كراكاس Caracas

Coordinates: 10°28′50″N 66°54′13″W / 10.48056°N 66.90361°W / 10.48056; -66.90361
(تم التحويل من كاراكاس)
Caracas
Capital city
Santiago de León de Caracas
Skyline from El Ávila National Park
Plaza Venezuela
Plaza Francia
National Pantheon
University City
(From top, left to right) Plaza Venezuela; Plaza Francia; Parque Cristal in Los Palos Grandes; Nuestra Señora de Lourdes Church; Parque Central Complex
علم Caracas
Flag
درع Caracas
Coat of arms
الكنية: 
La Sucursal del Cielo
La Ciudad de la Eterna Primavera
La Odalisca del Ávila
La Sultana del Ávila
الشعار: 
Seguid El Ejemplo Que Caracas Dio. (Then Follow the Example that Caracas Gave.)
Caracas is located in ڤنزويلا
Caracas
Caracas
Location in Venezuela and South America
الإحداثيات: 10°28′50″N 66°54′13″W / 10.48056°N 66.90361°W / 10.48056; -66.90361
CountryVenezuela
StateCapital District
Founded25 July 1567
أسسهاDiego de Losada
الحكومة
 • النوعMayor–council
 • الكيانGovernment of the Capital District
 • Chief of GovernmentJacqueline Faría
المساحة
 • Capital city433 كم² (167 ميل²)
 • العمران
4٬715٫1 كم² (1٬820٫5 ميل²)
المنسوب
900 m (3٬000 ft)
أعلى منسوب
1٬400 m (4٬600 ft)
أوطى منسوب
870 m (2٬850 ft)
التعداد
 (2022)
 • Capital city3٬242٬000
 • الترتيب1st in Venezuela
 • الكثافة7٬060/km2 (18٬285/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
5٬297٬026
صفة المواطنCaraquenian (Spanish: caraqueño (m), caraqueña (f))
منطقة التوقيتUTC−04:00 (VET)
Postal codes[1]
1000–1090, 1209
Area code212
ISO 3166 codeVE-A
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.caracas.gob.ve
The area and population figures are the sum of the figures of the five municipalities (listed above) that make up the Distrito Metropolitano.

كراكاس (Caracas ؛ /kəˈ ɹ ækəs,_ʔˈrɑːkʔ/ kə-RA(H)K-əs, es), officially Santiago de León de Caracas (CCS)، هي عاصمة وأكبر مدن فنزويلا ومركز منطقة كراكاس الكبرى.[2] Caracas is located along the Guaire River in the northern part of the country, within the Caracas Valley of the Venezuelan coastal mountain range (Cordillera de la Costa). The valley is close to the Caribbean Sea, separated from the coast by a steep 2,200-meter-high (7,200 ft) mountain range, Cerro El Ávila; to the south there are more hills and mountains. The Metropolitan Region of Caracas has an estimated population of almost 5 million inhabitants. وتقع في شمال البلاد. وتقع كاركاس في الشريط الطيق لوادي كاركاس الذي يتميز بمناخ ربيعي رائع.

كَارَاكَاس يبلغ عدد سكان العاصمة 1,824,892 نسمة، وسكان المنطقة الحضرية 2,784,042 نسمة. وتقع في واد في شمال فنزويلا، على مسافة نحو 10كم من مدينة لاجوايرا ـ وهي ميناء على البحر الكاريبي.

تعدُّ مدينة كاراكاس من أحدث المدن في أمريكا اللاتينية. وقد شيدت فيها عمارات ضخمة للمكاتب والسكن منذ القرن العشرين. حول هذا النشاط المعماري وازدياد السكان السريع مدينة كاراكاس من مدينة مستعمرة هادئة إلى مركز حضاري مزدحم يفيض بالنشاط الاقتصادي. وكثيرًا ما تحدث الاختناقات في حركة وسائل المواصلات.

ولا زالت هنالك مناطق باقية في كاراكاس يرجع تاريخها إلى العهد الاستعماري الذي استمر من أوائل القرن السادس إلى أوائل القرن التاسع عشر الميلاديين. ومعظم ماتبقى من هذه المناطق يوجد في وسط المدينة بالقرب من حديقة تسمى بلازا بوليفار. وتشمل المباني القديمة في هذه المنطقة الكابيتول (مبنى برلمان فنزويلا) وكنيسة أثرية، ومبنى بلدية المدينة. وعلى خطوات من البلازا، توجد سراي ميرافلوريس، وهي مبنى قديم، مزخرف زخرفة جميلة، ويضم مكاتب رئيس الدولة وكبار مستشاريه.

The historic center of the city is the Cathedral, located on Bolívar Square,[3] though some consider the center to be Plaza Venezuela, located in the Los Caobos area.[2][4][5] Businesses in the city include service companies, banks, and malls. Caracas has a largely service-based economy, apart from some industrial activity in its metropolitan area.[6] The Caracas Stock Exchange and Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) are headquartered in Caracas. Empresas Polar is the largest private company in Venezuela. Caracas is also Venezuela's cultural capital, with many restaurants, theaters, museums, and shopping centers. Caracas has some of the tallest skyscrapers in Latin America,[7] such as the Parque Central Towers.[8] The Museum of Contemporary Art of Caracas is one of the most important in South America.[9]

التاريخ

Diego de Losada by Antonio Herrera Toro

Before the city was founded in 1567,[10] the valley of Caracas was populated by indigenous peoples. Francisco Fajardo, the son of a Spanish captain and a Guaiqueri cacica, who came from Margarita, began establishing settlements in the area of La Guaira and the Caracas valley between 1555 and 1560. Fajardo attempted to establish a plantation in the valley in 1562 after these unsuccessful coastal towns, but it did not last long: it was destroyed by natives of the region led by Terepaima and Guaicaipuro.[11][12] Fajardo's 1560 settlement was known as Hato de San Francisco, and another attempt in 1561 by Juan Rodríguez de Suárez was called Villa de San Francisco, and was also destroyed by the same native people.[13] The eventual settlers of Caracas came from Coro, the German capital of their Klein-Venedig colony around the present-day coastal Colombia–Venezuela border; from the 1540s, the colony had been de facto controlled by Spaniards. Moving eastward from Coro, groups of Spanish settlers founded inland towns including Barquisimeto and Valencia before reaching the Caracas valley.[11]

On 25 July 1567, Captain Diego de Losada laid the foundations of the city of Santiago de León de Caracas.[10] De Losada had been commissioned to capture the valley, and was successful by splitting the natives into different groups to work with, then fighting and defeating each of them.[13] The town was the closest to the coast of these new settlements, and the colonists retained a native workforce, which allowed a trade network to develop between Caracas, the interior, and Margarita; the towns further inland produced ample cotton products and beeswax, and Margarita was a rich source of pearls. The Caracas valley had a good environment for both agricultural and arable farming, which contributed to the system of commerce but meant that the town's population was initially sparse, as it was only large enough to support a few farms.[11]

In 1577, Caracas became the capital of the Spanish Empire's Venezuela Province[14] under the province's new governor, Juan de Pimentel (1576–1583).[13] In the 1580s, Caraqueños started selling food to the Spanish soldiers in Cartagena, who often docked in the coastal city when collecting products from the empire in South America. Wheat was growing increasingly expensive in the Iberian Peninsula, and the Spanish profited from buying it from Caracas farmers. This cemented the city in the empire's trade circuit.[11]

During the 16th and 17th centuries, the coast of Venezuela was frequently raided by pirates. With the coastal mountains of the Central Range as a barrier, Caracas was relatively immune to such attacks, compared to other Caribbean coastal settlements,[11] but in 1595 the Preston–Somers expedition landed and around 200 English Privateers, including George Somers and Amyas Preston, crossed the mountains through a little-used pass while the town's defenders were guarding the more frequently used one. Encountering little resistance, the invaders sacked and set fire to the town after a failed ransom negotiation.[15][16] The city managed to rebuild, using wheat profits and "a lot of sacrifice".[13] In the 1620s, farmers in Caracas discovered that Cacao beans could be sold, first selling them to native people of Mexico and quickly growing across the Caribbean. The city became important in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, as well as moving from largely native slave labor to African slaves, the first of the Spanish colonies to become part of the slave trade. The city was successful and operated on cacao and slave trade until the 1650s, when an alhorra blight, the Mexican Inquisition of many of their Portuguese traders, and increased cacao production in Guayaquil greatly affected the market. This and the destructive 1641 earthquake put the city into decline, and they likely began illegally trading with the Dutch Empire, which Caraqueños later proved sympathetic to; by the 1670s, Caracas had a trading route through Curaçao.[11]

Caracas in 1839

In 1728, the Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas was founded by the king, and the cacao business grew in importance. Caracas was made one of the three provinces of Nueva Granada, corresponding to Venezuela, in 1739. Over the next three decades the Viceroyalty was variously split, with Caracas province becoming the Venezuela province. Luis de Unzaga created the Captaincy General of Venezuela in the summer of 1777, with Caracas as the capital.[13] Venezuela then attempted to become independent, first with the 1797 Gual and España conspiracy, based in Caracas,[17] and then the successful 1811 Venezuelan Declaration of Independence.[13] Caracas then came under worse luck: in 1812, an earthquake destroyed Caracas, a quarter of its population migrated in 1814, and the Venezuelan War of Independence continued until 24 June 1821, when Simón Bolívar defeated royalists in the Battle of Carabobo.[13][18] Urban reforms only took place towards the end of the 19th century, under Antonio Guzmán Blanco: some landmarks were built, but the city remained distinctly colonial until the 1930s.[13]

Caracas in 1950.

Caracas grew in size, population, and economic importance during Venezuela's oil boom in the early 20th century. In the 1950s, the metropolitan area of Gran Caracas was developed, and the city began an intensive modernization program, funding public buildings, which continued throughout the 1960s and early 1970s.[13] Cultural landmarks, like the University City of Caracas, designed by modernist architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva and declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000;[19] the Caracas Museum of Contemporary Art; and the Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex were built, as well as the Caracas Metro and a developed downtown area. Urban development was rapid, leading to the growth of slums on the hillsides surrounding the new city. Much of the city development also fell into disrepair come the end of the 20th century, with the 1980s oil glut and political instability like the Caracazo, meaning maintenance can not be sustained. The economic and social problems persist throughout the capital and country, characterized as the Crisis in Venezuela. By 2017, Caracas was the most violent city in the world.[13]


الدرع

The coat of arms was adopted in 1591. Simón de Bolívar, an ancestor of Venezuelan liberator Simón Bolívar,[20] had been named the first procurator general of the Venezuelan province in 1589. He served as the representative of Venezuela to the Spanish Crown, and vice versa.[21] In 1591, de Bolívar introduced a petition to King Philip II for a coat of arms, which he granted by Royal Cedula on 4 September that year in San Lorenzo. The coat of arms represents the city's name with the red Santiago (St. James') cross. It originally depicted "a brown bear rampant on a field of silver, holding between its paws a golden shell with the red cross of Santiago; and its seal is a crown with five golden points".[22] In the same act, the king declared Caracas as "The Most Noble and Very Loyal City of Santiago de León de Caracas".[23]

The anthem of the city is the Marcha a Caracas, written by the composer Tiero Pezzuti de Matteis with the lyrics by José Enrique Sarabia and approved in 1984.[24]

In the center, the (colonial) coat of arms of Caracas. On its left, a shield representing 'Justice', and on the right, 'Vigilance'. 1775ح. 1775, by Joseph Carlos de Aguero. General Archive of the Indies, Seville.

الجغرافيا

View of Ávila from Parque del Este

Caracas is contained entirely within a valley of the Venezuelan Central Range, and is separated from the Caribbean coast by a roughly 15-kilometer (9 mi) expanse of El Ávila National Park. The valley is relatively small and quite irregular, and the altitude varies from between 870 and 1,043 meters (2,854 and 3,422 ft) above sea level; the historic center lies at about 900 meters (3,000 feet) above sea level.[25] This, along with the rapid population growth, has profoundly influenced the urban development of the city.[26] The most elevated point of the Capital District, wherein the city is located, is the Pico El Ávila, which rises to 2,159 meters (7,083 feet).[25]

The main body of water in Caracas is the Guaire River, which flows across the city and empties into the Tuy River, which is also fed by the El Valle and San Pedro rivers, in addition to numerous streams which descend from El Ávila. The La Mariposa and Camatagua (es) reservoirs provide water to the city.[27][28][29][30] The city is occasionally subject to earthquakes – notably in 1641 and 1967.

Geologically, Caracas was formed in the Late Cretaceous period, with much of the rest of the Caribbean, and sits on what is mostly metamorphic rock. Deformation of the land in this period formed the region.[31]

North-south view of central Caracas from Cerro El Ávila

المناخ

Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda air base , and El Ávila national park
View of the east side of Caracas
أخفClimate data for Caracas (1970–1998)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.9
(89.4) 		34.1
(93.4) 		35.3
(95.5) 		33.5
(92.3) 		34.4
(93.9) 		32.8
(91.0) 		33.6
(92.5) 		31.5
(88.7) 		32.2
(90.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.2
(88.2) 		30.8
(87.4) 		35.3
(95.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9) 		23.6
(74.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.8
(78.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		25.5
(77.9) 		25.8
(78.4) 		25.5
(77.9) 		25.2
(77.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		23.8
(74.8) 		24.9
(76.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.6
(67.3) 		19.7
(67.5) 		20.2
(68.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		22.0
(71.6) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		21.3
(70.3) 		20.2
(68.4) 		21.1
(70.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.9
(60.6) 		15.8
(60.4) 		16.0
(60.8) 		17.5
(63.5) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		17.9
(64.2) 		18.1
(64.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		18.4
(65.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		16.5
(61.7) 		17.4
(63.3)
Record low °C (°F) 7.1
(44.8) 		10.9
(51.6) 		11.4
(52.5) 		12.5
(54.5) 		13.1
(55.6) 		14.9
(58.8) 		14.1
(57.4) 		14.3
(57.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		13.1
(55.6) 		11.9
(53.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		7.1
(44.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 15.3
(0.60) 		13.2
(0.52) 		11.4
(0.45) 		59.2
(2.33) 		81.7
(3.22) 		134.1
(5.28) 		118.4
(4.66) 		123.8
(4.87) 		115.4
(4.54) 		126.3
(4.97) 		72.6
(2.86) 		41.4
(1.63) 		912.8
(35.94)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6 4 3 7 13 19 19 18 15 15 13 10 142
Average relative humidity (%) 73.7 74.2 73.0 76.3 75.4 75.1 74.1 74.0 74.9 74.7 73.7 74.7 74.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 229.4 217.5 235.6 183.0 182.9 183.0 210.8 217.0 213.0 210.8 210.0 213.9 2٬506٫9
Source: World Meteorological Organization (rainfall data),[32] Hong Kong Observatory (sun only),[33] NOAA(extremes)[34]


التوزيع السكانى

Buildings in Plaza Venezuela
Caracas from El Calvario
Altamira ( eastern neighbourhood)


معالم

Main library of Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas
Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex
The National Pantheon (Panteón Nacional)
Mounted statue of Simón Bolívar in Plaza Bolívar, Caracas
Santa Rosalía de Palermo Church in El Hatillo
Pico Oriental of the Cerro El Ávila
Casa del Libertador (Simón Bolívar's birthplace)
Plaza Alfredo Sadel, Las Mercedes
El Silencio and the Centro Simón Bolívar
Los Próceres Monument
Caracas Cathedral
San Francisco Church and the legendary San Francisco Kapok
St. Peter's Church
East Park of Caracas
Los Conductores del País mural, at the Francisco Fajardo Highway
Sambil Mall
Caracas' Aerial Tramway


الكليات والجامعات

Central University of Venezuela
Laberinto Cromovegetal, at the Universidad Simón Bolívar
Universidad Metropolitana




الرياضة

Leones del Caracas logo
UCV Baseball Stadium
UCV Olympic Stadium


المتاحف والمكتبات والمراكز الثقافيه

Bolivarian Museum of Caracas


فن الاكل

The traditional Arepa


السكان

Plaza Francia at the Chacao Municipality
Chacaito, a commercial district of Caracas


يقطن معظم سكان كاراكاس الذين ينتمون إلى الطبقة الوسطى في عمارات شاهقة. أما العائلات الغنية، فتقيم معظمها في دور فاخرة مشيدة على الطراز الأسباني التقليدي. ولكن معظم الفقراء يعيشون في أحياء قذرة تتكون من أكواخ مهلهلة على مرتفعات تحيط بالمدينة.

الاقتصاد

The Sabana Grande area
شعار بورصة كراكاس

يعمل معظم سكان كاراكاس في دواوين الحكومة ـ في المشاريع الإنشائية الحكومية أو صناعة النفط الحكومية. وتنتج فنزويلا سلعًا مثل الجَعة، والإسمنت والورق، والأقمشة. وتربط المراكز السكنية والتجارية الرئيسية في كاراكاس شبكة من الطرق الحديثة. ويربط كاراكاس أيضًا شبكة خطوط حديد الأنفاق التي افتتحت عام 1983.

Businesses that are located in Caracas include service companies, banks, and malls, among others. It has a largely service-based economy, apart from some industrial activity in its metropolitan area.[6] The Caracas Stock Exchange and Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) are headquartered here. PDVSA, a state-run organization, is the largest company in Venezuela,[35] and negotiates all the international agreements for the distribution and export of petroleum.[36] When it existed, the airline Viasa had its headquarters in the Torre Viasa.[37][38]

Several international companies and embassies are located in El Rosal and Las Mercedes, in the Caracas area. The city also serves as a hub for communication and transportation infrastructure between the metropolitan area and the rest of the country. Important industries in Caracas include chemicals, textiles, leather, food, iron, and wood products. There are also rubber and cement factories.[39] Its nominal GDP is US$70 billion and the GDP (PPP) per capita is US$24,000.[40]

A 2009 United Nations survey reported that the cost of living in Caracas was 89% of that of the survey's baseline city, New York.[41] However, this statistic is based upon a fixed currency-exchange-rate of 2003 and might not be completely realistic, due to the elevated inflation rates of the last several years.[42]

السياحة

Historic center of Caracas

In 2013, the World Economic Forum evaluated countries in terms of how successful they were in advertising campaigns to attract foreign visitors. Out of the 140 countries evaluated, Venezuela came last. A major factor that has contributed to the lack of foreign visitors has been poor transport for tourists. Venezuela has limited railway systems and airlines. High crime rates and the negative attitude of the Venezuelan population towards tourism also contributed to the poor evaluation.[43]

In an attempt to attract more foreign visitors, the Venezuelan Ministry of Tourism invested in multiple hotel infrastructures. The largest hotel investment has been in the Hotel Alba Caracas. The cost for the general maintenance of the north and south towers of the hotel is approximately 231.5 million Venezuelan bolivars. Although the Venezuelan Ministry of Tourism has taken the initiative to recognize the importance of the tourism industry, the Venezuelan government has not placed the tourism industry as an economic priority. In 2013, the budget for the Ministry of Tourism was only 173.8 million bolivars, while the Ministry of the Youth received approximately 724.6 million bolivars.[43] The tourism industry in Venezuela contributes approximately 3.8 percent of the country GDP. The World Economic Forum predicts Venezuela's GDP to rise to 4.2 percent by 2022.[44]

النقل

Inside Plaza Venezuela station of the Caracas Metro
Agua Salud station
Francisco Fajardo Highway in Chacao Municipality
Francisco Fajardo Highway at night


بانوراما

Caracas and the Francisco Fajardo Highway

العلاقات الدولية

بلدات توأم – مدن شقيقة

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in South America

Caracas is twinned with:

اتحاد العواصم الأيبيرية-الأمريكية

كراكاس هي جزء من اتحاد العواصم الأيبيرية-الأمريكية منذ 12 أكتوبر 1982.

انظر أيضا

وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Caracas.
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  3. ^ Martín Frechilla, Juan José (2004). Diálogos reconstruidos para una historia de la Caracas moderna. Caracas, Venezuela: CDCH UCV.
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  5. ^ Rodríguez, Verónica; Valero, Carla. "Una rayuela que se borra y se vuelve a dibujar cada día. Semblanza de lugar sobre la transformación urbanística y cultural de Sabana Grande" (PDF). Tesis de Grado. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
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  17. ^ "The Connection between the United States Independence and the Hispanic American Independence Movement, and the Role Played by Some Key Books Published at the Beginning of the XIX Century" (PDF). allanbrewercarias.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
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