المسيح الفادي (تمثال)

Coordinates: 22°57′7″S 43°12′38″W / 22.95194°S 43.21056°W / -22.95194; -43.21056
هذا المقال هو عن التمثال في ريو دي جانيرو. إذا كنت تريد التماثيل الأخرى، انظر المسيح الفادي (توضيح)#النحت.
المسيح الفادي
Cristo Redentor
Christ the Redeemer - Cristo Redentor.jpg
التمثال في 2022
22°57′7″S 43°12′38″W / 22.95194°S 43.21056°W / -22.95194; -43.21056
الموقعCorcovado mountain,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
المصممDesigned by sculptors Paul Landowski and Heitor da Silva Costa and built by engineer Heitor da Silva Costa in collaboration with Albert Caquot. Sculptor Gheorghe Leonida created the face
الموادReinforced concrete with soapstone veneer
العرض28 متر
الارتفاع30 متر، 38 متر مع المنصة
تاريخ الاكتمالDedicated October 13, 1931; منذ 93 سنة (October 13, 1931
Consecrated October 12, 2006
New Seven Wonders of the World July 7, 2007
التوصيف2001
الرقم المرجعي1478

المسيح الفادي (برتغالية: Cristo Redentor, standard pt-BR) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French-Polish sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot. Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida sculpted the face. Constructed between 1922 and 1931, the statue is 30 metres (98 ft) high, excluding its 8-metre (26 ft) pedestal. The arms stretch 28 metres (92 ft) wide.[1][2] It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone.[3][4][5] Christ The Redeemer differs considerably from its original design, as the initial plan was a large Christ with a globe in one hand and a cross in the other. Although the project organizers originally accepted the design, it later changed to the statue of today, with the arms spread out wide.

The statue weighs 635 metric tons (625 long, 700 short tons), and is located at the peak of the 700-metre (2,300 ft) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca National Park overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro. This statue is the largest Art Deco–style sculpture in the world.[6] A symbol of Christianity around the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil and was voted one of the New 7 Wonders of the World.[7]

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التاريخ

منظر الكوركوفادو قبل الإنشاء، القرن 19.

Vincentian priest Pedro Maria Boss first suggested placing a Christian monument on Mount Corcovado in the mid-1850s to honor Princess Isabel, regent of Brazil and the daughter of Emperor Pedro II, but the project was not approved.[1] In 1889, the country became a republic, and owing to the separation of church and state, the proposed statue was dismissed.[8]

The Catholic Circle of Rio made a second proposal for a landmark statue on the mountain in 1920.[9] The group organized an event called Semana do Monumento ("Monument Week") to attract donations and collect signatures to support the building of the statue. The organization was motivated by what they perceived as "Godlessness" in the society. The donations came mostly from Brazilian Catholics.[3] The designs considered for the "Statue of the Christ" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world.[10] Eventually, the statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen.

Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa and artist Carlos Oswald designed the statue.[11] French sculptor Paul Landowski created the work.[12]

In 1922, Landowski commissioned fellow Parisian Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida, who studied sculpture at the Fine Arts Conservatory in Bucharest and in Italy.[13]

Christ the Redeemer in 1931

A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski's submissions, and they felt building the structure out of reinforced concrete (designed by Albert Caquot) instead of steel was more suitable for the cross-shaped statue. The concrete making up the base was supplied from Limhamn, Sweden.[14][15] The outer layers are soapstone, chosen for its enduring qualities and ease of use.[4] Construction took nine years, from 1922 to 1931, and cost the equivalent of US$250٬000 ($3٬300٬000 in 2024) and the monument opened on October 12, 1931.[4][5] During the opening ceremony, the statue was to be lit by a battery of floodlights turned on remotely by Italian shortwave radio inventor Guglielmo Marconi, stationed 9,200 kilometres (5,700 mi) away in Rome but because of bad weather, the lights were activated on site.[9]

In October 2006, on the 75th anniversary of the statue's completion, Cardinal Eusebio Oscar Scheid, Archbishop of Rio, consecrated a chapel, named after Brazil's patron saint—Our Lady of the Apparition—under the statue, allowing Catholics to hold baptisms and weddings there.[5]

Lightning struck the statue during a violent thunderstorm on February 10, 2008, causing some damage to the fingers, head and eyebrows. The Rio de Janeiro state government initiated a restoration effort to replace some of the outer soapstone layers and repair the lightning rods on the statue. Lightning damaged it again on January 17, 2014, dislodging a finger on the right hand.[16][17][18][19]

The statue lit in the colors of the Flag of Brazil

In 2010, a massive restoration of the statue began. Work included cleaning, replacing the mortar and soapstone on the exterior, restoring iron in the internal structure, and waterproofing the monument. Vandals attacked the statue during renovation, spraying paint along the arm. Mayor Eduardo Paes called the act "a crime against the nation". The culprits later apologized and presented themselves to the police.[20][21][22]

In reference to Brazil striker Ronaldo's usual goal celebration of both arms outstretched, the Pirelli tyre company ran a 1998 commercial in which he replaced the statue while in an Inter Milan strip.[23] The commercial was controversial with the Catholic Church.[24]


الترميم

A panoramic view of the statue at the top of Corcovado Mountain with Sugarloaf Mountain (centre) and Guanabara Bay in the background
Christ the Redeemer aerial view with Tijuca Forest
Christ the Redeemer atop Corcovado with Sugarloaf Mountain in background

In 1990, several organizations, including the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro, media company Grupo Globo, oil company Shell do Brasil, environmental regulator of IBAMA, National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage, and the city government of Rio de Janeiro entered into an agreement to conduct restoration work.[25]

More work on the statue and its environs was conducted in 2003 and early 2010. In 2003, a set of escalators, walkways, and elevators were installed to facilitate access to the platform surrounding the statue. The four-month restoration in 2010[26] focused on the statue itself. The statue's internal structure was renovated and its soapstone mosaic covering was restored by removing a crust of fungi and other microorganisms and repairing small cracks. The lightning rods located in the statue's head and arms were also repaired, and new lighting fixtures were installed at the foot of the statue.[27]

The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue.[26] During the unveiling of the restored statue, it was illuminated with green-and-yellow lighting in support of the Brazil national football team playing in the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[26]

Maintenance work needs to be conducted periodically because of the strong winds and erosion to which the statue is exposed, as well as lightning strikes.[28] The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantity, and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue.[29]

الأطوال التقريبية لأشهر التماثيل:
1. تمثال الوحدة 240 م (يشمل القاعدة 58 م)
2. معبد الربيع لبوذا 153 م (يشمل 25 م القاعدة و20 م العرش)
3. تمثال الحرية 93 م (يشمل 47 م القاعدة)
4. تمثال الوطن الأم ينادي 87 م (يشمل 2 م القاعدة)
5. تمثال المسيح الفادي 38 م (يشمل 8 م القاعدة)
6. تمثال داود 5.17 م (باستثناء 2.5 م العارضة)

منشآت مماثلة

Angola
Argentina/Chile
Bolivia
Brazil
Colombia
Cuba
Dominican Republic
East Timor
Honduras
India
  • Imitation statue of Christ the Redeemer at Nellore, state of Andhra Pradesh[34]
  • Imitation at St. Joseph Shrine, Vizhinjam, near Trivandrum, Kerala, India[35]
  • Imitation at Ecopark, Kolkata, India[36][37]
Indonesia
Italy
Philippines
Lebanon
Malaysia
  • Christ the Redeemer of Malacca, on the Portuguese Settlement Square in Melaka (20 ft, 6.1 m)[42][43]
Malta
  • Tas-Salvatur in Gozo (12 m, 39 ft)[44]
Mexico
Nigeria
  • Jesus de Greatest in Imo, Africa's tallest statue of Jesus and fifth tallest statue on the continent (8.53 m, 28.0 ft)
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
  • Statue of Jesus Christ, Klin (9.5 m, 31 ft)[51]
Spain
United States of America
Vietnam
Others

معرض صور

  • Access escalators

    Access escalators

  • Christ the Redeemer after restoration

    Christ the Redeemer after restoration

  • Christ the Redeemer with the Moon in the background

    Christ the Redeemer with the Moon in the background

  • Christ the Redeemer at night

    Christ the Redeemer at night

  • Corcovado and Christ the Redeemer as seen from Sugarloaf Mountain

    Corcovado and Christ the Redeemer as seen from Sugarloaf Mountain

  • Corcovado and Christ the Redeemer as seen from Sugarloaf Mountain during sunset

    Corcovado and Christ the Redeemer as seen from Sugarloaf Mountain during sunset

  • Visitors taking photos

    Visitors taking photos

  • Depicted on a stamp

    Depicted on a stamp

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب Murray, Lorraine. "Christ the Redeemer (last updated 13 January 2014)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  2. ^ Giumbelli, Emerson (2014). Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia (in البرتغالية). São Paulo. 244. ISBN 978-85-7816-137-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ أ ب "Christ the Redeemer". Time. October 26, 1931. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
  4. ^ أ ب ت "Brazil: Crocovado mountain – Statue of Christ". Travel Channel. Archived from the original on May 16, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
  5. ^ أ ب ت "Sanctuary Status for Rio landmark". BBC News. October 13, 2006. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
  6. ^ Asare, Daniel (August 14, 2023). "Christ the Redeemer (last updated September 14, 2023)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
  7. ^ "The New Seven Wonders of the World". Hindustan Times. يوليو 8, 2007. Archived from the original on سبتمبر 30, 2007. Retrieved يوليو 11, 2007.
  8. ^ "Cristo Corcovado by Sergi Lla on Prezi". Prezi.com. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  9. ^ أ ب "Cristo Redentor – Histórico da Construção" (in البرتغالية). Archived from the original on March 13, 2009.
  10. ^ Victor, Duilo. "Redentor, carioca até a alma" (in البرتغالية). Jornal do Brasil. Retrieved July 17, 2008.[dead link]
  11. ^ "Arms Wide Open" (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). bbc. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  12. ^ "(Français) Paul Landowski - L'officiel sculpteur du Christ rédempteur" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  13. ^ "Cristo Redentor: santuário carioca que virou símbolo da cidade no mundo" (in البرتغالية). Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. October 20, 2014.
  14. ^ "Skanska: Vi är oskyldiga till underverket". July 9, 2007.
  15. ^ "Öppna Kristusarmar som har haft skiftande betydelse - Kultur - Kristi…". Archived from the original on June 24, 2014.
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  17. ^ Moratelli, Valmir. "Cristo Redentor, castigado por raios, passa por ampla reforma (Christ the Redeemer, punished by lightnings, go by ample refit)". Último Segundo. Archived from the original on April 4, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
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  21. ^ Tabak, Bernardo. "Estátua do Cristo Redentor é alvo de pichação". Globo.
  22. ^ Infosur hoy: Christ the Redeemer to get new outfit Archived يوليو 14, 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "Pirelli e le metamorfosi della pubblicità". Corriere Della Sera. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  24. ^ Squires, Nick (June 9, 2014). "World Cup 2014: Brazil furious over Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro in Italian football colours". Telegraph. Archived from the original on September 6, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  25. ^ "Top 100 iconic landmarks of the world (P.7) Christ the Redeemer: The cultural icon of Brazil". Worldkings - World Records Union (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  26. ^ أ ب ت "Brazil's Christ state returns after renovation". BBC News. July 1, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
  27. ^ Christ the Redeemer se la come, YouTube video, accessed January 20, 2011.
  28. ^ "Reforma no cartão-postal". Veja Rio. May 18, 2010. Archived from the original on January 27, 2010. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
  29. ^ Bowater, Donna; Mulvey, Stephen; Misra, Tanvi (March 10, 2014). "Arms wide open". BBC Online. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  30. ^ "Statue in Jataí, southern Goiás, Brazil". pinterest.fr. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  31. ^ [https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Fim_de_tarde_no_Cristo_-_panoramio.jpg Photo of the Christ statue in Pitangui
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  33. ^ Photo of Cristo Redentor in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic
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  35. ^ "The statue of Christ at Vizhinjam near the resort of Kovalam in Kerala, India". mediastorehouse.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  36. ^ "Explore 'Seven Wonders of the World' at Eco Park near Kolkata". Hindustan Times. August 22, 2016.
  37. ^ "Video showing the statue illuminated". youtube.com. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  38. ^ Gatra, Sandro (August 24, 2014). "Presiden Resmikan Patung Yesus Kristus di Pulau Mansinam". regional.kompas.com. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  39. ^ "Tourism » Rosario, Batangas" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2022-07-18. Retrieved 2024-03-07. (dead link)
  40. ^ "Photo of the Risen Christ statue on top of Tombol Hill in Rosario, Batangas". commons.wikimedia.org.
  41. ^ "Photo of the Christ the King statue in Lebanon". commons.wikimedia.org.
  42. ^ Tan, Keith; Fu, Yen Huei; Lee, Sze-Ee (January 2020). "A new statue to proclaim an old culture: reactions to and intentions of the statue of 'Christ the redeemer', Melaka". Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change. 19 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/14766825.2020.1718159. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  43. ^ "Christ statue demolition put on hold". heraldmalaysia.com. Nov 10, 2017. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  44. ^ "The history of our Christ on Tas Salvatur Hill". visitgozo.com. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  45. ^ Chinn, Derrik (January 22, 2016). "Inside the Icon: Christ of the Sacred Heart". sandiegomagazine.com. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  46. ^ "Christ of the Sacred Heart, Carretera Libre Tijuana Ensenada Km 37.5, Fraccionamiento Villa San Pedro, 22710 Playa de Rosarito, B.C., Mexique". google.fr/maps (street camera).
  47. ^ "Photo of Christ statue in Tenancingo, México". in.pinterest.com. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  48. ^ "Iluminan el "Cristo Rey de Los Álamos"". afntijuana.info. December 11, 2021. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  49. ^ "Cristo Blanco". theonlyperuguide.com. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  50. ^ "Photo : Cristo The Yungay (Yungay Christ) Statue Atop The Cemetery, Yungay, Ancash, Peru". superstock.com. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  51. ^ "Jesus Christ Statue in Klin". Slovakia.Travel. December 27, 2023.
  52. ^ "Statue of Jesus Christ, Monte Urgull". sansebastianturismoa.eus. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  53. ^ "Mount Naranco, Oviedo, Spain". ourworldforyou.com. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  54. ^ "Mount Cristo Rey". mtcristorey.com. Retrieved 2024-08-19.

للاستزادة


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وصلات خارجية

قالب:Rio de Janeiro قالب:Roman Catholicism in Brazil قالب:New7Wonders of the World

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