عصر الاستكشاف
عصر الاستكشاف هو الفترة من أوائل القرن الخامس عشر والمستمرة حتى أوائل القرن السابع عشر، قامت السفن الأوروبية خلالها بالسفر حول العالم للبحث عن طرق تجارية جديدة وعن شركاء تجارة جدد لتغذية الرأسمالية السريعة النمو في أوروبا. وأثناء بحثهم عثروا صدفة على أراضٍ كانت مجهولة بالنسبة إليهم. من أشهر المستكشفين في ذلك الوقت: كرستوفر كولومبوس، ڤاسكو دا گاما، وفرديناند ماجلان.
شكل التقدم التقني والفكري في عصر النهضة البذرة التي بدأت عصر الاستكشاف. وقد شمل هذا التقدم علوما مختلفة كعلم الخرائط والملاحة والتطورات في بناء السفن والتي كان أهمها اختراع السفن الكبيرة والتي جمعت التصميم العربي والأوروبي للسفن مما جعل الإبحار خارج البحر المتوسط آمنا. يضاف إلى ذلك رغبة العديد في أوروبا لإيجاد طريق بديل للذهاب إلى آسيا عن طريق الغرب.
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عرض عام
التكنولوجيا: تصميم السفن والبوصلة
Technological advancements that were important to the Age of Exploration were the adoption of the magnetic compass and advances in ship design.
الجغرافيا والخرائط
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a document dating from 40–60 AD, describes a newly discovered route through the Red Sea to India, with descriptions of the markets in towns around Red Sea, Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean, including along the eastern coast of Africa, which states "for beyond these places the unexplored ocean curves around toward the west, and running along by the regions to the south of Aethiopia and Libya and Africa, it mingles with the western sea (possible reference to the Atlantic Ocean)". European medieval knowledge about Asia beyond the reach of the Byzantine Empire was sourced in partial reports, often obscured by legends,[1] dating back from the time of the conquests of Alexander the Great and his successors.
Another source was the Radhanite Jewish trade networks of merchants established as go-betweens between Europe and the Muslim world during the time of the Crusader states.
In 1154, the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi created a description of the world and a world map, the Tabula Rogeriana, at the court of King Roger II of Sicily,[2][3] but still Africa was only partially known to either Christians, Genoese and Venetians, or the Arab seamen, and its southern extent unknown. There were reports of great African Sahara, but the factual knowledge was limited for the Europeans to the Mediterranean coasts and little else since the Arab blockade of North Africa precluded exploration inland. Knowledge about the Atlantic African coast was fragmented and derived mainly from old Greek and Roman maps based on Carthaginian knowledge, including the time of Roman exploration of Mauritania. The Red Sea was barely known and only trade links with the Maritime republics, the Republic of Venice especially, fostered collection of accurate maritime knowledge.[4]
السفر في القرون الوسطى (1241–1438)
البعثات الصينية (1405–1433)
المحيط الأطلسي (1419–1507)
الاستكشاف حسب البلد
مهد لعصر الاستكشاف سلسلة من الحملات الأوروبية التي تعدت أراضي أوراسيا عن طريق البر في أواخر العصور الوسطى. فبينما شكل المغول خطرا يهدد أوروبا بالنهب والدمار، فقد أدت هذه الظروف إلى توحد أغلب آسيا وأوروبا في إنشاء طرق تجارية وخطوط تواصل امتدت من الشرق الأوسط وحتى الصين. وقد استغل بعض الأوروبين الفرصة للسفر والاستكشاف شرقا، وكان غالبيتهم العظمى من الإيطاليين نظرا لكونهم طرق التجارة بين أوروبا والشرق الأوسط خاضعة تحت سيطرة التجارة من المدن الإيطالية. وقد كان قرب هؤلاء من ما يعرف اليوم ببلاد الشام الدور الكبير في خلق الفضول والاهتمام التجاري لما يكمن خلف هذه الحدود. وكذلك، فقد أطلق البابا حملات لأهداف دينية.
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نهاية عصر الاستكشاف
يقال بأن عصر الاستكشاف انتهى في بداية القرن السابع عشر، في الوقت الذي كان باستطاع السفن الأوروبية أن تبحر لأي مكان في الكوكب. ولكن الاستكشاف لم ينتهِ، فلم يتم اكتشاف المحيط المتجمد الشمالي والجنوبي إلا فالقرن التاسع عشر.
الوقع العالمي
الوقع الاقتصادي على أوروپا
المواضيع
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العمارة |
المناطق
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إنگلترة |
انظر أيضاً
- عصر الشراع
- Atlantic slave trade
- Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery
- Chinese maritime exploration
- Chronology of European exploration of Asia
- Columbian Exchange
- Exploration
- European exploration of Australia
- History of navigation
- L'Anse aux Meadows
- List of explorations
- Major explorations after the Age of Discovery
- Maritime history
- Portuguese inventions
- Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
- Scramble for Africa
- Timeline of European exploration
- Winds in the Age of Sail
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المراجع
- ^ Arnold 2002, p. xi.
- ^ Houben, 2002, pp. 102–04.
- ^ Harley & Woodward, 1992, pp. 156–61.
- ^ Abu-Lughod 1991, p. 121.
ببليوگرافيا
المصادر الرئيسية
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:|journal=
ignored (help) - Love, Ronald S. (2006). Maritime Exploration in the Age of Discovery, 1415–1800. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32043-9. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- Rice, Eugene, F., Jr (1994) [1970]. The Foundations of Early Modern Europe: 1460–1559. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-96304-5.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Wright, John K. (March 1947). "Terrae Incognitae: The Place of the Imagination in Geography". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 37 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1080/00045604709351940.
وصلات خارجية
- The Fortnightly Review.uk: "The Faustian Impulse and European Exploration"
- Zinn Education Project.org: "Discover Columbus: Re-reading the Past" – Rethinking Schools 6-page lesson plan for high school students.
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- CS1 الإسبانية-language sources (es)
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- CS1 الروسية-language sources (ru)
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- عصر الاكتشاف
- استكشاف
- History of European colonialism
- European colonization of the Americas
- الاستعمار الأوروپي في آسيا
- European colonisation in Oceania
- عصور تاريخية
- تاريخ أوروپا
- تاريخ الجغرافيا
- تاريخ بحري
- Dutch exploration in the Age of Discovery
- French exploration in the Age of Discovery
- الاستكشاف البرتغالي في عصر الاكتشاف
- Russian exploration in the Age of Discovery
- Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery
- 15th century in international relations
- 16th century in international relations
- 17th century in international relations
- 18th century in international relations
- الاستعمار البرتغالي للأمريكتين
- الاستعمار الإسپاني للأمريكتين
- تاريخ أوروبا