البرازيل الهولندية

Dutch Brazil / New Holland Nederlands-Brazilië or Nieuw-Holland
1630–1654
العلم الدرع
Dutch Brazil 1630-1654
الوضع	Dutch colony
العاصمة	Mauritsstad (Recife)
اللغات المشتركة	Dutch Indigenous languages
الدين	Dutch Reformed
الحكومة	Colony
Governor
• 1637–1643	John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen
• 1643–1654	Dutch West India Company
التاريخ
• Start	16 February 1630
• Arrival of Maurice of Nassau	23 January 1637
• First Battle of Guararapes	19 April 1648
• Second Battle of Guararapes	19 February 1649
• Defeat by the Portuguese	28 January 1654
العملة	Braziliaanse Guldens (Brazilian Guilders)
سبقها تلاها Colonial Brazil Colonial Brazil
اليوم جزء من	البرازيل

البرازيل الهولندية، تعرف أيضاً باسم هولندا الجديدة، كانت الجزء الشمالي من البرازيل، يحكمها جمهورية هولندا خلال الاستعمار الهولندي في الأمريكتين بين 1581 و1654. مصطلح "هولندا الجديدة" لا ينبغي الخلط بينه وبين هولندا الجديدة (أستراليا)، أستراليا الغربية.

محتويات 1 انظر أيضاً 2 ملاحظات 3 مراجع 4 مصادر خارجية انظر أيضاً جزء من سلسلة حول تاريخ البرازيل شعار البرازيل قبل الاستعمار˂ مستعمرة البرازيل˂ المملكة المتحدة لبرتغال والبرازيل والغرب˂ إعلان استقلال البرازيل˂ إمبراطورية البرازيل˂ الجمهورية القديمة˂ حقبة فارجاس˂ الجمهورية الثانية˂ الحكم العسكري˂ الجمهورية الجديدة˂ سنوات في البرازيل˂ شعار بوابة

بوابة البرازيل عنت شركة الهند الغربية الهولندية برنامبوكو

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 Early Iberian-Dutch relations

للمزيد من المعلومات: Groot Desseyn

 Northeastern Brazil in the Golden Age of Dutch Rule

Dutch siege of Olinda and Recife.

 Dutch Brazil under Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen

After returning from Brazil, Johan Maurits of Nassau became known as "The Brazilian" in the Netherlands.

Title page of Georg Marcgraf's Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (1648)

Recife or Mauritsstad – Capital of the Nieuw Holland in Brazil

In 1637, the WIC gave control of its Brazilian conquests, now called "Nieuw Holland," to Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen (John Maurice of Nassau), the great-nephew of William the Silent. Within the year, Johan Maurits captured the Brazilian province of Ceara and sent an expedition to capture the West African trading post of Elmina Castle, which became the capital of the Dutch Gold Coast. In 1641 the Dutch captured the province of Maranhao, meaning that Dutch control now extended across the entire coastline between the Amazon and Sao Francisco Rivers.

African Woman in Brazil by Albert Eckhout, one of the Dutch artists brought by Johan Maurits

The Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue in Mauritsstad (Recife) is the oldest synagogue in the Americas. An estimated number of 700 Jews lived in Dutch Brazil, about 4.7% of the total population.

 Governance under Maurits

Main Dutch Brazilian Cities
Dutch colonial Name	Today
Mauritsstad	Recife
Frederikstadt	João Pessoa
Nieuw-Amsterdam	Natal

 Population of Dutch Brazil

انظر أيضاً: Dutch Brazilians

 The end of Dutch Brazil

Frans Post View of Pernambuco, Brazil, ca. 1637-44, Museu Nacional de Belas Artes.

The Portuguese victory at the Battle of Guararapes, ended Dutch presence in Brazil.

In Brazil, the Dutch had already abandoned Itamaracá on December 13, 1647. The new expeditionary force arrived late at Recife, with many of its soldiers either dead or mutinous from lack of pay. In April 1648, the Portuguese routed the expeditionary force at the First Battle of Guararapes, fought outside Recife. The Portuguese had sent an armada of 84 ships, including 18 warships to recapture Recife. In February 1649, the Portuguese again routed the Dutch at the Second Battle of Guararapes.

 Recapture of Recife

Reconquest of Recife
جزء من Dutch-Portuguese War
A letter written by the Portuguese King John IV ordering the attack on Recife
التاريخ May 1652 – February 1654 الموقع Pernambuco, Brazil النتيجة Decisive Portuguese victory Dutch expelled from Brazil
المتحاربون
الپرتغال Brazilian Colonial Forces	هولندا
القادة والزعماء
Francisco Barreto Pedro Jacques de Magalhães	Walter Van Loo
القوى
2,500 men	Unknown
الضحايا والخسائر
Unknown	Unknown

The Reconquest of Recife was a military engagement between the Portuguese forces under Francisco Barreto de Meneses and the Dutch forces of Captain Walter Van Loo. After the Dutch defeats at Guararapes, their surviving men, as well as other garrisons of New Holland, joined in the area of Recife in order to make a last stand. However, after fierce fighting, the Portuguese victoriously entered the city and the remaining Dutch were ousted from Brazil.

The Dutch finally lost control of Recife on January 28, 1654, leaving to the Portuguese their colony of Brazil and putting an end to Nieuw Netherlands.

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 Role of the Amerindians and Africans

17th century portrait of Antônio Filipe Camarão, Amerindian ally of the Portuguese, knighted for his service.

Portrait of Henrique Dias, who led blacks against the Dutch.

 Peace treaty

Seven years after the surrender of Recife, a peace treaty was organized between the Dutch Republic and Portugal. The Treaty of The Hague (1661) was signed on August 6, 1661, and it demanded that the Portuguese would pay 4 million réis over the span of 16 years in order to help the Dutch recover from the loss of Brazil.

 See also

• Colonial Brazil
• Dutch West India Company
• Dutch Brazilian
• 17th century Dutch Brazil:
  • Georg Marcgrave
  • Willem Piso
  • Caspar Barlaeus
  • Frans Post
  • Albert Eckhout
  • Zacharias Wagenaer
  • Isaac Aboab da Fonseca
  • Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (1648)
  • Battle of Tabocas (1645)
• Recife and Pernambuco:
  • Ricardo Brennand Institute
• Others:
  • France Antarctique
  • Equinoctial France
  • History of Suriname

 Further reading

• Barlaeus, The History of Brazil Under the Governorship of Count Johan Maurits of Nassau, 1636-1644. Gainesville: University of Florida Press 2011.
• Boxer, C.R., The Dutch in Brazil, 1624–1654, The Clarendon press, Oxford, 1957. ISBN 0-208-01338-5
• Boogaart, Ernst Van den, et al. Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, 1604-1679: A Humanitst Prince in Europe and Brazil. The Hague: Johan Maurits van Nassau Stichting 1979.
• Dutra, Francis A. "Dutch in Colonial Brazil" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996, vol. 2, pp. 414–420.
• Feitler, Bruno. "Jews and New Christians in Dutch Brazil, 1630-1654," in Richard L. Kagan and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Atlantic Diasporas. Jews, conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism, 1500-1800. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2009, 123-51.
• Groesen, Michiel van. "Lessons Learned: The Second Dutch Conquest of Brazil and the Memory of the First," Colonial Latin American Review 20-2 (2011) 167-93.
• Groesen, Michiel van, Amsterdam's Atlantic: Print Culture and the Making of Dutch Brazil, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2017. ISBN 978-0-8122-4866-1
• Groesen, Michiel van (ed.), The Legacy of Dutch Brazil, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2014. ISBN 978-1-107-06117-0
• Israel, Jonathan I. "Dutch Sephardi Jewry, Millenarian Politics, and the Struggle for Brazil (1645-54)." In Diasporaporas Winthin a Disapora. Jonathan I. Israel, ed. Leiden: Brill 2002.
• Israel, Jonathan, Stuart B. Schwartz, and Michiel van Groesen. The expansion of tolerance: religion in Dutch Brazil (1624-1654). Amsterdam University Press, 2007.
• Joppien, Rüdger. "The Dutch Vision of Brazil: Johan Maurits and His Artists," in Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, 1604-1679: A Humanist Prince in Europe and Brazil, ed. Ernst van den Boogaart, et al. 297-376. The Hague: Johan Maurits van Nassau Stichting, 1979.
• Klooster, Wim. “The Geopolitical Impact of Dutch Brazil on the Western Hemisphere.” In The Legacy of Dutch Brazil, edited by Michiel van Groesen, 25-40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
• Novinsky, Anita. “A Historical Bias: The New Christian Collaboration with the Dutch Invaders of Brazil (17th Century).” In Proceedings of the 5th World Congress of Jewish Studies, II.141-154. Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies, 1972.
• Parker, Geoffrey (1976). "Why Did the Dutch Revolt Last Eighty Years?". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 26. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Schmidt, Benjamin, Innocence Abroad: The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570-1670, Cambridge: University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-521-80408-0
• Wiznitzer, Arnold. Jews in Colonial Brazil. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.

 External links

• Dutch West Indies 1630–1975 at YouTube
• Facsimiles of 20 manuscripts from the Dutch West India Company Relating about the events in Brazil in the 17th century (PT & NL)
• Guararapes Birth of the Brazilian Nationality Brazilian Armed Forces site
• The Dutch in Brazil
• History of Dutch Brazil and Guiana
• The New Holland Foundation
• World Statesmen – Brazil
• History of Portuguese America, in Portuguese, by Sebastião da Rocha Pita