الجزر الشمالية

هذا المقال هو عن مجموعة كبيرة من الجزر الاسكتلندية تشمل اوركني وشتلاند. إذا كنت تريد الجزر الشمالية لشتلاند، انظر جزر الشمال.
A map of northern Scotland. Two archipelagos to the north east of the mainland are highlighted.
الجزر الشمالية الاسكتلندية.

الجزر الشمالية Northern Isles (سكوتس: Northren Isles; غالية اسكتلندية: Na h-Eileanan a Tuath; نورسية القديمة: Norðreyjar)، هي سلسلة (أو أرخبيل) جزر قبالة الساحل الشمالي للبر الرئيسي الاسكتلندي. تتمتع الجزر الشمالية بمناخ بارد ومعتدل وتتأثر كثيراً بالبحار المحيطة. هناك مجموعتين رئيسيتين من الجزر: شتلاند واوركني. هناك 26 جزيرة غير مأهولة وأفق الجزر الزراعية الخصبة في اوركني المتناقضة مع طبيعة جزر شتلاند الوعرة في الشمال، حيث الاقتصاد يعتمد بصورة أكبر على الصيح وثروة النفط في البحار المحيطة. تقوم الجزيرتين بتطوير صناعة الطاقة المتجددة.


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الجغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة جزر اوركني and قائمة جزر شتلاند
A map of Shetland. The main islands lie on a north south axis, with the Norwegian Sea to the north and west and the North Sea to the south and east.
شتلاند



الجيولوجيا

المقالة الرئيسية: جيولوجيا اوركني
A map of the geology of Orkney. Hoy to the south west is predominantly formed from Hoy/Eday Sandstones. The Mainland at centre is largely Stromness flagstones with Rousay flagstones to the east. The smaller North and South Isles are a mixture of Eday and Rousay sandstones.
جيولوجيا اوركني


المناخ

المقالة الرئيسية: اوركني § المناخ, and شتلاند § المناخ


قبل التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: اوركني قبل التاريخ and شتلاند قبل التاريخ
Green fields lie to the right of a body of dark blue water. At the water's edge there is a tall, round, stone tower, possibly unroofed.
The Iron Age Broch of Mousa

التاريخ، الثقافة والسياسة

المقالة الرئيسية: اوركني and شتلاند
A group of warriors in medieval garb surround two men whose postures suggest they are about to embrace. The man on the right is taller, has long fair hair and wears a bright red tunic. The man on the left his balding with short grey hair and a white beard. He wears a long brown cloak.
King Olav Tryggvason of Norway, who forcibly Christianised Orkney.[1] Painting by Peter Nicolai Arbo.
A picture on a page in an old book. A man at left wears tights and a tunic with a lion rampant design and holds a sword and scepter. A woman at right wears a dress with an heraldic design bordered with ermine and carries a thistle in one hand and a scepter in the other. They stand on a green surface over a legend in Scots that begins "James the Thrid of Nobil Memorie..." (sic) and notes that he "marrit the King of Denmark's dochter."
James III and Margaret, whose betrothal led to Shetland passing from Norway to Scotland
A sepia-tone photograph of a 3-masted 19th century sailing vessel at sea with the shore in the foreground and dark hills beyond. The sun's rays cast light and shadows in the sky as they break through the clouds.
Full-rigged ship Maella, of Oslo, in Bressay Sound circa 1922
A small chapel sits in green fields under a blue sky. A body of water lies to the left. The front of the building is painted red and white and is decorated with colonnades and a small bell tower. By contrast the main part of the building is painted grey and has a curved exterior reminiscent of a Nissen hut.
The Italian Chapel on Lamb Holm, built by POWs

السياسة

النقل

A large modern ferry with a blue hull and white topsides lies next to a harbour under grey skies.
Northlink Ferries MV Hamnavoe at Scrabster harbour
A small dark-blue twin prop plane sits on tarmac surrounded by grass under blue skies. In the foreground an individual wearing a uniform that is similar in colour to the plane pulls a full baggage trolley towards it.
BN2 Islander being loaded with luggage at Papa Westray Airport

الاقتصاد

An oil platform constructed in two main parts sits in a calm blue sea. The larger section at right has a helideck, the smaller at left is flaring gas from two stacks.
ExxonMobil's Beryl alpha oil platform in the East Shetland Basin


الثقافة

أسماء الجزر

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شتلاند

الجزيرة الاشتقاق اللغة المعنى البدائل
Bressay Breiðøy Norse broad island[2]
Bruray Norse east isle[3] Norse: bruarøy – bridge island"[3]
East Burra Scots/Norse east broch island[4]
Fair Isle Frioarøy Norse fair island[5] Norse: feoerøy – "far-off isle".[5]
Fetlar Unknown Pre-Celtic? Unknown Norse: fetill – "shoulder-straps"[6] or "fat land".[7] See also Funzie Girt.
Foula Fugløy Norse bird island[8]
Housay Húsøy Norse house isle[3]
Shetland Mainland Hetlandensis Norse/ Gaelic island of the cat people?[9] Perhaps originally from Gaelic: Innse Chat – see above[9]
Muckle Roe Rauðey Milkla Scots/Norse big red island[4]
Papa Stour Papøy Stóra Celtic/Norse big island of the priests[10]
Trondra Norse boar island[11] Norse: "Þrondr's isle" or "Þraendir's isle". The first is a personal name, the second a tribal name from the Trondheim area.[11]
Unst Unknown Pre-Celtic? Unknown Norse: omstr – "corn-stack"[6] or ørn-vist – "home of the eagle"[12]
Vaila Valøy Norse falcon island[13] Norse: "horse island", "battlefield island" or "round island"[13]
West Burra Scots/Norse west broch island[4]
Whalsay Hvalsey Norse whale island[14]
Yell Unknown Pre-Celtic? Unknown Norse: í Ála – "deep furrow"[6] or Jala – "white island"[15]

اوركني

الجزيرة الاشتقاق اللغة المعنى البدائل
Auskerry Østr sker Norse east skerry[16]
Burray Borgrøy Norse broch island[17]
Eday Eidøy Norse isthmus island[18]
Egilsay Égillsey Norse or Gaelic Egil's island[19] Possibly from Gaelic eaglais" – church island[20]
Flotta Flottøy Norse flat, grassy isle[21]
Gairsay Gáreksøy Norse Gárekr's isle[22]
Graemsay Grims-øy Norse Grim's island[23]
Holm of Grimbister Norse Small and rounded islet of Grim's farm
Hoy Háøy Norse high island[24]
Inner Holm English/Norse inner rounded islet
North Ronaldsay Rinansøy Norse Uncertain – possibly "Ringa's isle"[25]
Orkney Mainland Orcades Various isle(s) of the young pig[26] See above
Papa Stronsay Papey Minni Norse priest isle of Stronsay[27] The Norse name is literally "little priest isle"[27]
Papa Westray Papey Meiri Norse priest isle of Westray[28] The Norse name is literally "big priest isle"[28]
Rousay Hrólfsøy Norse Hrólfs island[29]
Sanday Sandøy Norse sand island[30]
Shapinsay Unknown Possibly "helpful island"[31] See above
South Ronaldsay Rognvaldsey Norse Rognvald's island[17]
South Walls Sooth Was Scots/Norse "southern voes" "Voe" means fjord. Possibly "south bays".
Stronsay Possibly Strjónsøy Norse good fishing and farming island[32]
Westray Vestrøy Norse western island[33]
Wyre Vigr Norse spear-like island[34]

جزر غير مأهولة

المصادر

الهوامش
الحواشي
  1. ^ Thomson (2008) p. 69. quoting the Orkneyinga Saga chapter 12.
  2. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 425
  3. ^ أ ب ت Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 459
  4. ^ أ ب ت Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 433
  5. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 408
  6. ^ أ ب ت Gammeltoft (2010) pp. 19–20
  7. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 471
  8. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 419
  9. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة G9
  10. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 449
  11. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 434
  12. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 481
  13. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 430
  14. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 452
  15. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 467
  16. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 363
  17. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 354
  18. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 386
  19. ^ Gammeltoft (2010) p. 16
  20. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 379
  21. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 341
  22. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 367
  23. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 352
  24. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 343
  25. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 400
  26. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة W116
  27. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 376
  28. ^ أ ب Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 397
  29. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 383
  30. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 392
  31. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة H364
  32. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 370
  33. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 394
  34. ^ Gammeltoft (2010) p. 18
General references
  • Armit, Ian (2006) Scotland's Hidden History. Stroud. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-3764-X
  • Ballin Smith, B. and Banks, I. (eds) (2002) In the Shadow of the Brochs, the Iron Age in Scotland. Stroud. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2517-X
  • Clarkson, Tim (2008) The Picts: A History. Stroud. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4392-8
  • قالب:Haswell-Smith
  • Gammeltoft, Peder (2010) "Shetland and Orkney Island-Names – A Dynamic Group". Northern Lights, Northern Words. Selected Papers from the FRLSU Conference, Kirkwall 2009, edited by Robert McColl Millar.
  • General Register Office for Scotland (28 November 2003) Occasional Paper No 10: Statistics for Inhabited Islands[dead link]. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  • Gillen, Con (2003) Geology and landscapes of Scotland. Harpenden. Terra Publishing. ISBN 1-903544-09-2
  • Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-255082-2
  • قالب:Gaelic Placenames
  • Omand, Donald (ed.) (2003) The Orkney Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-254-9
  • Nicolson, James R. (1972) Shetland. Newton Abbott. David & Charles.
  • Sandnes, Berit (2003) From Starafjall to Starling Hill: An investigation of the formation and development of Old Norse place-names in Orkney. (pdf) Doctoral Dissertation, NTU Trondheim.
  • Sandnes, Berit (2010) "Linguistic patterns in the place-names of Norway and the Northern Isles" Northern Lights, Northern Words. Selected Papers from the FRLSU Conference, Kirkwall 2009, edited by Robert McColl Millar.
  • Schei, Liv Kjørsvik (2006) The Shetland Isles. Grantown-on-Spey. Colin Baxter Photography. ISBN 978-1-84107-330-9
  • Shetland Islands Council (2010) "Shetland in Statistics 2010" (pdf) Economic Development Unit. Lerwick. Retrieved 6 March 2011
  • Thomson, William P. L. (2008) The New History of Orkney Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-696-0
  • Turner, Val (1998) Ancient Shetland. London. B. T. Batsford/Historic Scotland. ISBN 0-7134-8000-9
  • Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2007) Orkney: A Historical Guide. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-596-3
  • Watson, W. J. (1994) The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-323-5. First published 1926.
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