لويفيل، كنتاكي

"لوي‌ڤل" و "بوابة الجنوب" يـُحوّلا إلى هنا. للاستخدامات الأخرى, انظر (توضيح).
لوي‌ڤل/مقاطعة جفرسون
الحكومة العمرانية
Louisville/Jefferson County
Metro Government
مقاطعة-مدينة موحدة
أفق وسط مدينة ليوفيل
الرعد فوق لويفيل
مركز محمد علي
حياة فورث ستريت!
كاتدرائية العذراء
برج لويفيل المائي
دربي كنتكي
علم لوي‌ڤل/مقاطعة جفرسون الحكومة العمرانية
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ لوي‌ڤل/مقاطعة جفرسون الحكومة العمرانية
الشعار
الكنية: 
مدينة الدربي، مدينة النهر،[1] (بوابة الجنوب،[2] مدينة الشلالات، المدينة[3]
تمثل الأراضي باللون الأصفر "توازن" سكان لويفيل.
تمثل الأراضي باللون الأصفر "توازن" سكان لويفيل.
لويفيل is located in Kentucky
لويفيل
لويفيل
الموقع في كنتكي
لويفيل is located in الولايات المتحدة
لويفيل
لويفيل
الموقع في الولايات المتحدة
لويفيل is located in أمريكا الشمالية
لويفيل
لويفيل
الموقع في أمريكا الشمالية
الإحداثيات: 38°15′22″N 85°45′05″W / 38.25611°N 85.75139°W / 38.25611; -85.75139
البلدالولايات المتحدة
الولايةكنتكي
المقاطعةجفرسون
أسسهاجورج روجرز كلارك
السمِيْلويس السادس عشر
الحكومة
 • النوعالعمدة-المجلس
 • العمدةكريج جرينبرج (د)
 • مجلس المدينة26 عضواً
المساحة
[4]
 • مقاطعة-مدينة موحدة341٫44 ميل² (884٫32 كم²)
 • البر324٫94 ميل² (841٫59 كم²)
 • الماء16٫50 ميل² (42٫73 كم²)
المنسوب
466 ft (142 m)
التعداد
 (2020)
 • مقاطعة-مدينة موحدة633٬045
 • Estimate 
(2022)[5]
624٫٫444
 • الترتيب28th in the United States[أ]
رقم 1 في كنتكي
 • الكثافة1٬900/sq mi (720/km2)
 • Urban
974٬397 (الولايات المتحدة: رقم 48)
 • الكثافة الحضرية2٬430٫8/sq mi (938٫5/km2)
 • العمرانية
[6]
1٬395٬634 (الولايات المتحدة: رقم 43)
صفة المواطنLouisvillian[7]
منطقة التوقيتUTC-5 (الشرقي)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC-4 (الشرقي)
الرمز البريدي
major: 402xx
minor: 400xx, 401xx
رمز المنطقة502
رمز FIPS21-48000
رمز FIPS21-48006
GNIS feature ID0509453[8]
الموقع الإلكترونيlouisvilleky.gov

لوي‌ڤل (إنگليزية: Louisville؛ /ˈluːivɪl/ LOO-ee-vil، الأمريكي /ˈluːəvəl/ LOO-ə-vəl، local /ˈlʊvəl/ LUUV-əl)، هي أكبر مدن ولاية كنتاكي الأمريكية، وسادس أكثر المدن اكتظاظاً بالسكان في جنوب شرق البلاد، والمدينة 28 الأكثر اكتظاظاً بالسكان في الولايات المتحدة.[أ][10] لوي‌ڤل هي مركز تاريخي، ومنذ 2003، المركز الاسمي لمقاطعة جفرسون، على حدود إنديانا.

سُميت المدينة على اسم لويس السادس عشر ملك فرنسا، وتأسست عام 1778 على يد جورج روجرز كلارك، مما يجعلها واحدة من أقدم المدن غرب الأپلاش.[11] مع شلالات أوهايو المجاورة باعتبارها العائق الرئيسي الوحيد لحركة المرور النهرية بين أعالي نهر أوهايو وخليج المكسيك، نمت المستوطنة أولاً كموقع للنقل اليدوي عبر النهر. كانت المدينة المؤسسة لسكك حديد لويفيل وناشفيل، والتي نمت إلى نظام سكك حديدية يمتد بطول 9700 كم عبر 13 ولاية.

اليوم، تُعرف المدينة بأنها موطن الملاكم محمد علي كلاي ودربي كنتكي وكنتكي فرايد تشيكن وجامعة لويفيل والكاردينالات، مضارب بيسبول لويفيل سلجر، وثلاثة من ست شركات على قائمة فورتشن 500: هومانا، كيندرد للرعاية الصحية، ويوم! براندز.[12][13] مطار محمد علي الدولي، هو المطار التجاري الرئيسي في لويفيل، ويستضيف المركز العالمي لخدمة الطرود المتحدة.

منذ عام 2003، كانت حدود لويفيل هي نفسها حدود مقاطعة جفرسون، بعد دمج المدينة والمقاطعة.[14] The official name of this consolidated city-county government is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government,[15] abbreviated to Louisville Metro.[16] Despite the merger and renaming, the term "Jefferson County" continues to be used in some contexts in reference to Louisville Metro, particularly including the incorporated cities outside the "balance" which make up Louisville proper. The city's total consolidated population as of the 2020 census was 782,969.[17] However, the balance total of 633,045[18] excludes other incorporated places and semiautonomous towns within the county and is the population listed in most sources and national rankings.

The Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) includes Louisville-Jefferson County and 12 surrounding counties, seven in Kentucky and five in Southern Indiana. As of 2019, the MSA had a population of 1,395,634,[19] the 43rd largest in the nation.[ب]

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الاسم والنطق

The Louisville Convention and Visitors Bureau displays many of the common pronunciations of the city's name on its logo.

أنشأ جماعة من الرواد يقودهم المكتشف الأمريكي جورج روجرز كلارك مستوطنة فوق الموقع الذي يُعرف باسم لوي‌ڤل وذلك عام 1778. وفي العام التالي، أطلق كلارك على المدينة اسم الملك لويس السادس عشر ملك فرنسا. وذلك عرفانًا بجميل فرنسا في مساعدتها للمستعمرات الأمريكية أثناء الثورة الأمريكية (1775- 1783).


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ لويفيل، كنتاكي
For دليل زمني, see خط زمني للويفيل، كنتاكي.
لتغطية أوسع لـ هذا الموضوع، انظر History of Kentucky.
انظر أيضاً: National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Kentucky

The history of Louisville spans hundreds of years, and has been influenced by the area's geography and location at the head of the Falls of the Ohio River.

التاريخ المبكر والتأسيس

Painting of the head and shoulders of an older, gray-haired, balding man in a colonial-era military uniform (blue jacket with white lapels and gold epaullettes)
Louisville's founder, George Rogers Clark

The rapids at the Falls of the Ohio created a barrier to river travel, as a result, settlements grew up at this stopping point. The first European settlement in the vicinity of modern-day Louisville was on Corn Island in 1778 by Col. George Rogers Clark, credited as the founder of Louisville. Several landmarks in the community are named after him.[20]

Two years later, in 1780, the Virginia General Assembly approved the town charter of Louisville. The city was named in honor of King Louis XVI of France, whose soldiers were then aiding Americans in the Revolutionary War. Early residents lived in forts to protect themselves from raids from the local indigenous population, but moved out by the late 1780s.[21] In 1803, explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark organized their expedition across America in the town of Clarksville, Indiana at the present-day Falls of the Ohio opposite Louisville, Kentucky.[22][23]

القرن التاسع عشر

انظر أيضاً: Louisville, Kentucky, in the American Civil War

The city's early growth was influenced by the fact that river boats had to be unloaded and moved downriver before reaching the falls. By 1828, the population had grown to 7,000 and Louisville became an incorporated city.[24]

ساعدت التجارة النهرية على تطور لوي‌ڤل المبكر. واتسع مجال صناعتها بسرعة كبيرة منذ الحرب العالمية الثانية (1939-1945).

القرنان العشرون والحادي والعشرون

Entrance to Fourth Street Live!, featuring marquee of the Hard Rock Cafe

Since the late 1990s, Downtown has experienced significant residential, tourist and retail growth, including the addition of major sports complexes KFC Yum! Center, Lynn Family Stadium and Louisville Slugger Field, conversion of waterfront industrial sites into Waterfront Park, openings of varied museums (see Museums, galleries and interpretive centers below), and the refurbishing of the former Galleria into the bustling entertainment complex Fourth Street Live!, which opened in 2004.

On March 13, 2020, four plainclothed officers from Louisville Metro Police Department executed a “no-knock” search warrant which led to the killing of Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old African-American woman.[25] For months afterward, Taylor’s family, members of the local community, and people around the world protested to demand that officers involved in the shooting be fired and criminally charged.[26] These protests and demonstrations coincided and intertwined with the international George Floyd protests, as well as the Black Lives Matter movement and a broader movement of racial unrest.[27] As a result of the incident, the police chief was fired and four officers received federal charges, but no significant systemic changes were made.[28][29]

On April 10, 2023, a mass shooting occurred at the Old National Bank, killing five people, and injuring nine others. The suspect, who was a bank employee and who officials said was livestreaming the rampage, was killed by the police after exchanging fire with them.[30]

الجغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: جغرافيا لويفيل، كنتاكي
Hilly terrain blankets the southwest part of the city.

Louisville and Jefferson County have a combined area of 397.68 square miles (1,030.0 km2), of which 380.46 square miles (985.4 km2) is land and 17.23 square miles (44.6 km2) (4.33%) is covered by water.[31]

Louisville is southeasterly situated along the border between Kentucky and Indiana, the Ohio River, in north-central Kentucky at the Falls of the Ohio. Louisville is an Upper South city located in a Southern state that is influenced by both Southern and Midwestern culture. It is sometimes referred to as either one of the northernmost Southern cities or as one of the southernmost Northern cities in the United States.[32][33]


Louisville is located in Kentucky's outer Bluegrass region.[34] Its development has been influenced by its location on the Ohio River, which spurred Louisville's growth from an isolated camp site into a major shipping port. Much of the city is located on a very wide and flat floodplain surrounded by hill country on all sides. Much of the area was swampland that had to be drained as the city grew. In the 1840s, most creeks were rerouted or placed in canals to prevent flooding and disease outbreaks.

Areas generally east of I-65 are above the flood plain, and are composed of gently rolling hills. The southernmost parts of Jefferson County are in the scenic and largely undeveloped Knobs region, which is home to Jefferson Memorial Forest.

The Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), the 43rd largest in the United States,[ب][19] includes the Kentucky county of Jefferson (coterminous with Louisville Metro), plus twelve outlying counties—seven in Kentucky and five in Southern Indiana. Louisville's MSA is included in the Louisville–Elizabethtown–Madison, KY–IN Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which also includes the Elizabethtown, KY MSA, as well as the Madison, IN Micropolitan Statistical Area.

The Louisville area is near several other urban areas, especially Frankfort, Kentucky (the state's capital); Cincinnati, Ohio (the two cities' metropolitan statistical areas almost border each other); Lexington, Kentucky; Bowling Green, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; and the Indianapolis, Indiana area (especially Columbus, Indiana, to the north of Southern Indiana).

منظر المدينة

المقالة الرئيسية: أفق لويفيل، كنتاكي
انظر أيضاً: Downtown Louisville; Neighborhoods in Louisville, Kentucky; List of parks in the Louisville metropolitan area; and List of tallest buildings in Louisville
Highlands district, specifically the Bonnycastle neighborhood

The downtown business district of Louisville is located immediately south of the Ohio River and southeast of the Falls of the Ohio. Major roads extend outwards from the downtown area in all directions. The airport is about 6.75 miles (10.86 km) south of the downtown area. The industrial sections of town are to the south and west of the airport, while most of the residential areas of the city are to the southwest, south, and east of downtown. In 2010, the 22,000-seat KFC Yum! Center was completed.[35][36] Twelve of the 15 buildings in Kentucky over 300 feet (91 m) are located in downtown Louisville.

Another primary business and industrial district is located in the suburban area east of the city on Hurstbourne Parkway.[37]

Louisville's late 19th- and early 20th-century development was spurred by three large suburban parks built at the edges of the city in 1890.

The city's architecture contains a blend of old and new. The Old Louisville neighborhood is the largest historic preservation district solely featuring Victorian homes and buildings in the United States;[38][39] it is also the third-largest district containing such architectural distinctions in the United States. The style, which originated in Great Britain, spread to the Commonwealth and eventually to the United States, including the rapidly growing city of Louisville.قالب:Relevance inline Many modern skyscrapers are located downtown, as well as older preserved structures, such as the Southern National Bank building. The buildings of West Main Street in downtown Louisville have the largest collection of cast iron facades of anywhere outside of New York's SoHo neighborhood.[40]

Werne's Row in Old Louisville
Broadway and 3rd Street downtown

Since the mid-20th century, Louisville has in some ways been divided into three sides of town: the West End, the South End, and the East End. In 2003, Bill Dakan, a University of Louisville geography professor, said that the West End, west of 7th Street and north of Algonquin Parkway, is "a euphemism for the African American part of town" although he points out that this belief is not entirely true, and most African Americans no longer live in areas where more than 80% of residents are black. Nevertheless, he says the perception is still strong.[41] The South End has long had a reputation as a white, working-class part of town, while the East End has been seen as middle and upper class.[42]

According to the Greater Louisville Association of Realtors, the area with the lowest median home sales price is west of Interstate 65, in the West and South Ends. The middle range of home sales prices are between Interstates 64 and 65 in the South and East Ends, and the highest median home sales price are north of Interstate 64 in the East End.[43] Immigrants from Southeast Asia tend to settle in the South End, while immigrants from Eastern Europe settle in the East End.[44]

Louisville panorama from Jeffersonville, Indiana, with Second Street Bridge in foreground
Panorama from Jeffersonville, Indiana, with Second Street Bridge in foreground


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المناخ

قالب:Louisville, Kentucky weatherbox

الحكومة والسياسة

Louisville City Hall in downtown.

الجريمة

A Louisville Metro Police car

الديموغرافيا

التعداد التاريخي
التعداد Pop. %±
1790200—
180035979٫5%
18101٬357278�0%
18204٬012195٫7%
183010٬341157٫8%
184021٬210105٫1%
185043٬194103٫6%
186068٬03357٫5%
1870100٬75348٫1%
1880123٬75822٫8%
1890161٬12930٫2%
1900204٬73127٫1%
1910223٬9289٫4%
1920234٬8914٫9%
1930307٬74531�0%
1940319٬0773٫7%
1950369٬12915٫7%
1960390٬6395٫8%
1970361٬706−7٫4%
1980298٬694−17٫4%
1990269٬063−9٫9%
2000256٬231−4٫8%
2010597٬337133٫1%
2020633٬0456�0%
2022 (تق.)624٬444[45]−1٫4%
U.S. Decennial Census[46]
In 2003, Louisville merged with
Jefferson County and population
counts were combined thereafter.[47]
2010–2020[18]
Unless otherwise noted, all demographics refer to the consolidated Louisville Metro, including the separately incorporated cities within it.
للمزيد من المعلومات: History of the French in Louisville, History of Germans in Louisville, and History of the Irish in Louisville

Between 1970 and 2000, Louisville lost population each decade. As of the 2000 census, Louisville had a population of 256,231, down from the 1990 census population of 269,063.[10] Due to the city-county merger that occurred in 2003, which expanded the city limits, the city's population increased to 597,337 at the 2010 census count.

Map of racial distribution in Louisville, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other

ولد أكثر من 98% من سكان لويفيل في الولايات المتحدة، ويضم سكانها جماعات كبيرة من سلالات إنجليزية وألمانية وأيرلندية وتكوِّن الجالية السوداء أكثر سكان لويسفيل، ويعيش معظمهم على الحدود الغربية للمدينة وأيضًا في وسط المدينة، وتسود هذه المناطق مشاكل البطالة ومشاكل الأحياء الفقيرة.

الدين

المقالة الرئيسية: Religion in Louisville, Kentucky
انظر أيضاً: Religion in Kentucky
Cathedral of the Assumption

Louisville hosts religious institutions of various faiths, including Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and the Baháʼí Faith.

يعتنق نحو نصف سكان لويفيل المذهب البروتستانتي ومنهم تتشكل أكبر الجماعات المعمدانية الميثودية، كما يعتنق أكثر من 40% من السكان مذهب الروم الكاثوليك.


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الدين

Louisville's Cathedral of the Assumption

الاقتصاد

Bourbon bottle, 19th century. One-third of all bourbon whiskey يأتي من لوي‌ڤل.
Humana headquarters in Downtown Louisville

بدأ نمو اقتصاد لويسفيل منذ أواخر الأربعينيات ولكن المدينة مازالت تعاني من المشكلات الاقتصادية. وفي أوائل الثمانينيات، واجهت المدينة حالة تدهور في الصناعة، ولكن حدث في الفترة نفسها زيادة في صناعة الخدمات مثل خدمات السياحة والشؤون المالية والرعاية الصحية.

من المشكلات التي تواجه صناعة الدخان بلويسفيل انخفاض العمالة بها بسبب الكساد الذي أصاب مبيعات السجائر خلال الستينيات وأجبرت شركات الدخان على تسريح الكثير من العاملين بها. ولكن أدى التطور الصناعي بالمدينة إلى زيادة تلوث الهواء في منطقة لويسفيل، مما دفع الحكومة المحلية إلى إصدار قوانين الحد من التلوث لتخفيف حدة آثار هذه المشكلة. ويوجد في العاصمة لويسفيل حوالي ألف ومائة مصنع تنتج ما قيمته 15 بليون دولار سنويًا من السلع، وتتضمن المنتجات الرئيسية بالمدينة المواد الكيميائية والأجهزة والدهانات وأدوات السمكرة والأجهزة الرياضية. ومن الصناعات المهمة بالمدينة، صناعة نشر الأخشاب وتصنيع اللحوم والطباعة، كما يوجد في لويسفيل أكبر دار نشر أمريكية للمكفوفين، وهي في الوقت نفسه أكبر دار نشر في العالم تختص بإصدار مطبوعات بريل للمكفوفين.


الثقافة

2006 Kentucky Derby Festival Thunder Over Louisville fireworks display as seen from the Kentucky side of the Ohio River
A giant baseball bat adorns the outside of Louisville Slugger Museum & Factory in downtown Louisville
The Belle of Louisville

الحدائق والمنتزهات

The Louisville Waterfront Park exhibits rolling hills, spacious lawns and walking paths on Louisville's waterfront in the downtown area.

الفنون

The Kentucky Center in Downtown Louisville

الرياضة

Louisville Slugger Field, where the Louisville Bats play.
The Kentucky Derby in progress at Churchill Downs.
Louisville Extreme Park
النادي الرياضة تأسس الاتحاد الاستاد
Louisville Bulls Football 1988 Mid Continental Football League Various
Louisville Kings Australian rules football 1996 USAFL (USFOOTY) Hays-Kennedy Park
Louisville Bats Baseball 2002 International League Louisville Slugger Field

البنية التحتية

التعليم

Grawmeyer Hall, modeled after the Roman Pantheon, is the University of Louisville's main administrative building
The newly completed Medical Office Plaza on the University of Louisville's downtown Health Sciences Campus

النقل

The Toonerville II Trolleys provide transportation in downtown Louisville.
Overhead view of the Kennedy Interchange ("Spaghetti Junction").
Louisville's Watterson Expressway
Completed in 1860, the Louisville Water Tower is the oldest water tower in the U.S.


المدن الشقيقة

المسافات إلى كل من المدن الشقيقة للوي‌ڤيل ممثلين على عمود إشارة ضوئية في وسط بلد لوي‌ڤيل.

لويفيل متوأمة مع:[48]

In addition, Louisville has been recognized as a "friendship city". The two cities have engaged in many cultural exchange programs, particularly in the fields of nursing and law, and cooperated in several private business developments, including the Frazier History Museum.[49]

Although not technically a sister city, Louisville has friendly and cooperative relations with Chengdu, China.[50]

ملاحظات

انظر أيضا


المصادر

[1]

  1. ^ "Transit Authority of River City (TARC)". ridetarc.org. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
  2. ^ * "The Gateway to the South: A Beginner's Guide to Louisville". The Virgin Atlantic Blog. January 2014. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  3. ^
  4. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  5. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Kentucky: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  6. ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  7. ^ "Definition of Louisvillian". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  8. ^ "GNIS Detail—Louisville". Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  9. ^ Commonwealth of Kentucky. Office of the Secretary of State. Land Office. "Louisville, Kentucky". Accessed September 19, 2013.
  10. ^ أ ب "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2016 Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016—United States—Places of 50,000+ Population". 2016 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. May 2017. Archived from the original on September 12, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
  11. ^ The Kentucky encyclopedia. John E. Kleber, Scott A. Wymer, Thomas P. Kmetz, University Press of Kentucky, Morehead State University. Camden-Carroll Library, Morehead State University. Institute for Regional Analysis and Public Policy. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 1992. ISBN 978-0-8131-5901-0. OCLC 900344833.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
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قراءات اضافية

وصلات خارجية

يمكنك أن تجد معلومات أكثر عن Louisville, Kentucky عن طريق البحث في مشاريع المعرفة:

Wiktionary-logo-en.png تعريفات قاموسية في ويكاموس
Wikibooks-logo1.svg كتب من معرفة الكتب
Wikiquote-logo.svg اقتباسات من معرفة الاقتباس
Wikisource-logo.svg نصوص مصدرية من معرفة المصادر
Commons-logo.svg صور و ملفات صوتية من كومونز
Wikinews-logo.png أخبار من معرفة الأخبار.

قالب:Louisville قالب:Jefferson County, Kentucky

قالب:Kentucky county seats قالب:KYLargestCities


خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "lower-alpha"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="lower-alpha"/>

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