حملة سياسية
- "Electioneering" redirects here. For the Radiohead song, see OK Computer.
أزرار الحملة الرئاسية لـ ابراهام لنكون، 1860. The reverse side of the button shows a portrait of his running mate هانيبال هاملن.
| جزء من سلسلة السياسة |
| الحملات الانتخابية |
|---|
| أشخاص رئيسيون |
| بوابة السياسة |
الحملة السياسية political campaign هي جهد منظم يسعى للتأثير على عملية اتخاذ القرار في مجموعة محددة. في الديمقراطيات، كثيراً ما تشير الحملات السياسية إلى حملات انتخابية، حيث representatives are chosen or referendums are decided. In modern politics, the most high profile political campaigns are focused on candidates for رأس الدولة أو رأس الحكومة، غالباً ما يكون رئيس أو رئيس وزراء.
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انظر أيضاً
- التقنيات والتقاليد
- Canvassing
- Election litter
- Election promise
- Husting
- Lawn sign
- Microtargeting
- Permanent campaign
- Political campaign staff
- Robocalls & Personalized audio messaging
- Votebank
- Research strategies of election campaign communication research
- مواضيع عامة
- أمثلة
المصادر
العالم
- Abizadeh, Arash. "Democratic Elections without Campaigns? Normative Foundations of National Baha'i Elections". World Order 37.1 (2005): 7-49.
- Barnes, S. H., and M. Kaase Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies. Sage, 1979.
- Blewett, Neal. The Peers, the Parties and the People: The General Elections of 1910. London: Macmillan, 1972.
- Hix, S. The Political System of the European Union. St. Martin's Press, 1999.
- Katz, Richard S., and Peter Mair (eds.), How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies. Sage Publications, 1994.
- Katz, Richard S., and Peter Mair, "Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party". Party Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1, 5-28 (1995) DOI:10.1177/1354068895001001001 online abstract
- LaPalombara, Joseph and Myron Wiener (eds.), Political Parties and Political Development. Princeton University Press, 1966.
- Panebianco, A. Political Parties: Organization and Power. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
- Paquette, Laure. Campaign Strategy. New York: Nova, 2006.
- Poguntke, Thomas, and Paul Webb, eds. The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies. Oxford University Press. 2005 online
- Ware, Alan. Citizens, Parties and the State: A Reappraisal. Princeton University Press, 1987.
- Webb, Paul, David Farrell, and Ian Holliday, Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford University Press, 2002
الولايات المتحدة
- Bike, William S. Winning Political Campaigns: A Comprehensive Guide to Electoral Success. Chicago: Central Park Communications, 2012.
- Cunningham, Sean P. Cowboy Conservatism: Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2010.
- Robert J. Dinkin. Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practice. Westport: Greenwood, 1989.
- John Gerring, Party Ideologies in America, 1828–1996. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
- Lewis L. Gould, Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans. New York: Random House, 2003.
- Gary C. Jacobson. The Politics of Congressional Elections. (5th Edition) New York: Longman, 2000.
- Richard Jensen, The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
- L. Sandy Meisel, ed. Political Parties and Elections in the United States: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1991.
- Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. History of American Presidential Elections. 4 vols. New York: Chelsea House, 1971.
- James A. Thurber, Campaigns and Elections American Style. New York: Westview Press; 2nd edition, 2004.
- Kirsten A. Foot and Steven M. Schneider, "Web Campaigning". The MIT Press, 2006.
- Bruce A. Bimber and Richard Davis, Campaigning Online: the Internet in U.S. Elections. Oxford University Press, 2003.
- Justin A. Gravely. " Campaigning on American soil and the rules of the American Government". Cambridge University Press, 2014