المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندة

هذه المقالة عن الفترة التاريخية التي كانت فيها أيرلندا وبريطانيا العظمى دولة منفدرة؛ لمقالة عن المملكة المتحدة بشكلها الحالي، انظر المملكة المتحدة.

المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندة
1801–1922¹
العلم Coat of arms (1837–1922)
الشعار الحادي: الرب وحقي  (بالفرنسية)² "God and my right"
النشيد:  "فليحفظ الرب الملك" (1801–37, 1901–22) "فليحفظ الرب الملكة" (1837–1901)
الدرع في اسكتلندة (1837–1922):
الوضع	دولة مستقلة
العاصمة	لندن 51°30′N 0°7′W
أكبر مدينة	العاصمة
اللغات المشتركة	الإنگليزية الأيرلندية Scottish Gaelic اسكتلندا الويلزية Cornish
صفة المواطن	بريطاني
الحكومة	ملكية دستورية برلمانية مركزية
الملك
• 1801–1820	جورج الثالث
• 1820–1830	جورج الرابع
• 1830–1837	وليام الرابع
• 1837–1901	ڤيكتوريا
• 1901–1910	إدوارد السابع
• 1910–1927 (الكونت كملك للملكة المتحدة وبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندة الشمالية)	جورج الخامس
رئيس الوزراء
• 1801, 1804–1806	وليام پيت الأصغر
• 1924–1927 (باسم الكونت)	ستانلي بالدوين
التشريع	البرلمان
• المجلس العلوي	مجلس اللوردات
• المجلس السفلي	مجلس العموم
التاريخ
• قانون الاتحاد 1800	1 يناير 1801
• تأسست	6 ديسمبر 1922
• تغيير اسم المملكة المتحدة	12 أبريل 1927
المساحة
1801	315,093 km2 (121,658 sq mi)
1921	315,093 km2 (121,658 sq mi)
التعداد
• 1801	16345646
• 1921	42769196
العملة	جنيه استرليني
سبقها تلاها مملكة بريطانيا العظمى مملكة أيرلندا المملكة المتحدة Irish Free State
اليوم جزء من	Republic of Ireland United Kingdom
1 الدولة الحرة الأيرلندية انفصلت عن المملكة المتحدة في 1922 نتيجة Anglo-Irish Treaty, but this fact was not reflected in the long-form name of United Kingdom until the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act in 1927. The current British state, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, is universally accepted to be a direct continuation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and should not be imagined to be a break from it or a new state formed after it. ² The Royal motto used in Scotland was [Nemo Me Impune Lacessit] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (Latin for "No-one provokes me with impunity").

المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندة كان الاسم السابق للمملكة المتحدة من 1 يناير  1801 حتى 12 أبريل 1927. تأسست بدمج مملكة بريطانيا العظمى (التي دمجت نفسها مع إنگلترة واسكتلندة) ومملكة أيرلندة، حيث أصبحت أيرلندة تحكم من وستمينستر من خلال ادارة قلعة دبلن.

في أعقاب استقلال أيرلندة في 6 ديسمبر 1922، عندما أصبحت المعاهدة الأنگلو أيرلندية في حيز التنفيذ، احتفظت باسمها الرسمي حتى تغير إلى المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندة الشمالية قانون الألقاب البرلمانية والملكية لعام 1927.

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 1801 إلى 1820

للمزيد من المعلومات: Georgian era, Regency era, and Georgian society

 Union of Great Britain and Ireland

المقالة الرئيسية: قوانين الاتحاد 1800

جورج الثالث، أول ملك للمملكة المتحدة الجديدة.

 الحروب الناپليونية

للمزيد من المعلومات: Napoleonic Wars and British Army during the Napoleonic Wars

During the War of the Second Coalition (1799–1801), Britain occupied most of the French and Dutch overseas possessions, the Netherlands having become a satellite state of France in 1796, but tropical diseases claimed the lives of over 40,000 troops. When the Treaty of Amiens ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized. The peace settlement was in effect only a ceasefire, and Napoleon continued to provoke the British by attempting a trade embargo on the country and by occupying the city of Hanover, capital of the Electorate, a German-speaking duchy of the Holy Roman Empire which was in a personal union with the United Kingdom. In May 1803, war was declared again. Napoleon's plans to invade Great Britain failed, chiefly due to the inferiority of his navy, and in 1805 a Royal Navy fleet led by Nelson decisively defeated the French Imperial Navy and Royal Spanish Navy at Trafalgar, which was the last significant naval action of the Napoleonic Wars.

 حرب 1812 ضد الولايات المتحدة

المقالة الرئيسية: حرب 1812 and الحروب الناپليونية

توقيع معاهدة گنت ending the war with the United States
(by Amédée Forestier, 1915ح. 1915)

To defeat France, Britain put heavy pressure on the United States, seizing merchant ships suspected of trading with France, and impressing sailors (conscription) born in Britain, regardless of their claimed American citizenship. British government agents armed Indigenous American tribes in Canada that were raiding American settlements on the frontier. The Americans felt humiliated and demanded war to restore their honour, despite their complete unpreparedness. The War of 1812 was a minor sideshow to the British, but the American army performed very poorly, and was unable to successfully attack Canada. In 1813, the Americans took control of Lake Erie and thereby of western Ontario, knocking most of the Indian tribes out of the war. When Napoleon surrendered for the first time in 1814, three separate forces were sent to attack the Americans in upstate New York, along the Maryland coast (burning Washington but getting repulsed at Baltimore), and up the Mississippi River to a massive defeat at the Battle of New Orleans. Each operation proved a failure with the British commanding generals killed or in disgrace. The war was a stalemate without purpose. A negotiated peace was reached at the end of 1814 that restored the prewar boundaries. British Canada celebrated its deliverance from American rule, Americans celebrated victory in a "second war of independence," and Britain celebrated its defeat of Napoleon. The treaty opened up two centuries of peace and open borders.

 رد الفعل بعد الحرب: 1815–1822

 Ultra Tories: Peterloo Massacre and the Six Acts

المقالة الرئيسية: Ultra-Tories, Peterloo Massacre, and Six Acts

The Ultra-Tories were the leaders of reaction and seemed to dominate the Tory Party, which controlled the government. Every untoward event seemed to point to a conspiracy on the left which necessitated more repression to head off another terror such as happened in the French Revolution in 1793. Historians find that the violent radical element was small and weak; there were a handful of small conspiracies involving men with few followers and careless security; they were quickly suppressed. Nevertheless, techniques of repression included the suspension of Habeas Corpus in 1817 (allowing the government to arrest and hold suspects without cause or trial). Sidmouth's Gagging Acts of 1817 heavily muzzled the opposition newspapers; the reformers switched to pamphlets and sold 50,000 a week.

The Peterloo Massacre of 1819 resulted in 18 deaths and several hundred injured.

 عصر الإصلاح: 1820–1837

A painting by James Pollard showing the Trafalgar Square before the erection of Nelson's Column

The era of reform came in a time of peace, guaranteed in considerable part by the overwhelming power of the Royal Navy. Britain engaged in only one serious war between 1815 and 1914, the Crimean War against the Russian Empire in the 1850s. That war was strictly limited in terms of scope and impact. The major result was the realisation that military medical services needed urgent reform, as advocated by the nursing leader Florence Nightingale. British diplomats, led by Lord Palmerston, promoted British nationalism, opposed reactionary regimes on the continent, helped the Spanish colonies to free themselves and worked to shut down the international slave trade.

It was a time of prosperity, population growth and better health, except in Ireland where over one million deaths were caused by the Great Famine when the potato crop failed in the 1840s. The Government did little to help the starving poor in Ireland. Along with the 1 million deaths, another 1 million would emigrate in a few short years, mostly to Britain and to the United States. The trend of emigration would continue in Ireland for decades and Ireland's population has never recovered to its pre-famine levels. The Irish language was almost wiped out. The failure of the British government to respond to the crisis in the eyes of the Irish people would lead to a growth in resentment of Britain and a rise in Irish nationalism. The Famine is remembered in Ireland to this day as oppression by the British Empire.

Industrial Revolution accelerated, with textile mills joined by iron and steel, coal mining, railroads and shipbuilding. The second British Empire, founded after the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in the American Revolutionary War of the 1770s, was dramatically expanded in India, other parts of Asia, and Africa. There was little friction with other colonial powers until the 1890s. British foreign policy avoided entangling alliances.

 Protestant Nonconformists

المقالة الرئيسية: Nonconformist (Protestantism)

In the 1790–1815 period there was an improvement in morals caused by the religious efforts by evangelicals inside the Church of England, and Dissenters or Nonconformist Protestants as people:

became wiser, better, more frugal, more honest, more respectable, more virtuous, than they ever were before." Wickedness still flourished, but the good were getting better, as frivolous habits were discarded for more serious concerns. The leading moralist of the era, William Wilberforce, saw everywhere "new proofs presenting themselves of the diffusion of religion".

 السياسة الخارجية

المقالة الرئيسية: History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

Three men shaped British foreign policy from 1810 to 1860, with only a few interruptions, Viscount Castlereagh (especially 1812–1822). George Canning (especially 1807–1829) and Viscount Palmerston (especially 1830–1865). For complete list, see Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.

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 عصر الإصلاح

 العملية السياسية

A painting by George Hayter that commemorates the passing of the Reform Act of 1832. It depicts the first session of the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833. In the foreground, the leading statesmen from the Lords: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (1764–1845), William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848) and the Whigs on the left; and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852) and the Tories on the right.

 Chartism

المقالة الرئيسية: Chartism

 رؤساء الوزراء

Prime ministers of the period included: William Pitt the Younger, Lord Grenville, Duke of Portland, Spencer Perceval, Lord Liverpool, George Canning, Lord Goderich, Duke of Wellington, Lord Grey, Lord Melbourne, Lord Palmerston and Robert Peel.

 المصلحون

Jeremy Bentham's panopticon prison (1791 drawing by Willey Reveley)

 العصر الڤيكتوري

المقالة الرئيسية: العصر الڤيكتوري

Queen Victoria reigned from 1837 to 1901 (1882 photograph)

The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's rule between 1837 and 1901 which signified the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. Scholars debate whether the Victorian period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political concerns that have come to be associated with the Victorians—actually begins with the passage of the Reform Act 1832. The era was preceded by the Regency era and succeeded by the Edwardian period. Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign saw Britain reach the zenith of its economic and political power, with the introduction of steam ships, railways, photography and the telegraph. Britain again remained mostly inactive in Continental politics.

The Queen played a small role in politics, but became the iconic symbol of the nation, the empire and proper, restrained behaviour. Her success as ruler was due to the power of the self-images she successively portrayed of innocent young woman, devoted wife and mother, suffering and patient widow, and grandmotherly matriarch.

 السياسة الخارجية

المقالة الرئيسية: International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

 إمبريالية التجارة الحرة

المقالة الرئيسية: السلام البريطاني

 الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية

المقالة الرئيسية: United Kingdom and the American Civil War

 الامبراطورية تتوسع

The British Empire in 1910

Starting in 1867, Britain united most of its North American colonies as the Dominion of Canada, giving it self-government and responsibility for its own defence, Canada did not have an independent foreign policy until 1931. The second half of the 19th century saw a scramble for Africa among the European powers. There was talk of war with France over the Fashoda Incident of 1898.

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 الزعامة

Prime ministers of the period included: Lord Melbourne, Robert Peel, Lord John Russell, Lord Derby, Lord Aberdeen, Lord Palmerston, Benjamin Disraeli, William Ewart Gladstone, Lord Salisbury and Lord Rosebery.

Disraeli and Gladstone dominated the politics of the late 19th century, Britain's golden age of parliamentary government. They long were idolised, but historians in recent decades have become much more critical, especially regarding Disraeli.

 ديزرائيلي

المقالة الرئيسية: Premierships of Benjamin Disraeli

Benjamin Disraeli

Lobby card, 1929

 گلادستون

المقالة الرئيسية: Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone

Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone

William Ewart Gladstone was the Liberal counterpart to Disraeli, serving as prime minister four times (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886 and 1892–1894). His financial policies, based on the notion of balanced budgets, low taxes and laissez-faire, were suited to a developing capitalist society but could not respond effectively as economic and social conditions changed. Called the "Grand Old Man" later in life, he was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to British workers and the lower middle class. The deeply religious Gladstone brought a new moral tone to politics with his evangelical sensibility. His moralism often angered his upper-class opponents (including Queen Victoria, who strongly favoured Disraeli), and his heavy-handed control split the Liberal party. His foreign policy goal was to create a European order based on cooperation rather than conflict and mutual trust instead of rivalry and suspicion; the rule of law was to supplant the reign of force and self-interest. This Gladstonian concept of a harmonious Concert of Europe was opposed to and ultimately defeated by the Germans with a Bismarckian system of manipulated alliances and antagonisms.

 الأخلاق

المقالة الرئيسية: الأخلاق الڤيكتورية

 مطلع القرن العشرين

Prime ministers from 1900 to 1923: Marquess of Salisbury, Arthur Balfour, Henry Campbell-Bannerman, H. H. Asquith, David Lloyd George, Bonar Law.

 العصر الإدواردي: 1901–1914

المقالة الرئيسية: العصر الإدواردي

 الحرب العطمى

المقالة الرئيسية: History of the United Kingdom during World War I and Ireland and World War I

Men of the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment following up the Germans near Brie, March 1917

 أيرلندا

المقالة الرئيسية: History of Ireland (1801–1923) and British rule in Ireland

 Campaign for Irish Home Rule

المقالة الرئيسية: Great Famine (Ireland), Irish question, and Irish Home Rule movement

شارع ساكڤيل في دبلن في المملكة المتحدة، ح. 1908

 Irish independence

المقالة الرئيسية: Irish revolutionary period

The Irish Free State (red) in 1922

 قائمة الملوك

جورج الخامس، آخر الملوك الملقبون بلقب "ملك بريطانيا العظمة وأيرلندة".

• جورج الثالث (1801–1820) (ملك من 1760)
• جورج الرابع (1820–1830)
• وليام الرابع (1830–1837)
• ڤيكتوريا (1837–1901)
• إدوارد السابع (1901–1910)
• جورج الخامس (1910–1922) (استُخدم اللقب حتى 1927)

 انظر أيضاً

• تاريخ أيرلندة (1801-1922)
• تاريخ المملكة المتحدة
• الإمبراطورية البريطانية
• مصطلحات في الجزر البريطانية

 وصلات خارجية

• التاريخ البريطاني أونلاين
• قانون الاتحاد 1800

سبقه: مملكة بريطانيا العظمى 1707–1801 مملكة أيرلندة 1541–1801

المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندة 1801–1922

تبعه: المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندة الشمالية 1922–present الدولة الحرة الأيرلندية 1922–1937