هبريدز

Coordinates: 57°50′N 7°00′W / 57.833°N 7.000°W / 57.833; -7.000
(تم التحويل من Hebrides)

هبرديز Hebrides ( /ˈhɛbrɪdz/; بالاسكتلندية الگالية: Innse Gall; Old Norse: Suðreyjar)، تتكون من أرخبيل واسع ومتنوع قبالة الساحل الغربي للبر الرئيسي الاسكتلندي. تتكون من مجموعتين رئيسيتين: هبرديز الداخلية والخارجية. لهذه الجزر تاريخ طويل من الاحتلال يعود إلى العصر الحجري الوسيط، وقد تأثرت ثقافة المقيمين بالتأثيرات المتتالية للشعوب الناطقة بالكلتية، النوردية والإنگليزية. انعكس هذا التنوع في الأسماء التي أطلقت على الجزر، والتي اشتقت من اللغات التي استخدمت هناك في الأوقات التاريخية وربما ما قبل التاريخ.


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الجيولوجيا، الجغرافيا والمناخ

العبّارة Caledonian MacBrayne MV Hebrides تغادر Lochmaddy متجهة إلى Skye


التاريخ

قبل التاريخ

الفترة الكلتية


الادارة النرويجية

الادارة الاسكتلندية


الفترة البريطانية المبكرة

Telford's Clachan Bridge بين البر الرئيسي لـبريطانيا العظمى و Seil, also known as the "Bridge across the Atlantic"، المبني في 1792.[1]


الاقتصاد الحديث

Sea filled slate quarries on Seil (foreground) و Easdale في جزر سليت


الإعلام والفنون

المدخل إلى كهف فنگال، ستافا


اللغات

التوزيع الجغرافي للناطقين بالگالية في اسكتلندا (2011).

التسمية

هبريدز الخارجية

الجزيرة الاشتقاق اللغة المعنى مونرو (1549) الاسم الگالي الحديث اشتقاقات بديلة
Baleshare Baile Ear الغالية east town[2] Baile Sear
Barra Barrøy النورسية Finbar's island[3] Barray Barraigh
Benbecula Peighinn nam Fadhla الغالية pennyland of the fords[4] Beinn nam Fadhla "little mountain of the ford" or "herdsman's mountain"[2]
Berneray Bjarnarøy النورسية Bjorn's island[4] Beàrnaraigh bear island[2]
Eriskay Uruisg الغالية goblin island[2] Eriskeray Èirisgeigh Erik's island[2][5]
Flodaigh النورسية float island[6] Flodaigh
Fraoch-eilean الغالية heather island Fraoch-eilean
Great Bernera Bjarnarøy English/Norse Bjorn's island[7] Berneray-Moir Beàrnaraigh Mòr bear island[7]
Grimsay[Note 1] النورسية Grim's island[2] Griomasaigh
Grimsay[Note 2] النورسية Grim's island[2] Griomasaigh
Harris Erimon[8] Ancient Greek? desert Harrey Na Hearadh Ptolemy's Adru. In Old Norse (and in modern Icelandic), a Hérað is a type of administrative district.[9] Alternatives are the Norse haerri, meaning "hills" and Gaelic na h-airdibh meaning "the heights".[7]
Lewis Limnu Pre-Celtic? marshy Lewis Leòdhas Ptolemy's Limnu is literally "marshy". The Norse Ljoðhús may mean "song house" - see above.[10][9]
North Uist English/Pre-Celtic?[10] Ywst Uibhist a Tuath "Uist" may possibly be "corn island"[11] or "west"[7]
Scalpay Skalprøy Norse scallop island[7] Scalpay of Harray Sgalpaigh na Hearadh
South Uist English/Pre-Celtic? Uibhist a Deas See North Uist
Vatersay Norse water island[12] Wattersay Bhatarsaigh fathers' island, priest island, glove island, wavy island[7]


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إنر هبرديز

الجزيرة الاشتقاق اللغة المعنى ومنرو (1549) الاسم الگالي الحديث اشتقاقات بديلة
كانا Cana الغالية porpoise island[13] Kannay Eilean Chanaigh Possibly from Old Irish cana, meaning "wolf-whelp" or Norse kneøy - "knee island"[13]
Coll Colosus Pre-Celtic Colla Possibly from Gaelic coll - a hazel[14]
Colonsay Pre-Celtic[15] Colnansay Colbhasa النورسية for "Columba's island"[16]
Danna النورسية Unknown[17] Danna
Easdale Eisdcalfe Eilean Eisdeal Eas is "waterfall" in Gaelic and dale is the Norse for "valley".[18] However the combination seems inappropriate for this small island. Also known as Ellenabeich - "island of the birches"[19]
Eigg Eag الغالية a notch[20] Egga Eige Also called Eilean Nimban More - "island of the powerful women" until the 16th century.[21]
Eilean Bàn الغالية white isle Naban Eilean Bàn
Eilean dà Mhèinn الغالية
Eilean Donan الغالية island of Donnán Eilean Donnáin
Eilean Shona النورسية sea island[22] Eilean Seòna Adomnán records the pre-Norse Gaelic name of Airthrago - the foreshore isle".[23]
Eilean Tioram الغالية dry island
Eriska النورسية Erik's island[5] Ùruisg
Erraid Possibly Arthràigh الغالية foreshore island[22] Erray Eilean Earraid
Gigha Guðey[24] Norse "good island" or "God island"[25] Gigay Giogha Various including the Norse Gjáey - "island of the geo" or "cleft", or "Gydha's isle".[26]
Gometra Goðrmaðrey[27] النورسية "The good-man's island", or "God-man's island"[27] Gòmastra "Godmund's island".[28]
Isle of Ewe Eubh الغالية echo Ellan Ew Eilean Iùbh Old Irish: eo - "yew"[29]
Iona Gaelic Possibly "yew-place" Colmkill Ì Chaluim Chille Numerous. Adomnán uses Ioua insula which became "Iona" through misreading.[30]
Islay Pre-Celtic Ila Ìle Various - see above
Jura Dyrøy النورسية deer island[31] Duray Diùra النورسية: Jurøy - udder island[31]
Kerrera Kjarbarøy النورسية Kjarbar's island[32] Cearrara Norse: ciarrøy' '- "brushwood island"[32] or "copse island"[33]
Lismore الغالية big garden[34] Lismoir Lios Mòr
Luing الغالية ship island[35] Lunge An t-Eilean Luinn النورسية: lyng - heather island[35] or pre-Celtic[36]
Lunga Langrøy النورسية longship isle[37] Lungay Lunga الغالية long is also "ship"[37]
Muck Eilean nam Muc الغالية isle of pigs[38] Swynes Ile Eilean nam Muc Eilean nam Muc-mhara- "whale island". John of Fordun recorded it as Helantmok - "isle of swine".[38]
Mull Malaios Pre-Celtic[10] Mull Muile Recorded by Ptolemy as Malaios[39] possibly meaning "lofty isle".[40] In Norse times it became Mýl.[10]
Oronsay النورسية ebb island[41] Ornansay Orasaigh النورسية: "Oran's island"[16]
Raasay Raasøy Norse roe deer island[42] Raarsay Ratharsair Rossøy - "horse island"[42]
Rona Hraunøy or Rònøy Norse or Gaelic/Norse "rough island" or "seal island" Ronay Rònaigh
Rùm Pre-Celtic[43] Ronin Rùm Various including Norse rõm-øy for "wide island" or Gaelic ì-dhruim - "isle of the ridge"[44]
Sanday sandøy Norse sandy island[13] Sandaigh
Scalpay Skalprøy النورسية scallop island[45] Scalpay Sgalpaigh النورسية: "ship island"[46]
Seil Possibly Sal Probably pre-Celtic[47] "stream"[19] Seill Saoil Gaelic: sealg - "hunting island"[19]
Shuna Unknown Norse Possibly "sea island"[22] Seunay Siuna الغالية sidhean - "fairy"[48]
Skye Scitis[49] Pre-Celtic? Possibly "winged isle"[50] Skye An t-Eilean Sgitheanach Numerous - see above
Soay So-øy النورسية sheep island Soa Urettil Sòdhaigh
Tanera Mòr Hawnarøy النورسية island of the haven[51] Hawrarymoir(?) Tannara Mòr Brythonic: Thanaros, the thunder god[51]
Tiree Eth, Ethica Possibly pre-Celtic Unknown[52] Tioridh النورسية: Tirvist of unknown meaning and numerous Gaelic versions, some with a possible meaning of "land of corn"[52]
Ulva Ulvøy النورسية wolf island[53] Ulbha Ulfr's island[53]

جزر غير مأهولة

Dhu Heartach Lighthouse, During Construction by Sam Bough (1822–1878)


الجزيرة الاشتقاق اللغة المعنى مونرو (1549) اشتقاقات
Taransay Norse Taran's island[54] Tarandsay
Scarba Norse cormorant island[47] Skarbay
Scarp Skarpoe[55] Norse "barren"[47] or "stony" Scarpe
Pabbay Norse priest island[56] Pabay
Hirta Hirt Possibly Old Irish death Hirta Numerous - see above
Mingulay Mikilay Norse big island[57] Megaly "Main hill island".[58] Murray (1973) states that the name “appropriately means Bird Island”.[59]
Ronay Norse rough island[60]
Sandray Sandray[61] Norse sand island[46] Sanderay
Wiay Norse Possibly "house island"[62]
Ceann Ear Ceann Ear Gaelic east headland

التاريخ الطبيعي

الأفق المفتوح في ببنبكولا.


انظر أيضاً

المصادر والهوامش

الهوامش
  1. ^ There are two inhabited islands called "Grimsay" or Griomasaigh that are joined to Benbecula by a road causeway, one to the north at grid reference NF855572 and one to the south east at grid reference NF831473.
  2. ^ See above note.
المراجع
  1. ^ Murray (1977) p. 121
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 236
  3. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 17
  4. ^ أ ب Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 19
  5. ^ أ ب Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 46
  6. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 50
  7. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 218
  8. ^ "The Roman Map of Britain Maiona (Erimon) 7 Lougis Erimon Isles of Harris and Lewis, Outer Hebrides " romanmap.com. Retrieved 1 February 2011
  9. ^ أ ب Mac an Tàilleir (2003)
  10. ^ أ ب ت ث خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة G2487
  11. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 116
  12. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 117
  13. ^ أ ب ت Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 143
  14. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 118
  15. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 31
  16. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 52
  17. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 38
  18. ^ "Etymology of British place-names" www.pbenyon1.plus.com. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  19. ^ أ ب ت Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 76
  20. ^ Watson (1994) p. 85
  21. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 134
  22. ^ أ ب ت Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 105
  23. ^ Watson (1994) p. 77
  24. ^ Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, § 328, line 8 Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  25. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 72
  26. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 32
  27. ^ أ ب Gillies (1906) p. 129. "Gometra, from N., is gottr + madr + ey."
  28. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) pp. 58-59
  29. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 185
  30. ^ Watson (1926) p. 87
  31. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 47
  32. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 84
  33. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 69
  34. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 109
  35. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 70
  36. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 83
  37. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 65
  38. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 132
  39. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة W37
  40. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة W38
  41. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 93
  42. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 161
  43. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 102
  44. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 138
  45. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 153
  46. ^ أ ب Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 103
  47. ^ أ ب ت Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 104
  48. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 63
  49. ^ "Group 34: islands in the Irish Sea and the Western Isles 1" kmatthews.org.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  50. ^ Munro, D. (1818) Description of the Western Isles of Scotland called Hybrides, by Mr. Donald Munro, High Dean of the Isles, who travelled through most of them in the year 1549. Miscellanea Scotica, 2. Quoted in Murray (1966) p. 146
  51. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 195
  52. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة W85
  53. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 102
  54. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 111
  55. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p 285
  56. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 94
  57. ^ Buxton (1995) p. 33
  58. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 87
  59. ^ Murray (1973) p. 41.
  60. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 101
  61. ^ Buxton (1995) p. 158
  62. ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 118
مصادر عامة
  • Ballin Smith, B. and Banks, I. (eds) (2002) In the Shadow of the Brochs, the Iron Age in Scotland. Stroud. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2517-X
  • Ballin Smith, Beverley; Taylor, Simon; and Williams, Gareth (2007) West over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. Leiden. Brill.
  • Benvie, Neil (2004) Scotland's Wildlife. London. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-978-2
  • Buchanan, Margaret (1983) St Kilda: a Photographic Album. W. Blackwood. ISBN 0-85158-162-5
  • Buxton, Ben. (1995) Mingulay: An Island and Its People. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-874744-24-6
  • Downham, Clare "England and the Irish-Sea Zone in the Eleventh Century" in Gillingham, John (ed) (2004) Anglo-Norman Studies XXVI: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2003. Woodbridge. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-072-8
  • Fraser Darling, Frank; Boyd, J. Morton (1969). The Highlands and Islands. The New Naturalist. London: Collins.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) First published in 1947 under title: Natural history in the Highlands & Islands; by F. Fraser Darling. First published under the present title 1964.
  • Gammeltoft, Peder (2010) "Shetland and Orkney Island-Names – A Dynamic Group". Northern Lights, Northern Words. Selected Papers from the FRLSU Conference, Kirkwall 2009, edited by Robert McColl Millar.
  • "Occasional Paper No 10: Statistics for Inhabited Islands"[dead link]. (28 November 2003) General Register Office for Scotland. Edinburgh. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  • Gillies, Hugh Cameron (1906) The Place Names of Argyll. London. David Nutt.
  • Gregory, Donald (1881) The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland 1493 - 1625. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 2008 reprint - originally published by Thomas D. Morrison. ISBN 1-904607-57-8
  • قالب:Haswell-Smith
  • Hunter, James (2000) Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Edinburgh. Mainstream. ISBN 1-84018-376-4
  • Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins.
  • Lynch, Michael (ed) (2007) Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923482-0.
  • قالب:Gaelic Placenames
  • Maclean, Charles (1977) Island on the Edge of the World: the Story of St. Kilda. Edinburgh. Canongate ISBN 0-903937-41-7
  • Monro, Sir Donald (1549) A Description Of The Western Isles of Scotland. Appin Regiment/Appin Historical Society. Retrieved 3 March 2007. First published in 1774.
  • Murray, W. H. (1966) The Hebrides. London. Heinemann.
  • Murray, W.H. (1973) The Islands of Western Scotland. London. Eyre Methuen. ISBN 0-413-30380-2
  • Omand, Donald (ed.) (2006) The Argyll Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-480-0
  • Ordnance Survey (2009) "Get-a-map"[dead link]. Retrieved 1–15 August 2009.
  • Rotary Club of Stornoway (1995) The Outer Hebrides Handbook and Guide. Machynlleth. Kittiwake. ISBN 0-9511003-5-1
  • Slesser, Malcolm (1970) The Island of Skye. Edinburgh. Scottish Mountaineering Club.
  • Steel, Tom (1988) The Life and Death of St. Kilda. London. Fontana. ISBN 0-00-637340-2
  • Stevenson, Robert Louis (1995) The New Lighthouse on the Dhu Heartach Rock, Argyllshire. California. Silverado Museum. Based on an 1872 manuscript and edited by Swearingen, R.G.
  • Thompson, Francis (1968) Harris and Lewis, Outer Hebrides. Newton Abbot. David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-4260-6
  • Watson, W. J. (1994) The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-323-5. First published 1926.
  • Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)


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وصلات خارجية

57°50′N 7°00′W / 57.833°N 7.000°W / 57.833; -7.000