (23.4%), 372.851 Spiritists (5.9%), 37,974 Jehovah's Witnesses (0.6%), 75,075 Buddhists (0.2%), 52,213 Umbanda (0.8%), 21,800 Jews (0.3%), 25,743 Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church (0.4%), 16,776 new eastern religious (0.2%), 28,843 Candomblé (0.4%), 3,853 Mormons (<0.1%), 5,751 Eastern Orthodox Christians (<0.1%), 7,394 spiritualists (0.1%), 964 Muslims (<0.1%), 5,662 esoteric (<0.1%) and 802 Hindus (<0.1%). 858,704 had no religion (13.5%), and 113,530 followed other forms of Christianity (1.8%).^[109]

Christ the Redeemer

Rio de Janeiro has had a rich and influential Catholic tradition. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro is the second largest archdiocese in Brazil after São Paulo.^[110] The Rio de Janeiro Cathedral was inaugurated in 1979, in the central region of the city. Its installations have a collection of great historical and religious value: the Archdiocesan Museum of Sacred Art and the Archdiocesan Archive.^[111] In a Contemporary architecture, it has a conical shape, with 96 meters of internal diameter and capacity to receive up to 20 thousand faithful. The splendor of the building, with straight and sober lines, is due to the changing stained glass windows carved on the walls up to the dome. Its design and execution was coordinated by Monsignor Ivo Antônio Calliari (1918–2005).^[111] Saint Sebastian is recognized as the city's patron saint, which is why it received the canonical name of "Saint Sebastian of Rio de Janeiro."^[112]

Many Protestant creeds coexist in the city, Presbyterian, Congregational, Lutheran and Anglican Churches. In addition to evangelical churches such as the Baptist, Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist and Pentecostal churches, such as the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, Assembly of God, Christian Congregation in Brazil and The Foursquare Church.^[109]

Afro-Brazilian religions such as Umbanda and Candomblé find support in various social segments, although professed by less than 2% of the population, many Cariocas simultaneously observe those practices with Roman Catholicism.^[109]^[113]

المسيحية

Igreja Presbiteriana do Rio de Janeiro

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, the Metropolitan See of its respective Ecclesiastical Province, belongs to the Regional Episcopal Council Leste I of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil (CNBB) (headquartered in Rio until 1977). Founded in 1676, it covers a territory of 1,721 km².^[114]

The Cathedral of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, or Metropolitan Cathedral, was inaugurated in 1979 in the central region of the city. Its facilities house a collection of great historical and religious value: the Archdiocesan Museum of Sacred Art and the Archdiocesan Archive. The Banco da Providência and the Archdiocesan Caritas are also based there. In a contemporary architectural style, it has a conical shape, with an internal diameter of 96 meters and a capacity to hold up to 20,000 worshippers. The splendor of the building, with its straight and sober lines, is due to the changing stained glass windows carved into the walls up to the dome. Its design and execution were coordinated by Monsignor Ivo Antônio Calliari (1918–2005).^[115] Saint Sebastian is recognized as the patron saint of the city, which is why it received the canonical name "São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro".^[116]

The city is home to various Protestant or reformed denominations, exemplified by the Presbyterian, Congregational, Lutheran and Anglican churches. There are also evangelical churches such as the Baptist, Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist churches, and those of Pentecostal origin: Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, Assembly of God, Christian Congregation in Brazil, Foursquare Gospel, House of Blessing, God is Love Pentecostal Church, Christian Maranatha, and New Life.^[117]

التعليم

Center for Human Science of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro

The Portuguese language is the official and national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are also part of the official curriculum. There are also international schools, such as the American School of Rio de Janeiro, Our Lady of Mercy School, SIS Swiss International School, the Corcovado German School, the Lycée Français and the British School of Rio de Janeiro.^[118]

The city has several universities and research institutes. The Ministry of Education has certified approximately 99 upper-learning institutions in Rio.^[119] The most prestigious university is the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. It is the fifth-best in Latin America; the second-best in Brazil, second only to the University of São Paulo; and the best in Latin America, according to the QS World University Rankings.^[120]^[121]

Some notable higher education institutions are Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO); Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ); Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ, often nicknamed Rural); Fluminense Federal University (UFF); Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio); Getúlio Vargas Foundation (FGV); Military Institute of Engineering (IME); Superior Institute of Technology in Computer Science of Rio de Janeiro (IST-Rio); College of Publicity and Marketing (ESPM); The Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (CBPF); National Institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics (IMPA); Superior institute of Education of Rio de Janeiro (ISERJ) and Federal Center of Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET/RJ). There are more than 137 upper-learning institutions in whole Rio de Janeiro state.^[122]

Superior institute of Education of Rio de Janeiro (ISERJ)

The Rio de Janeiro State University (public), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (public), Brazilian Institute of Capital Markets (private) and Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (private) are among the country's top institutions of higher education. Other institutes of higher learning include the Colégio Regina Coeli in Usina, notable for having its own 3 ft (914 mm) narrow-gauge^[123] funicular railway on its grounds.^[124]

Primary schools are largely under municipal administration, while the state plays a more significant role in the extensive network of secondary schools. There are also a small number of schools under federal administration, as is the case of Pedro II School, Colégio de Aplicação da UFRJ and the Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica of Rio de Janeiro (CEFET-RJ). In addition, Rio has an ample offering of private schools that provide education at all levels. Rio is home to many colleges and universities. The literacy rate for cariocas aged 10 and older is nearly 95 percent, well above the national average.^[125] In Rio, there were 1,033 primary schools with 25,594 teachers and 667,788 students in 1995. There are 370 secondary schools with 9,699 teachers and 227,892 students. There are 53 University-preparatory schools with 14,864 teachers and 154,447 students. The city has six major universities and 47 private schools of higher learning.^[126]

القضايا الاجتماعية

روسينا، أكبر منطقة عشوائية (فاڤلا) في البرازيل.

هناك تفاوتات كبيرة بين الأغنياء والفقراء في ريو دي جانيرو، والجماعات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية المختلفة منقسمة إلى حد كبير في أحياء مختلفة.^[127] على الرغم من أن المدينة تصنف بوضوح بين المدن الكبرى في العالم، إلا أن أعداداً كبيرة من السكان يعيشون في امناطق العشوائية المعروفة بالفاڤلا، حيث يعيش 95% من السكان فقراء، مقارنة بنحو 40% من عامة السكان.^[128]

كانت هناك عدد من المبادرات الحكومية لمواجهة هذه المشكلة، من إزالة السكان من المناطق العشوائية إلى مشاريع الإسكان مثل سيداد دي ديوس إلى النهج الأكثر حداثة لتحسين الظروف في المناطق العشوائية ورفع مستواها إلى مستوى بقية المدينة، كما كان محور برنامج "فاڤلا بايرو" ونشر وحدات شرطة التهدئة.

يوجد في ريو عدد أكبر من الأشخاص الذين يعيشون في المناطق العشوائية مقارنة بأي مدينة أخرى في البرازيل، بحسب تعداد عام 2010.^[129] يعيش أكثر من 1.5 مليون شخص في 763 منطقة عشوائية، أي ما يعادل 22% من إجمالي سكان ريو. ساو پاولو، أكبر مدينة في البرازيل، بها عدد أكبر من المناطق العشوائية (1.020 منطقة)، لكن بشكل متناسب يوجد بها عدد أقل من الأشخاص الذين يعيشون في تلك المناطق مقارنة بريو.

كما تشهد ريو نسبة كبيرة من أعمال العنف التي ترعاها الدولة، حيث ترتكب قوات الأمن نحو 20% من جميع عمليات القتل.^[130] عام 2019، قتلت الشرطة ما معدله خمسة أشخاص يومياً في ولاية ريو دي جانيرو، بإجمالي 1810 قتيل سنوياً. وكان هذا أكبر عدد من عمليات القتل التي ارتكبتها الشرطة مقارنة بأي عام منذ بدء السجلات الرسمية عام 1998.^[131]

السياسة

الحكومة البلدية

São Sebastião Administrative Center, seat of City Hall

Palácio Pedro Ernesto, in Cinelândia, seat of Municipal Council

In Rio de Janeiro, the executive power is represented by the mayor and the cabinet of secretaries, in accordance with the model proposed by the Federal Constitution. The Organic Law of the Municipality and the current Master Plan, however, stipulate that the public administration must provide the population with effective tools for the exercise of participatory democracy. In this way, the city is divided into subprefectures, each of which is headed by a sub-mandatory appointed directly by the mayor.^[132]

Legislative power is constituted by the municipal council, composed of 51 councilors^[133] elected for four-year terms (in compliance with the provisions of article 29 of the Constitution, which disciplines a minimum number of 42 and a maximum of 55 for municipalities with more than five million inhabitants).^[134] It is up to the House to prepare and vote on fundamental laws for the administration and the Executive, especially the participatory budget (Lei de Diretrizes Orçamentárias). Although the veto power is granted to the mayor, the process of voting on the laws that oppose him usually generates conflicts between the Executive and the Legislative.^[135]

There are also municipal councils, which complement the legislative process and the work engendered in the secretariats. Compulsorily formed by representatives of various sectors of organized civil society, they are on different fronts — although their effective representation is sometimes questioned. The following are currently in operation: Municipal Council for the Protection of Cultural Heritage (CMPC), Defense of the Environment (CONDEMAM), Health (CMS), the Rights of Children and Adolescents (CMDCA), Education (CME), Social Assistance (CMAS) and Anti-Drugs.^[136]

الحكومة الولائية

Guanabara Palace, seat of the state government

Tiradentes Palace, seat of the Legislative Assembly

As the capital of the homonymous state, the city is the seat of the state government. The Guanabara Palace (formerly known as Paço Isabel) is located in the Laranjeiras neighborhood, in the south zone, and is the official seat of the Rio de Janeiro executive power. Not to be confused with Palácio Laranjeiras, situated in the same neighborhood, which is the official residence of the governor of Rio de Janeiro.^[137]

The Legislative Assembly of Rio de Janeiro (ALERJ) is the state legislative body^[138] and is headquartered at Tiradentes Palace,^[139] where the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil previously functioned.^[140]

The Court of Justice of the State of Rio de Janeiro (TJRJ) is the highest body of the judiciary in the state. Its central court is located in downtown Rio de Janeiro, but, from 2013 to July 2018, some of the courts of this court were moved to Cidade Nova.^[141]

الحكومة الفدرالية

The city of Rio de Janeiro was successively the capital of the Portuguese colony of the State of Brazil (1621–1815), after the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1822), the Empire of Brazil (1822–1889) and from the Republic of the United States of Brazil (1889–1968) until 1960, when the seat of government was definitively transferred to the then newly built Brasília.^[142]

Despite the change in the federal capital, 59% of civil servants in the Executive Branch of federal agencies and public companies remained in the city. Rio de Janeiro is also the only Brazilian state where the number of federal employees exceeds the number of state employees. About a third of all federal public bodies and companies remain in the former capital, with 50 public offices, including agencies, autarchies, foundations and public companies, such as the National Library, the National Nuclear Energy Commission, Fiocruz, BNDES, Petrobras, Eletrobras, IBGE, Casa da Moeda, the National Archives, among others.^[142]

التقسيمات

Municipality of Rio de Janeiro and its division into zones and neighborhoods

المنطقة الغربية

المنطقة الشمالية

المنطقة الجنوبية

المنطقة الوسطى

The city is commonly divided into the historic center (Centro); the tourist-friendly wealthier South Zone (Zona Sul); the residential less wealthy North Zone (Zona Norte); peripheries in the West Zone (Zona Oeste), among them Santa Cruz, Campo Grande and the wealthy newer Barra da Tijuca district. Rio de Janeiro is administratively divided into 33 distritos (districts) named Regiões Administrativas ("Administrative Regions") and 165 bairros (neighborhoods).^[143]

Subprefectures are officially grouped into four regions (or "zones"), taking into account geographic position and occupation history; however these do not have any administrative or political power over the municipality. The official political division of the municipality takes into account historical-cultural characteristics to divide the neighborhoods.^[144] Most of its population is concentrated in the neighborhoods of Campo Grande, Santa Cruz, Bangu, Tijuca, Realengo, Jacarepaguá, Copacabana, Barra da Tijuca, Maré, Guaratiba and Taquara together, these eleven neighborhoods concentrate a population of 1.5 million inhabitants, according to the 2010 census.^[145]

Centro or Downtown is the historic core of the city, as well as its financial center. Sites of interest include the Paço Imperial, built during colonial times to serve as a residence for the Portuguese governors of Brazil; many historic churches, such as the Candelária Church (the former cathedral), São Jose, Santa Lucia, Nossa Senhora do Carmo, Santa Rita, São Francisco de Paula, and the monasteries of Santo Antônio and São Bento. The Centro also houses the modern concrete Rio de Janeiro Cathedral. Around the Cinelândia square, there are several landmarks of the Belle Époque of Rio, such as the Municipal Theatre and the National Library building. Among its several museums, the Museu Nacional de Belas Artes (National Museum of Fine Arts) and the Museu Histórico Nacional (National Historical Museum) are the most important.

Within the Cultural Corridor, one of the districts with the highest level of architectural and historical preservation in Rio's City Center is the Sociedade de Amigos das Adjacências da Rua da Alfândega (In English: Society of Friends of the Adjacencies of Alfândega Street.), the famous "SAARA". It is an association formed by merchants who operate near Rua da Alfândega, in Historic Center of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The area is famous for housing stores specializing in popular home goods and fabrics, with several historic buildings. The name comes from the occupation of the region by Muslim, Jewish and Maronite Christian immigrants from the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century, for commercial purposes. The region preserves examples of various architectural styles, from Portuguese colonial, through Neoclassical, Eclectic, Art Deco and Modernism, making the region a rich tapestry of historical architecture that refers to the city's colonial and imperial past.

Aerial view of Fort Copacabana, with Copacabana (right) and Ipanema (left, background)

Barra da Tijuca with Pedra da Gávea in background

The South Zone (Zona Sul) is composed of several districts, among which are São Conrado, Leblon, Ipanema, Arpoador, Copacabana, and Leme, which compose Rio's Atlantic beach coastline.^[146] The neighborhood of Copacabana beach hosts one of the world's most spectacular New Year's Eve parties ("Reveillon"), as more than two million revelers crowd onto the sands to watch the fireworks display. From 2001, the fireworks have been launched from boats, to improve the safety of the event.^[147]

The North Zone (Zona Norte) begins at Grande Tijuca (the middle class residential and commercial bairro of Tijuca), just west of the city center, and sprawls for miles inland until Baixada Fluminense and the city's Northwest.^[148] This region is home to the Maracanã (located in Grande Tijuca), once the world's highest capacity football venue, able to hold nearly 199,854 people,^[149] as it did for the World Cup final of 1950. This region is also home to most of the samba schools of Rio de Janeiro such as Mangueira, Salgueiro, Império Serrano, Unidos da Tijuca, Imperatriz Leopoldinense, among others. Some of the main neighborhoods of Rio's North Zone are Alto da Boa Vista which shares the Tijuca Rainforest with the South and Southwest Zones; Tijuca, Vila Isabel, Méier, São Cristovão, Madureira, Penha, Manguinhos, Fundão, Olaria among others. Many of Rio de Janeiro's slums (favelas), are located in the North Zone.^[150]

West Zone (Zona Oeste) of Rio de Janeiro is a vaguely defined area that covers some 50% of the city's entire area, including Barra da Tijuca and Recreio dos Bandeirantes neighborhoods. The West Side of Rio has many historic sites because of the old "Royal Road of Santa Cruz" that crossed the territory in the regions of Realengo, Bangu, and Campo Grande, finishing at the Royal Palace of Santa Cruz in the Santa Cruz region. The highest peak of the city of Rio de Janeiro is the Pedra Branca Peak (Pico da Pedra Branca) inside the Pedra Branca State Park. It has an altitude of 1024m. The Pedra Branca State Park (Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca)^[151] is the biggest urban state park in the world comprising 17 neighborhoods in the west side, being a "giant lung" in the city with trails,^[152] waterfalls and historic constructions like an old aqueduct in the Colônia Juliano Moreira^[153] in the neighborhood of Taquara and a dam in Camorim. Santa Cruz and Campo Grande Region have exhibited economic growth, mainly in the Campo Grande neighborhood. Industrial enterprises are being built in lower and lower middle class residential Santa Cruz, one of the largest and most populous of Rio de Janeiro's neighborhoods, most notably Ternium Brasil, a new steel mill with its own private docks on Sepetiba Bay, which is planned to be South America's largest steel works.^[154] A tunnel called Túnel da Grota Funda, opened in 2012, creating a public transit facility between Barra da Tijuca and Santa Cruz, lessening travel time to the region from other areas of Rio de Janeiro.^[155]

العلاقات الخارجية

المدن الشقيقة

ريو دي جانيرو على توأمة مع:

أرگانيل، الپرتغال^[156]
أطلنطا، الولايات المتحدة^[157]
باكو، أذربيجان ^[158]
برشلونة، إسپانيا ^[158]
بكين، الصين^[159]
بيروت، لبنان ^[160]
براگا، الپرتغال ^[161]
بريزبين، أستراليا
بوينس آيرس، الأرجنتين ^[162]
بوسان، كوريا الجنوبية ^[163]
كيپ تاون، جنوب أفريقيا ^[158]
طنجة، المغرب ^[164]
كولونيا، ألمانيا ^[158]
گيمارايس، الپرتغال ^[165]
گوي‌يانگ، الصين ^[166]
إسطنبول، تركيا ^[158]
كييڤ، أوكرانيا ^[167]
كوبه، اليابان ^[168]
لاهور، پاكستان ^[169]
لشبونة، الپرتغال ^[170]
ليڤرپول، المملكة المتحدة ^[171]
لواندا، أنگولا ^[172]
مبانزا كونگو، أنگولا ^[173]
مدريد، إسپانيا ^[174]
مونپلييه، فرنسا ^[175]
نيس، فرنسا ^[176]
نيروبي، كينيا
أوكلاهوما سيتي، الولايات المتحدة ^[177]
أولهاو، الپرتغال ^[178]
رمات گان، إسرائيل ^[179]
رعنانا، إسرائيل ^[180]
سانت پطرسبورگ، روسيا ^[181]
سمقرند، أوزبكستان ^[182]
سانتا كومبا، إسپانيا ^[183]
سانتا كروز ده تنريفه، إسپانيا ^[184]
ڤيانا دو كاستلو، الپرتغال ^[185]
ڤيزِو، الپرتغال ^[186]
وارسو، پولندا ^[187]

المدن الشريكة

Rio de Janeiro has the following partner/friendship cities:

Berlin, Germany^[188]
Kansas City, United States^[189]
Moscow, Russia^[190]
New York, United States^[191]
Paris, France^[192]
Philadelphia, United States^[193]
Tokyo, Japan^[194]
Toronto, Canada^[195]
Yerevan, Armenia^[196]

اتحاد العواصم الإيبرو-أمريكية

Rio de Janeiro is a part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities.^[197]

الاقتصاد

Downtown Rio, in the financial district of the city

Botafogo with the Sugarloaf Mountain

Largo da Carioca, in Downtown Rio

Barra da Tijuca

Rio de Janeiro has the second-largest GDP of any city in Brazil, surpassed only by São Paulo. According to the IBGE, it was approximately US$201 billion in 2008, equivalent to 5.1% of the national total. Taking into consideration the network of influence exerted by the urban metropolis (which covers 11.3% of the population), this share in GDP rises to 14.4%, according to a study released in October 2008 by the IBGE.^[198]

Greater Rio de Janeiro, as perceived by the IBGE, has a GDP of US$187 billion, constituting the second largest hub of national wealth. Per capita GDP is US$11,786.^[199] It concentrates 68% of the state's economic strength and 7.9% of all goods and services produced in the country.^[200] The services sector comprises the largest portion of GDP (65.5%), followed by commerce (23.4%), industrial activities (11.1%) and agriculture (0.1%).^[201]^[202]

Benefiting from the federal capital position it had for a long period (1763–1960), the city became a dynamic administrative, financial, commercial and cultural center. Rio de Janeiro became an attractive place for companies to locate when it was the capital of Brazil, as important sectors of society and of the government were present in the city. The city was chosen as headquarters for state-owned companies such as Petrobras, Eletrobras, Caixa Econômica Federal, National Economic and Social Development Bank and Vale (which was privatized in the 1990s). The Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange (BVRJ), which currently trades only government securities, was the first stock exchange founded in Brazil in 1845.

The off-shore oil exploration in the Campos Basin began in 1968 and became the main site for oil production of Brazil. This caused many oil and gas companies to be based in Rio de Janeiro, such as the Brazilian branches of Shell, EBX and Esso. For many years Rio was the second largest industrial hub of Brazil,^[203] with oil refineries, shipbuilding industries, steel, metallurgy, petrochemicals, cement, pharmaceutical, textile, processed foods and furniture industries.

Major international pharmaceutical companies have their Brazilian headquarters in Rio such as: Merck, Roche, Arrow, Darrow, Baxter, Mayne, and Mappel.

Recent decades have seen a sharp transformation in its economic profile, which is becoming more and more one of a major national hub of services and businesses.^[204] The city is the headquarters of large telecom companies, such as Intelig, Oi and Embratel. Major Brazilian entertainment and media organizations are based in Rio de Janeiro like Organizações Globo and also some of Brazil's major newspapers: Jornal do Brasil, O Dia, and Business Rio.

Tourism and entertainment are other key aspects of the city's economic life. The city is the nation's top tourist attraction for both Brazilians and foreigners.^[205]

In Greater Rio, which has one of the highest per capita incomes in Brazil, retail trade is substantial. Many of the most important retail stores are located in the center, but others are scattered throughout the commercial areas of the other districts, where shopping centers, supermarkets, and other retail businesses handle a large volume of consumer trade.^[206]

Rio de Janeiro is (اعتبارا من 2014^[تحديث]) the second largest exporting municipality in Brazil. Annually, Rio exported a total of $7.49B (USD) worth of goods.^[207] The top three goods exported by the municipality were crude petroleum (40%), semi finished iron product (16%), and semi finished steel products (11%).^[208] Material categories of mineral products (42%) and metals (29%) make up 71% of all exports from Rio.^[209]

Compared to other cities, Rio de Janeiro's economy is the second-largest in Brazil, behind São Paulo, and the 30th largest in the world with a GDP of R$ 201,9 billion in 2010. The per capita income for the city was R$22,903 in 2007 (around US$14,630).^[210] Largely because of the strength of Brazil's currency at the time, Mercer's city rankings of cost of living for expatriate employees, reported that Rio de Janeiro ranked 12th among the most expensive cities in the world in 2011, up from the 29th position in 2010, just behind São Paulo (ranked 10th), and ahead of London, Paris, Milan, and New York.^[211]^[212] Rio also had the most expensive hotel rates in Brazil, and the daily rate of its five star hotels were the second most expensive in the world after only New York.^[213]

القطاعات البارزة

Headquarters building of Petrobras

Rio de Janeiro is home to many of Brazil's largest business conglomerates. Among them are the three largest multinationals in the energy and mining sectors: Petrobras, Vale S.A., and the EBX Group; the largest media and communications group in Latin America, Grupo Globo; and major telecommunications companies like CorpCo (owner of Oi and Portugal Telecom), TIM, Embratel, Intelig, and Star One (the largest satellite management company in Latin America).^[214]

In the petrochemical sector, there are more than 700 companies, including Brazil's largest (Shell, Esso, Ipiranga, Chevron, PRIO, Repsol). Most maintain research centers throughout the state and together produce over four-fifths of the petroleum and fuels distributed at service stations nationwide.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} The Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN),^[215] Ternium Brasil^[216] (the largest steel mill in Latin America^[217]) and the Brazilian branch of BHP Billiton^[218] play significant roles in the mining sector. The city also hosts the main national and international groups of the shipbuilding industry and the largest shipyards in the state and throughout Brazil, which produce about 90% of the ships and offshore equipment in Brazil.^[219]

Americanas, Coca-Cola Brasil, Eletrobras, Michelin, Neoenergia, Xerox do Brasil, GE Oil & Gas, Light, Chemtech, Transpetro, BAT Brasil, Grupo SulAmérica and Vibra Energia are among the major companies headquartered in the city. The city has a significant number of pharmaceutical industries, including Schering-Plough,^[220] GlaxoSmithKline,^[221] Roche,^[222] and Merck.^[223]

Replica of the Ganges River at the scenic city of Projac, the second-largest television complex in Latin America^[224]

Rio de Janeiro has inherited a strong cultural vocation from its past. It currently hosts the main production centers of Brazilian television: the Estúdios Globo of TV Globo, the Casablanca Estúdios of Record, and the Polo de Cinema de Jacarepaguá — responsible for creating about 10,000 direct jobs and 30,000 indirect jobs. In 2006, 65% of Brazilian cinema production was done exclusively by studios in Rio, generating 91 million reais in federal funds through tax incentive laws.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} A significant part of the Brazilian editorial graphic industry is also present. In the phonographic industry, companies such as EMI,^[225] Universal Music,^[226] Sony Music,^[227] Warner Music^[228] and Som Livre are present.^[229]

Many state-owned companies, public foundations, and federal autarchies have their headquarters in the city, including the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES),^[230] the Casa da Moeda do Brasil,^[231] the Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil (INB),^[232] the Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP),^[233] the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE),^[234] the Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (Inmetro),^[235] the Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI),^[236] the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM),^[237] and the Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN).^[238]

السياحة

Ipanema beach

Museum of Tomorrow

Rio de Janeiro is Brazil's primary tourist attraction and resort. It receives the most visitors per year of any city in South America with 2.82 million international tourists a year.^[239]

Attractions in the city include approximately 80 kilometers of beaches, Corcovado and Sugarloaf mountains, and the Maracanã Stadium. While the city had in past had a thriving tourism sector, the industry entered a decline in the last quarter of the 20th century. Annual international airport arrivals dropped from 621,000 to 378,000 and average hotel occupancy dropped to 50% between 1985 and 1993.^[240] The fact that Brasília replaced Rio de Janeiro as the Brazilian capital in 1960 and that São Paulo replaced Rio as the country's commercial, financial and main cultural center during the mid-20th century, has also been cited as a leading cause of the decline.^[241]

Rio de Janeiro's government has since undertaken to modernize the city's economy, reduce its chronic social inequalities, and improve its commercial standing as part of an initiative for the regeneration of the tourism industry.^[241]

Rio de Janeiro is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars, dance bars and nightclubs staying open well past midnight.^[242] The city is an important global LGBT destination, with 1 million LGBT tourists visiting each year.^[243]

The Farme de Amoedo Street "Rua Farme de Amoedo" is located in Ipanema, a neighborhood in the South Zone of the city. The street and the nearby beach are popular in the LGBT community.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

البنية التحتية

النقل

المطارات

The city of Rio de Janeiro is served by the following airports:

Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport

Rio de Janeiro–Santos Dumont Domestic Airport

Galeão–Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport: used for all international and most domestic flights. The airport is connected to local and intercity buses and BRT.^[244]^[245]^[246]^[247]
Santos Dumont Airport: used mainly for services to São Paulo, some short and medium-haul domestic flights, and general aviation.^[248] As of 2025, the airport's passenger capacity is capped by the federal government at 6.5 million per year.^[249] The airport is connected to the city's light rail system, which connects it to several other transport modes in the city centre.^[250]
Jacarepaguá-Roberto Marinho Airport: used by general aviation and home to the Aeroclube do Brasil (Brasil Flying club).^[251] It also has some short-haul commercial flights.^[252] The airport is located in the district of Baixada de Jacarepaguá (pt).^[253]

Military airports include:

Galeão Air Force Base: A Brazilian Air Force airbase, sharing some facilities with Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport;
Santa Cruz Air Force Base: A Brazilian Air Force airbase. Formerly called Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport, it was built by the Luftschiffbau Zeppelin. Today it is one of the most important Air Force Bases in Brazil;
Afonsos Air Force Base: One of the historical Brazilian Air Force airbases. It is also the location of the University of the Air Force (Universidade da Força Aérea),^[254] the Museu Aeroespacial,^[255] and where air shows take place.

الموانئ

ميناء ريو دي جانيرو.

The Port of Rio de Janeiro is Brazil's third busiest port in terms of cargo volume, and it is the main port for cruise vessels. Located on the west coast of the Guanabara Bay, it serves the States of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Espírito Santo. The port is managed by Companhia Docas do Rio de Janeiro. The Port of Rio de Janeiro covers territory from Mauá Pier in the east to Caju Wharf in the north. The Port of Rio de Janeiro contains almost seven×10^³ m (23×10^³ ft) of continuous wharf and an 883 m (2,897 ft) pier. The Companhia Docas do Rio de Janeiro directly administers the Gamboa Wharf general cargo terminal: the wheat terminal with two warehouses capable of moving 300 tons of grains; General Load Terminal 2 with warehouses covering over 20×10^³ m² (215×10^³ sq ft), and the São Cristóvão Wharves with terminals for wheat and liquid bulk.^[256]

At Gamboa Wharf, leaseholders operate terminals for sugar, paper, and iron and steel products. Leaseholders at Caju Wharf operate terminals for roll-on/roll-off cargoes, containers, and liquid bulk. In 2004, the Port of Rio de Janeiro handled over seven million tons of cargo on almost 1700 vessels. In 2004, the Port of Rio de Janeiro handled over two million tons of containerized cargo in almost 171 thousand TEUs. The port handled 852 thousand tons of wheat, more than 1.8 million tons of iron and steel, over a million tons of liquid bulk cargo, almost 830 thousand tons of dry bulk, over five thousand tons of paper goods, and over 78 thousand vehicles. In 2003, over 91 thousand passengers moved through the Port of Rio Janeiro on 83 cruise vessels.^[257]

النقل العام

خريطة النقل العام في البرازيل.

In Rio de Janeiro, buses are the main form of public transportation. There are nearly 440 municipal bus lines serving over four million passengers every day, in addition to intercity lines. Although cheap and frequent^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}, Rio's transportation policy has been moving towards trains and subway in order to reduce surface congestion and increase carrier capacity. Rio's public transportation service has been a target of many critics and the motive of the 2013 protests and manifestations. According to the people, the raise in the bus and subway fares are invalid, seeing that the amount charged is too high for the low quality of the services.

In 2022, the average amount of time people spent commuting with public transit in Rio de Janeiro on a weekday was 67 minutes. 12% of public transit riders had commutes that took more than two hours per day. The average amount of time people waited at a stop or station for public transit was 21 minutes, with 12% of riders waiting less than 5 minutes and 41% of riders waiting for over 20 minutes. The average distance people usually traveled in a single trip with public transit was 11.4 km (7.1 mi). The average distance people walked on their commute was 634 m (0.39 mi). 11% of people made exactly two transfers during their commute, and 2% of commuters made 3 or more transfers.^[258]

السكك الحديدية الحضرية

Urban train from SuperVia

Train of Rio de Janeiro Metro

Rio de Janeiro Light Rail

Santa Teresa Tram

Rio de Janeiro nominally has three metro lines, though two of them (Lines 1 and 4) are operationally run as a single line.^[259] The system runs on 58 km (36 mi) of track and has 41 stations.^[260] Line 1/4 runs from Uruguai/Tijuca station in Tijuca to Jardim Oceânico/Barra da Tijuca station in Barra da Tijuca; Line 2 runs from Pavuna station in Pavuna to Botafogo station in Botafogo. There is partial fare integration with other modes of transport when using the Bilhete Único Intermunicipal.^[261]^[262]

The city also has a suburban rail system operated by SuperVia that connects the city of Rio with other locations in Greater Rio de Janeiro. It has 8 lines on 270 km (168 mi) of track with 103 stations in 12 municipalities (Rio de Janeiro, Belford Roxo, Duque de Caxias, Guapimirim, Japeri, Magé, Mesquita, Nilópolis, Nova Iguaçu, Paracambi, Queimados and São João de Meriti.).^[263] It carries around 320,000 passengers per day.^[264]

The Rio de Janeiro Light Rail is a modern light rail system that runs on 28 km (17 mi) of track with 30 stations distributed along 4 lines.^[265]^[266] The trams are the first in the world to use a combination of ground-level power supply (APS) and on-board supercapacitor energy storage (SRS), in order to eliminate overhead lines along the entire route.^[267]^[268] The network uses 32 Alstom Citadis 402 low-floor trams carrying 420 passengers each. They are bi-directional, air-conditioned, have seven sections, and eight doors per side.^[269]^[270]

The Santa Teresa Tram is the oldest operating electric tramway in Latin America,^[271] commenced electric operation in 1896, replacing horse-drawn trams and extending the route.^[272] At this time the gauge was altered to 1٬100 mm (3 ft 7 ⁵⁄₁₆ in).^[272] It was designated a national historic monument in 1985.^[272]^:111 After a derailment occurred on 27 August 2011,^[273] which left six dead, tram service was suspended to improve the system. The elderly tramcars, which dated from the 1950s,^[274] were retired and replaced with newly built replicas that have the appearance of the old fleet but with new mechanical equipment and additional safety features;^[275] delivery began in 2014.^[276] The line's track was also rebuilt, and after some delays, about one-third of the line reopened in July 2015. More sections reopened later in stages, following repair of additional sections of track. The line was restored to its full pre-2011 length of 6 km (4 mi) in January 2019.^[277]

العبارات

عبارة ريو دي جانيرو.

The most geographically close sister city to Rio that is on the other side of Guanabara Bay is Niterói. Many people who live in Niterói, as well its neighboring municipalities São Gonçalo and Maricá, commute to Rio de Janeiro to study and work. There are several ferry services that operate between the Rio Centro (Praça XV) and Niterói (Centro and Charitas). There is a traditional boat as well as several "fast cat" hydrofoil boats. One of the city neighborhoods is Paquetá Island, which can only be accessed by ferryboats or hydrofoil boats. The ferryboat to Paquetá leaves every hour, from early in the morning until around midnight. There is also a ferry to Cocotá.

الحافلات

TransOeste Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

City buses, which come in both non-air conditioned and air conditioned versions, cost about R$4,30 to ride.^[278] The system may be relatively safe by day but less so at night.^[279] Integration of bus lines has been recently implemented, allowing users to take two non-air conditioned bus rides in two hours paying just one ticket. It is necessary to have a registered electronic card (the "Bilhete Único Carioca (BUC)") in order to benefit of this system.

Another type of local bus is called the "Frescão" (air-conditioned). These buses run several routes, the main being from Centro through Botafogo, Copacabana and Ipanema to Leblon (and vice versa), and from the International Airport to Barra, through the beach road. They are air conditioned – about 22 °C (72 °F) – more upscale/comfortable and cost between R$13.35–R$19.95.^[280] However, it is only available during weekdays. The buses also run more frequently during the rush hours in the morning and evening. Going in the direction of Centro (city center), the bus can be flagged down on the beach road (buses with plaques showing "Castelo").

النقل بالسكك الحديدية

جسر ريو-نيتروي.

Driving in Rio de Janeiro, as in most large cities of Brazil, might not be the best choice because of the large car numbers. The city is served by a number of expressways, like Linha Vermelha, Linha Amarela, Avenida Brasil, Avenida das Américas and Avenida Infante Dom Henrique (Aterro do Flamengo); in spite of this, traffic jams are very common.^[281] Because of the organization of the 2016 Olympics the city is installing four BRT systems to link Barra da Tijuca with other major neighborhoods: TransOlimpica (between Barra and Deodoro); TransBrasil (over the Avenida Brasil expressway); TransCarioca (between Barra and the Galeão International Airport); and TransOeste (between Barra and Santa Cruz, over Avenida das Américas).

In Brazil, most interstate transportation is done by road. A large terminal for long-distance buses is in the Santo Cristo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro. There are also two port facilities for cargo and passenger ships (Rio de Janeiro and Sepetiba port). Rio has roads to all neighbor States. Some roads (like Via Dutra, to São Paulo, and a stretch of the BR-101 which covers the Rio-Niterói bridge) were chartered to private enterprises. The quality of the highways improved much, but was accompanied by a significant increase of the toll fees. From São Paulo: take the BR-116 (Presidente Dutra Federal Highway) or the BR-101 (Rio-Santos Federal Highway). From Belo Horizonte: BR-040. From Salvador: BR-101 or BR-324/BR-116/BR-393/BR-040.

الدراجات

Bike Rio rental station in Mauá Square, Downtown Rio

The city has 160 km (99 mi) of cycle paths that, wherever they exist, are very much preferable to riding in the city's traffic. Most paths run alongside beaches and extend intermittently from the Marina da Glória, Centro, through Flamengo, Copacabana and Ipanema, to Barra da Tijuca and Recreio dos Bandeirantes. six km (3.7 mi) of cycle paths traverse the Tijuca National Park.^[282]

The Bike Rio began operations in October 2011. This bicycle sharing system is sponsored by the municipal government of Rio de Janeiro in partnership with Banco Itaú. The bike sharing system has 600 bicycles available at 60 rental stations in 14 neighborhoods throughout the city.^[283]^[284]

المياه والصرف الصحي

اعتبارا من 2021^[تحديث] only 65% of sewage was properly treated, leaving 35% to be improperly discharged.^[285] اعتبارا من 2022^[تحديث] there were at least 400 illicit sewage disposal points in the drainage network.^[286]

National policy changes in 2020–2021 for the universalization of sanitation kept the 2007 policy defining the municipality as the provider of sanitation service, delegating the organization, supervision, and provision of services to third parties.^[287]^[288] The National Water and Basic Sanitation Agency (pt) (ANA) is responsible for the setting standards regulating basic public sanitation services.^[288] In 2021–2022, distribution and treatment of sewage of the Rio State Water and Sewage Company (pt) (CEDAE) was divided into four blocks and auctioned to Aegea (Águas do Rio) and Iguá; CEDAE remained in control of water collection and treatment of drinking water.^[285]^[289] The Rio State Environmental Institute (pt) (INEA) has primary responsibility for water pollution monitoring and enforcement.^[286]

الثقافة

متحف الفن الحديث.

المتحف الوطني للفنون الجميلة.

المسيح الفادي.

Rio de Janeiro is a main cultural hub in Brazil. Its architecture embraces churches and buildings dating from the 16th to the 19th centuries, blending with the world-renowned designs of the 20th century. Rio was home to the Portuguese Imperial family and capital of the country for many years, and was influenced by Portuguese, English, and French architecture.^[290]

Rio de Janeiro has inherited a strong cultural role from the past. In the late 19th century, there were sessions held of the first Brazilian film and since then, several production cycles have spread out, eventually placing Rio at the forefront of experimental and national cinema. The Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival^[291] has been held annually since 1999.^[292]

Rio currently brings together the main production centers of Brazilian television.^[293] Major international films set in Rio de Janeiro include Blame it on Rio; the James Bond film Moonraker; the Oscar award-winning, critically acclaimed Central Station by Walter Salles, who is also one of Brazil's best-known directors; and the Oscar award-winning historical drama, Black Orpheus, which depicted the early days of Carnaval in Rio de Janeiro. Internationally distributed Brazilian-made movies illustrating a darker side of Rio de Janeiro include Elite Squad and City of God.

Rio has many important cultural landmarks, such as the Biblioteca Nacional (National Library), one of the largest libraries in the world with collections totalling more than 9 million items; the Theatro Municipal; the National Museum of Fine Arts; the Carmen Miranda Museum; the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden; the Parque Lage; the Quinta da Boa Vista; the Imperial Square; the Brazilian Academy of Letters; the Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro; and the Natural History Museum.

العمارة

Rio de Janeiro’s architectural heritage is a vivid chronicle of its layered history—from its early colonial foundations through its imperial grandeur, its mid‑20th‑century modernist breakthroughs, to its current phase of dynamic urban renewal. This architectural panorama not only mirrors the cultural and historical shifts that have shaped the city but also its ongoing dialogue with nature, technology, and contemporary urban life.

1. Colonial and Imperial Foundations

During the colonial era, Rio’s buildings were characterized by the pragmatic yet elegant designs of Portuguese architecture. Early structures—such as churches, convents, and public buildings—employed robust masonry, simple forms, and decorative azulejos (ceramic tiles) that served both aesthetic and defensive functions. With the arrival of the Portuguese Royal Court in 1808, the city witnessed an explosion of opulent construction. Imperial residences and palaces, including the Paço Imperial and Catete Palace, were remodeled in neoclassical styles featuring grand porticos, ornate stucco work, imported marble, and expansive courtyards. These edifices were designed to convey the power and sophistication of the empire and remain emblematic of Rio’s imperial past.

2. Modernist Innovations

The 20th century introduced a wave of Modernism that redefined Rio’s built environment. Visionary architects embraced the use of reinforced concrete, glass, and clean, geometric lines to create structures that were both functional and expressive. Landmarks such as the Theatro Municipal exemplify this era: its lavish interiors combine modern construction techniques with classical ornamentation, symbolizing a bridge between tradition and modernity. Similarly, institutions like the Museu de Arte Moderna (MAM) and public housing projects reflect a commitment to functional design that responds to Rio’s tropical climate, integrating natural light and ventilation into their design.

3. Contemporary Urban Renewal and Global Recognition

In recent decades, Rio’s architecture has entered a dynamic phase of urban renewal, particularly in its Central and Port Zones. Historic neighborhoods such as Gamboa, Saúde, and Morro do Livramento—once home to colonial sobrados and industrial warehouses—are being rejuvenated through adaptive reuse. Former warehouses have been transformed into cultural centers, creative hubs, and commercial spaces, while new public spaces and promenades blend seamlessly with restored historic facades. This revitalization not only preserves the city’s heritage but also stimulates economic growth and cultural expression.

In a landmark moment reflecting its rich and diverse architectural tapestry, In January 2019, Rio was named the first World Capital of Architecture by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Union of Architects (UIA). This accolade recognized the city’s unique ability to fuse its storied colonial and imperial past with bold modernist interventions and innovative contemporary designs. The award highlighted how Rio’s landmark buildings, from the majestic Municipal Theater to the iconic Catete Palace, and its ongoing urban renewal projects, create a built environment that is as dynamic as it is historic.

4. Harmonious Integration with Nature

A striking feature of Rio’s architecture is its deep connection with the natural landscape. Nestled between dramatic mountains, expansive bays, and landmarks like Sugarloaf Mountain and Corcovado, many buildings are designed to frame panoramic views of nature. Residential areas in upscale neighborhoods such as Ipanema and Leblon prioritize open, airy designs that invite natural light and breezes, while public spaces like parks, plazas, and waterfront promenades are meticulously landscaped to enhance both beauty and functionality.

5. Legacy and Ongoing Evolution

From colonial fortresses and imperial palaces to modernist masterpieces and cutting-edge urban projects, Rio de Janeiro’s architecture tells a story of transformation and resilience. It is a living narrative that continues to evolve—reflecting the city’s complex history, diverse cultural influences, and its ceaseless drive toward reinvention. This multifaceted heritage not only shapes the identity of Rio but also sets a global benchmark in architectural innovation, as recognized by its prestigious title as the “World Capital of Architecture.”

الأدب

أكاديمية الآداب البرازيلية.

المكتبة الوطنية البرازيلية

مجلس الوزراء الملكي الگرتغالي في ريدنگ.

After Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822, Rio de Janeiro quickly developed a European-style bourgeois cultural life, including numerous newspapers, in which most 19th-century novels were initially published in serial. Joaquim Manuel de Macedo's A Moreninha (1844) was perhaps the first successful novel in Brazil and inaugurates a recurrent 19th-century theme: a romantic relationship between idealistic young people in spite of cruelties of social fortune.

The first notable work of realism focusing on the urban lower-middle class is Manuel Antônio de Almeida's Memórias de um sargento de milícias (1854), which presents a series of picaresque scenes, and evokes the transformation of a town into a city with suggestive nostalgia. Romantic and realist modes both flourished through the late 19th century and often overlapped within works.^[294]

Machado de Assis is from Rio de Janeiro, and is widely regarded as the greatest writer of Brazilian literature^[295] and considered the founder of Realism in Brazil, with the publication of The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas (1881).^[296] He commented on and criticized the political and social events of the city and country such as the abolition of slavery in 1888 and the transition from Empire to Republic with his numerous chronicles published in newspapers of the time.^[297] Many of his short stories and novels, like Quincas Borba (1891) and Dom Casmurro (1899), are placed in Rio. The headquarters of the Brazilian Academy of Letters is based in Rio de Janeiro. It was satirized by the novelist Jorge Amado in Pen, Sword, Camisole. Amado, himself, went on to be one of the 40 members of the academy.

The Biblioteca Nacional (National Library of Brazil) ranks as one of the largest libraries in the world. It is also the largest library in all of Latin America.^[298] Located in Cinelândia, the National Library was originally created by the King of Portugal, in 1810. As with many of Rio de Janeiro's cultural monuments, the library was originally off-limits to the general public. The most valuable collections in the library include: 4,300 items donated by Barbosa Machado including a precious collection of rare brochures detailing the History of Portugal and Brazil; 2,365 items from the 17th and 18th centuries that were previously owned by Antônio de Araújo de Azevedo, the "Count of Barca", including the 125-volume set of prints "Le Grand Théâtre de l'Univers;" a collection of documents regarding the Jesuítica Province of Paraguay and the "Region of Prata;" and the Teresa Cristina Maria Collection, donated by Emperor Pedro II. The collection contains 48,236 items. Individual items of special interest include a rare first edition of Os Lusíadas by Luis de Camões, published in 1584; two copies of the Mogúncia Bible; and a first edition of Handel's Messiah.^[299]

The Real Gabinete Português de Leitura (Portuguese Royal Reading Library) is located at Rua Luís de Camões, in the Centro (Downtown). The institution was founded in 1837 by a group of forty-three Portuguese immigrants, political refugees, to promote culture among the Portuguese community in the then capital of the Empire. The history of the Brazilian Academy of Letters is linked to the Real Gabinete, since some of the early meetings of the academy were held there.^[300]

الموسيقى

Tom Jobim in 1972. Considered one of the great exponents of Brazilian music, Jobim internationalized bossa nova and, with the help of important American artists.

Tim Maia, the greatest representative of soul music in the country's history, from Rio de Janeiro

The official song of Rio de Janeiro is "Cidade Maravilhosa", which means "marvelous city". The song is considered the civic anthem of Rio, and is always the favorite song during Rio's Carnival in February. Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, are considered the center of the urban music movement in Brazil.^[301]

"Rio was popularized by the hit song "The Girl from Ipanema", composed by Antônio Carlos Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes and recorded by Astrud Gilberto and João Gilberto, Frank Sinatra, and Ella Fitzgerald. It is also the main key song of the bossa nova, a music genre born in Rio. A genre unique to Rio and Brazil as a whole is Funk Carioca. While samba music continues to act as the national unifying agent in Rio, Funk Carioca found a strong community following in Brazil. With its genesis in the 1970s as the modern black pop music from the United States, it evolved in the 1990s to describe a variety of electronic music associated with the current US black music scene, including hip hop, modern soul, and house music."^[302]

Brazil's return to democracy in 1985 allowed for a new music expression which promoted creativity and experimentation in expressive culture, in a wave of Rock'n'roll that swept the 80s. Lobão emerged as the most legendary rocker in Brazil.^[303] Commercial and cultural imports from Europe and North America have often influenced Brazil's own cultural output. For example, the hip hop that has stemmed from New York is localized into forms of musical production such as Funk Carioca and Brazilian hip hop. Bands from Rio de Janeiro also had influence in the mid-to-late development of the Punk in Brazil, and that of Brazilian thrash metal. Democratic renewal also allowed for the recognition and acceptance of this diversification of Brazilian culture.^[304]

Some of the best artists in the history of Brazilian popular music hail from Rio de Janeiro, including aforementioned Lobão, Tim Maia, Agepê, Emílio Santiago, Evandro Mesquita, Byafra, Erasmo Carlos, Elymar Santos, Kátia Cega, Ivan Lins, Marcos Valle, Jorge Ben Jor e Wilson Simonal.

المسرح

Municipal Theatre of Rio de Janeiro

City of Arts

Rio de Janeiro's Theatro Municipal is one of the most attractive buildings in the central area of the city. Home of one of the largest stages in Latin America and one of Brazil's best-known venues for opera, ballet, and classical music, the building was inspired by the Palais Garnier, home of the Paris Opera. Construction of the Theatro Municipal began in 1905 following designs of the architect Francisco Pereira Passos. The statues on the top, of two women representing Poetry and Music, are by Rodolfo Bernardelli, and the interior is rich with furnishings and fine paintings. Inaugurated in 1909, the Teatro Municipal has close to 1,700 seats. Its interior includes turn of the century stained glass from France, ceilings of rose-colored marble and a 1,000 pound crystal bead chandelier surrounded by a painting of the "Dance of the Hours". The exterior walls of the building are dotted with inscriptions bearing the names of famous Brazilians as well as many other international celebrities.^[305]

Cidade das Artes (City of Arts) is a cultural complex in Barra da Tijuca in the Southwest Zone of Rio de Janeiro, which was originally planned to open in 2004. Formally known as "Cidade da Música" (City of Music), it was finally inaugurated at the beginning of 2013. The project will host the Brazilian Symphony Orchestra becoming a main center for music as will be the largest modern concert hall in South America, with 1,780 seats. The complex spans approximately 90×10^³ m² (1×10^⁶ sq ft) and also features a chamber music hall, three theaters, and 12 rehearsal rooms. From the terrace there is a panoramic view of the zone. The building was designed by the French architect Christian de Portzamparc and construction was funded by the city of Rio de Janeiro.

A series of covered theaters collectively known as Lona Cultural, administered by the city's Municipal Secretary of Culture, serve throughout the city as venues for cultural activities such as concerts, plays, workshops, art and craft fairs, and courses.

فعاليات

New Year's Eve fireworks at Copacabana Beach

Every 31 December, 2.5 million people gather at Copacabana Beach to celebrate New Year's in Rio de Janeiro. The crowd, mostly dressed in white, celebrates all night at the hundreds of different shows and events along the beach. It is the second-largest celebration only next to the Carnival. People celebrate the New Year by sharing chilled champagne. It is considered good luck to shake the champagne bottle and spray around at midnight. Chilled champagne adds to the spirit of the festivities.^[306]

Rio Carnival is an annual celebration in the Roman Catholic tradition that allows merry-making and red meat consumption before the more sober 40 days of Lent penance which culminates with Holy or Passion Week and Easter. The tradition of Carnaval parades was probably influenced by the French or German courts and the custom was brought by the Portuguese or Brazilian Imperial families who had French and Austrian German ancestors. Up until the time of the marchinhas, the revelry was more of a high class and Caucasian-led event. The influence of the African-Brazilian drums and music became more noticeable from the first half of the 20th century. Rio de Janeiro has many Carnaval choices, including the samba school (Escolas de Samba)^[307] parades in the sambadrome exhibition center and the popular blocos de carnaval, street revelry, which parade in almost every corner of the city.^[308] In 1840, the first Carnival was celebrated with a masked ball. As years passed, adorned floats and costumed revelers became a tradition among the celebrants. Carnival is known as a historic root of Brazilian music.^[309]

Rock in Rio is a music festival conceived by entrepreneur Roberto Medina for the first time in 1985, and since its creation, recognized as the largest music festival in the Latin world and the largest in the world, with 1.5 million people attending the first event, 700,000 attending the second and fourth, about 1.2 million attending the third, and about 350,000 people attending each of the 3 Lisbon events. It was originally organized in Rio de Janeiro, from where the name comes from, has become a world level event and, in 2004, had its first edition abroad in Lisbon, Portugal, before Madrid, Spain and Las Vegas, United States. The festival is considered the eighth best in the world by the specialized site Fling Festival.^[310]

Samba Parade at the Sambódromo (Sambadrome) during the Rio Carnival

الرياضة

Maracanã Stadium

Nilton Santos Olympic Stadium

São Januário's (Vasco da Gama) Stadium

As in the rest of Brazil, association football is the most popular sport. The city's major teams are Flamengo, Vasco da Gama, Fluminense and Botafogo. Madureira, Bangu, Portuguesa, America and Bonsucesso are small clubs. Players born in the city include Zico, Romário and Ronaldo.^[311] Rio de Janeiro was one of the host cities of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, for which on both occasions Brazil was the host nation. In 1950, the Maracanã Stadium hosted 8 matches, including all but one of the host team's matches. The Maracanã was also the location of the tournament-deciding match between Uruguay and Brazil, where Brazil only needed a draw to win the final group stage and the whole tournament. Brazil ended up losing 2–1 in front of a home crowd of more than 199,000. In 2014, the Maracanã hosted seven matches, including the final, where Germany beat Argentina 1–0.^[312]

Barra Olympic Park, built for 2016 Summer Olympics

On 2 October 2009, the International Olympic Committee selected Rio de Janeiro to host the 2016 Summer Olympics.^[313] Rio made their first bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics, but lost to Berlin. They later made bids for the 2004 and 2012 Games, but failed to become a candidate city both times. Those games were awarded to Athens and London respectively.^[314] Rio is the first Brazilian and South American city to host the Summer Olympics. Rio de Janeiro also became the first city in the southern hemisphere outside of Australia to host the games – Melbourne in 1956 and Sydney in 2000. In July 2007, Rio successfully organized and hosted the XV Pan American Games. Rio de Janeiro also hosted the 2011 Military World Games from 15 to 24 July 2011. The 2011 Military World Games were the largest military sports event ever held in Brazil, with approximately 4,900 athletes from 108 countries competing in 20 sports.^[315] Rio de Janeiro hosted the 2016 Olympics and Paralympics. The Olympic Games were held from 5 to 21 August 2016. The Paralympics were held from 7 to 18 September 2016.

The city has a history as host of major international sports events. The Ginásio do Maracanãzinho was the host arena for the official FIBA Basketball World Championship for its 1954 and 1963 editions. Later, the Jacarepaguá circuit in Rio de Janeiro was the site for the Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix from 1978 to 1989. Rio de Janeiro also hosted the MotoGP Brazilian Grand Prix from 1995 to 2004 and the Champ Car event from 1996 to 1999. WCT/WQS surfing championships were contested on the beaches from 1985 to 2001. The Rio Champions Cup Tennis tournament is held in the spring. As part of its preparations to host the 2007 Pan American Games, Rio built a new stadium, Estádio Olímpico João Havelange, to hold 45,000 people. It was named after Brazilian ex-FIFA president João Havelange. The stadium is owned by the city of Rio de Janeiro, but it was rented to Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas for 20 years.^[316] Rio de Janeiro has also a multi-purpose arena, the HSBC Arena.

The Brazilian martial art capoeira is very popular. Other popular sports are basketball, beach football, beach volleyball, Beach American Football, footvolley, surfing, kite surfing, hang gliding, motor racing, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Luta Livre, sailing, and competitive rowing. Another sport that is highly popular in beaches of Rio is called frescobol (pt), a type of beach tennis. Rio de Janeiro is also a popular location for Rock climbing, with hundreds of routes all over the city, ranging from easy boulders to technical climbs. Sugarloaf Mountain is an example, with routes from the easy third grade (American 5.4, French 3) to the extremely difficult ninth grade (5.13/8b), up to 280 m (919 ft).

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

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وصلات خارجية

الموقع الإلكتروني لبلدية ريو دي جانيرو (in برتغالية)
back to Rio!. Royal Geographical Society of South Australia historical piece containing images of Rio, 1914.
Rio de Janeiro Photo Gallery – Year of Brazil. Archived 28 أبريل 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Queens College, CUNY.
Rio de Janeiro clínica medica Archived 19 سبتمبر 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Images of Rio. Hundreds of images from the 1920s to the present.
Rio de Janeiro – The Marvellous City. Archived 13 فبراير 2013 at the Wayback Machine, AboutBrasil.
Geographic data related to Rio de Janeiro at OpenStreetMap
Explore Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture

سبقه سلڤادور	عاصمة البرازيل 1763–1960	تبعه برازيليا

[[تصنيف::خليج گوانابارا]]

الكلمات الدالة:

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v t e ريو دي جانيرو
الثقافة	Blocos Cidade Maravilhosa Cidade do Samba Banda de Ipanema
الجغرافيا	المنطقة الوسطى المنطقة الجنوبية كوركوڤادو Ilha das Cobras Ilhas Cagarras Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon پدرا دا گاڤيا Sugarloaf Mountain Tijuca Forest Villegagnon Island
أماكن	Avenida Brasil Avenida Rio Branco Rua Farme de Amoedo Category:Buildings and structures in Rio de Janeiro (city) Arpoador Park Cinelândia Passeio Público Quinta da Boa Vista Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Vista Chinesa
التاريخ	تاريخ ريو دي جانيرو خط زمني نقل البلاط الملكي الپرتغالي إلى البرازيل ثورة اللقاحات مذبحة كاندلاريا
البنية التحتية	النقل في ريو دي جانيرو Arco Metropolitano do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Metro Rio de Janeiro Light Rail SuperVia RioGaleão Light Rail Afonsos Air Force Base Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport المسيح الفادي Galeão Air Force Base Santa Cruz Air Force Base Santos Dumont Airport Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport Jacarepaguá Airport
متعلقة	أشخاص من ريو دي جانيرو كاريوكا ديموغرافيا ريو دي جانيرو غرفة بلدية ريو دي جانيرو مشروع مورينهو الرياضة في ريو دي جانيرو
تصنيف موضوعات

v t e أحياء مدينة ريو دي جانيرو
المنطقة الوسطى	بنفيكا كاجو كاتومبي سنترو سيدادى نوڤا إستاسيو گمبوا São Cristóvão Lapa Mangueira Paquetá Rio Comprido سانتا تريزا سانتو كريستو Saúde Vasco da Gama
المنطقة الجنوبية	Botafogo Catete Copacabana Cosme Velho Flamengo Gávea Glória Humaitá Ipanema Jardim Botânico Lagoa Laranjeiras Leblon Leme Rocinha São Conrado Urca Vidigal
المنطقة الشمالية	Abolição Acari Água Santa Alto da Boa Vista Anchieta Andaraí Bancários Barros Filho Bento Ribeiro Bonsucesso Brás de Pina Cachambi Cacuia Cavalcanti Campinho Cascadura Cidade Universitária Cocotá Coelho Neto Colégio Complexo do Alemão Cordovil Costa Barros Del Castilho Encantado Engenheiro Leal Engenho da Rainha Engenho de Dentro Engenho Novo Freguesia (Ilha do Governador) Galeão Grajaú Guadalupe Higienópolis Honório Gurgel Irajá Inhaúma Jacaré Jacarezinho Jardim América Jardim Carioca Jardim Guanabara Lins de Vasconcelos Madureira Manguinhos Maracanã Maré Marechal Hermes Maria da Graça Méier Moneró Olaria Oswaldo Cruz Parada de Lucas Parque Anchieta Pavuna Penha Penha Circular Piedade Pilares Pitangueiras Praça da Bandeira Praia da Bandeira Portuguesa Quintino Bocaiuva Ramos Riachuelo Ribeira Ricardo de Albuquerque Rocha Rocha Miranda Sampaio São Francisco Xavier Tauá Tijuca Todos os Santos Tomás Coelho Turiaçu Vaz Lobo Vicente de Carvalho Vigário Geral Vila Cosmos Vila da Penha Vila Isabel Vila Kennedy Vista Alegre Zumbi
المنطقة الغربية	Anil Bangu Barra da Tijuca Barra de Guaratiba Barra Olímpica Camorim Campo dos Afonsos Campo Grande Cidade de Deus Cosmos Curicica Deodoro Freguesia (Jacarepaguá) Gardênia Azul Gericinó Grumari Guaratiba Inhoaíba Itanhangá Jacarepaguá Jardim Sulacap Joá Magalhães Bastos Paciência Padre Miguel Pedra de Guaratiba Praça Seca Pechincha Realengo Recreio dos Bandeirantes Santa Cruz Santíssimo Senador Camará Senador Vasconcelos Sepetiba Tanque Taquara Vargem Grande Vargem Pequena Vila Militar Vila Valqueire
الجزر	Ilha do Fundão Ilha do Governador Paquetá Villegaignon
الأحياء العشوائية	Cantagalo–Pavão–Pavãozinho Complexo do Alemão Morro da Babilônia Santa Marta Jacarezinho Mangueira Manguinhos Maré Rocinha Tavares Bastos Vidigal Vila Vintém
غير رسمية	Aldeia Campista Arpoador Bairro Araújo Bairro Peixoto Boca do Mato Buraco do Padre Castelo Colônia Consolação Dadur Distrito Industrial Bairro de Fátima Fazenda Botafogo Fazenda da Bica Fonte da Saudade Horto Jabour Jardim Boiúna Jardim Oceânico Largo do Machado Manguariba Mallet Mariópolis Mato Alto Muda Parque Colúmbia Península Praça do Carmo Providência Rio das Pedras Rio Grande Silvestre Terreirão do Rio Bonito Triagem Usina Vila Aliança