سكوتس‌ديل، أريزونا

Coordinates: 33°29′35″N 111°55′34″W / 33.49306°N 111.92611°W / 33.49306; -111.92611
Scottsdale, Arizona
O'odham: Vaṣai S-vaṣonĭ
City
Downtown Scottsdale waterfront
Taliesin West
Old Town Scottsdale
Clockwise from top: Downtown Scottsdale waterfront, Old Town Scottsdale, and Taliesin West
علم Scottsdale, Arizona
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ Scottsdale, Arizona
الشعار
الشعار الرسمي لـ Scottsdale, Arizona
الكنية: 
"The West's Most Western Town" (official)
Location in Maricopa County, Arizona
Location in Maricopa County, Arizona
Scottsdale is located in Maricopa County, Arizona
Scottsdale
Scottsdale
Location in Maricopa County, Arizona
Scottsdale is located in Arizona
Scottsdale
Scottsdale
Scottsdale (Arizona)
Scottsdale is located in الولايات المتحدة
Scottsdale
Scottsdale
Scottsdale (الولايات المتحدة)
الإحداثيات: 33°29′35″N 111°55′34″W / 33.49306°N 111.92611°W / 33.49306; -111.92611
CountryUnited States
StateArizona
CountyMaricopa
Incorporated1951
السمِيْWinfield Scott
الحكومة
 • النوعCouncil-Manager
 • MayorDavid Ortega[1]
المساحة
[2]
 • الإجمالي184٫44 ميل² (477٫70 كم²)
 • البر184٫00 ميل² (476٫57 كم²)
 • الماء0٫44 ميل² (1٫14 كم²)
المنسوب
[3]
2٬165 ft (660 m)
التعداد
 (2020)[4]
 • الإجمالي241٬361
 • الترتيبUS: 93rd
 • الكثافة1٬311٫72/sq mi (506٫46/km2)
منطقة التوقيتUTC−7 (MST (no DST))
ZIP codes
85250–85271
مفتاح الهاتف480
FIPS code04-65000
GNIS ID2411845[3]
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.scottsdaleaz.gov

Scottsdale is a city in the eastern part of Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, and is part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Named Scottsdale in 1894 after its founder Winfield Scott, a retired U.S. Army chaplain, the city was incorporated in 1951 with a population of 2,000. At the 2020 census, the population was 241,361,[4] which had grown from 217,385 in 2010.[5] Its slogan is "The West's Most Western Town".[6] Over the past two decades, it has been one of the fastest growing cities in the United States.

Scottsdale is 31 miles from its Northern to Southern-most edge, and covers 184.5 square miles. The city is bordered by the city of Phoenix to the West, Tonto National Forest to the North, the McDowell Mountains to the East, and the Salt River to the South.[7]

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التاريخ

التاريخ المبكر

Scottsdale was originally a Pima village known as Vaṣai S-vaṣonĭ, meaning "rotting hay".[8] Some Pima people remain there today. Until the late 1960s, there was a still-occupied traditional dwelling on the southeast corner of Indian Bend Road and Hayden Road. The Pima who live in Scottsdale today reside in modern houses, not traditional dwellings. Many Pima and Maricopa people live in the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, which borders Scottsdale to the south and east.[9]

التاريخ المبكر والتأسيس

Winfield & Helen Scott, 1900

In the early to mid-1880s, U.S. Army Chaplain Winfield Scott visited the Salt River Valley and was impressed with it and its potential for agriculture.[10] Returning in 1888 with his wife, Helen, he purchased 640 acres (260 ha) where historic Old Town is now, for $3.50 an acre ($91 as of 2015) [11]. Another landowner in the Southern part of town, Albert G. Utley, filed plans with Maricopa County for a city named "Orangedale," using Scott's Field as a border. When the newspaper, then called the Arizona Republican, published an article about the plan, they erroneously called the town "Scottsdale." The article drew some publicity for the town, and ultimately this convinced Utley to change his filing and officially name the town "Scottsdale."[12]


The Depression years saw an influx of artists and architects to Scottsdale, which included, in 1937, Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright and his wife purchased 600 acres (240 ha) acres of desert at the foot of the McDowell Mountains and established Taliesin West, his winter home and his architectural firm's southwestern headquarters.[10][13][14] Scottsdale and the rest of Phoenix have seen an everlasting influence from Wright. Many buildings throughout the region were designed by him. His influence on the regional architecture is commemorated by a major street bearing his name and a 125-foot (38 m) spire memorial designed by Wright in North Scottsdale.[15]

World War II

Among the more significant events during the years of World War II was the opening of Thunderbird II Airfield in 1942 (it later became Scottsdale Airport),[16] where 5,500 pilot cadets received their primary flight training before the war's end. Scottsdale was the site of a German POW camp at the intersection of Scottsdale and Thomas Roads in what today is Papago Park.[10][17]

Development of Indian Bend Wash, 1950s–1970s

In 1950, the town continued to grow as Motorola became the first of many technology companies to build a plant in Scottsdale. It built a second plant in 1956.[10] With a population of approximately 2,000, the city was incorporated on June 25, 1951. It appointed its first mayor, Malcolm White, and adopted the motto "The West's Most Western Town".[10] The seal, depicting a mounted cowboy surrounded by a 64-pointed starburst, was designed by Mrs. Gene Brown Pennington.[18] The city also became a tourist destination with the opening of the city's first modern resorts, the Hotel Valley Ho and the Safari Hotel, in 1956.[19]

The town began a period of rapid population growth after its incorporation in 1951, growing from 2,000 to 10,000 residents during the 1950s.[10] This growth necessitated development into the floodplain known as the Indian Bend Wash. Floodplains throughout history have been enticing locations for development due to their flatness, ease of building and inexpensiveness. This is even more tempting in a desert, where flooding so rarely happens. As Scottsdale expanded, the north-south Indian Bend Wash virtually bisected the city. In the late 1950s, the problem became more and more pronounced, until in 1959 the Arizona State Legislature formed the Maricopa County Flood Control District (MCFCD). The MCFCD became the lead player in developing a comprehensive flood plan for the entire county.[20]

At the same time, the United States Army Corps of Engineers began to look into flooding in Maricopa County. Over the next several years, it presented several plans, which all revolved around constructing concrete canals and levees to channel and divert the floodwaters, as well as building bridges over the canal, similar to the storm drains of Los Angeles. But during MCFCD meetings between 1961 and 1963, a different course of action was developed. This plan became known as the multi-use, or Greenbelt, concept. The two concepts were at odds with one another until the canal plan was defeated in a bond referendum in 1965. In 1966, a study was commissioned that validated the Greenbelt concept as a way to prevent flood damage. After a major flood in 1972, work on the Greenbelt project began in earnest. It was completed in 1984, although minor projects continue.[20] Today, the 12-mile-long (19 km) Scottsdale Greenbelt[21] connects four city parks—Vista del Camino Park, Eldorado Park, Indian School Park and Chaparral Park—through a 25-mile (40 km) bike path.


Further expansion and development, 1970s–1980s

Scottsdale Spire

الحديث

From its official incorporation in 1951 with a population of 2,000, Scottsdale has grown to a 2020 census count of 241,361. It is now the state's seventh-largest city. Scottsdale is commonly defined by its high quality of life, and in 1993 was one of several cities to receive a "Most Livable City" award from the United States Conference of Mayors.[22][23] The Scottsdale Airpark, surrounding the city's airport, became a hotspot for a variety of large and small businesses, ranging from light industry to luxury auto sales. The Airpark in the 2000s emerged as one of the top employment centers in the Phoenix metro area.[24] The airport supported 3,462 jobs, which boosted the Scottsdale economy.[25]

الجغرافيا

The city is in the Salt River Valley, or the "Valley of the Sun", in the northern reaches of the Sonoran Desert. Scottsdale, 31 mi (50 km) long and 11.4 mi (18.3 km) wide at its widest point, shares boundaries with many other municipalities and entities. On the west, Scottsdale is bordered by Phoenix, Paradise Valley, and unincorporated Maricopa County land. Carefree is along the eastern boundary, as well as sharing Scottsdale's northern boundary with the Tonto National Forest. To the south Scottsdale is bordered by Tempe. The southern boundary is also occupied by the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, which extends along the eastern boundary, which also borders Fountain Hills, the McDowell Mountain Regional Park and more unincorporated Maricopa County land.[26] The highest point is Butte Peak at an elevation of 4,890 ft.[27]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 184.4 square miles (478 km2), of which 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), or 0.24%, are water.[2]

القضايا البيئية

From the 1950s to the 1970s, several large manufacturing companies in the Scottsdale and Tempe areas used the solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) in their manufacturing and operating processes.[28] In 1981, TCE began to show up in two Scottsdale drinking wells, and in 1983, the Indian Bend Wash superfund site was listed on the Environmental Protection Agency's National Priorities List.[28] Physical construction of environmental remediation systems was completed by 2006, with soil cleanup expected to be completed in five years and groundwater cleanup in 30 years.[28]

Cityscape

The city is loosely divided into four areas: South Scottsdale (McKellips Road north to Thomas Road),[29] Old Town (Downtown) Scottsdale, Central Scottsdale (also known as the "Shea Corridor,"[30] extending from Camelback Road north to Shea Boulevard), and North Scottsdale.


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المناخ

Scottsdale's climate is arid. Winters are mild to warm and summers are extremely hot. The lowest temperature ever recorded in the city is 16.0 °F (−8.9 °C), on January 7, 1913, and the highest was 122 °F (50 °C), on June 26, 1990.[31]

Climate data for سكوتس‌ديل، أريزونا (Scottsdale Municipal Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 2000–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 83
(28) 		86
(30) 		97
(36) 		103
(39) 		110
(43) 		118
(48) 		117
(47) 		115
(46) 		113
(45) 		105
(41) 		96
(36) 		83
(28) 		118
(48)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 76.9
(24.9) 		80.9
(27.2) 		88.8
(31.6) 		97.3
(36.3) 		103.1
(39.5) 		111.4
(44.1) 		112.4
(44.7) 		111.1
(43.9) 		106.7
(41.5) 		98.3
(36.8) 		89.0
(31.7) 		76.9
(24.9) 		114.1
(45.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 66.5
(19.2) 		68.7
(20.4) 		75.7
(24.3) 		82.8
(28.2) 		92.8
(33.8) 		102.0
(38.9) 		104.1
(40.1) 		102.9
(39.4) 		98.2
(36.8) 		87.3
(30.7) 		74.8
(23.8) 		64.6
(18.1) 		85.0
(29.5)
Daily mean °F (°C) 54.9
(12.7) 		57.3
(14.1) 		63.7
(17.6) 		70.6
(21.4) 		79.3
(26.3) 		89.1
(31.7) 		93.4
(34.1) 		92.3
(33.5) 		86.7
(30.4) 		75.0
(23.9) 		62.7
(17.1) 		53.6
(12.0) 		73.2
(22.9)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 43.4
(6.3) 		46.0
(7.8) 		51.7
(10.9) 		58.3
(14.6) 		66.7
(19.3) 		76.2
(24.6) 		82.6
(28.1) 		81.8
(27.7) 		75.3
(24.1) 		62.7
(17.1) 		50.6
(10.3) 		42.5
(5.8) 		61.5
(16.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 32.1
(0.1) 		35.5
(1.9) 		41.7
(5.4) 		48.1
(8.9) 		55.5
(13.1) 		67.4
(19.7) 		74.0
(23.3) 		73.3
(22.9) 		65.3
(18.5) 		51.4
(10.8) 		40.1
(4.5) 		32.0
(0.0) 		30.0
(−1.1)
Record low °F (°C) 25
(−4) 		27
(−3) 		33
(1) 		40
(4) 		51
(11) 		63
(17) 		70
(21) 		68
(20) 		57
(14) 		40
(4) 		31
(−1) 		28
(−2) 		25
(−4)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.11
(28) 		1.24
(31) 		1.10
(28) 		0.34
(8.6) 		0.16
(4.1) 		0.05
(1.3) 		0.90
(23) 		0.83
(21) 		0.60
(15) 		0.62
(16) 		0.79
(20) 		0.99
(25) 		8.73
(221)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 4.2 3.9 2.9 1.5 0.9 0.4 4.1 3.9 2.4 2.5 2.4 4.6 33.7
Source 1: NOAA[32]
Source 2: National Weather Service (mean maxima/minima 2006–2020)[33]

السكان

التعداد التاريخي
التعداد Pop. %±
19201٬047—
19302٬761163٫7%
19502٬032—
196010٬026393٫4%
197067٬823576٫5%
198088٬62230٫7%
1990130٬07546٫8%
2000202٬70555٫8%
2010217٬3857٫2%
2020241٬36111�0%
U.S. Decennial Census[34]

تعداد 2020

At the 2020 census, there were 241,361 people. The racial make-up of the city was 78.5% Non-Hispanic White, 2.0% African American, 0.8% Native American, 5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander and 9.8% Hispanic or Latino.[35]

تعداد 2010

There were 101,290 households, of which 20.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them. According to the 2010 census, 51.7% of Scottsdale's population was female, while 48.3% was male. 17.7% of the population were under the age of 18, 5.0% from 20 to 24, 32.6% from 25 to 49, 22.8% from 50 to 64 and 19.9% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median household income was $90,533 and the median family income for a family was $122,289. The per capita income was $59,158. About 3.4% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.


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الدين

Scottsdale is home to a large number of churches, chapels, temples, synagogues, mosques and other places of religious worship. Though the majority of Scottsdale residents consider themselves of, or practicing of, the Christian faith(s) – including Protestant and Roman Catholic – the city's high population growth over the years has resulted in a more diverse population. Most notably, greater numbers of Eastern Orthodox and Jews have been added to the population. Though smaller in number, Hindu, Sikh and Buddhist communities also exist within the city of Scottsdale. There is also a small population of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as is common throughout Phoenix, Arizona, and the Western United States.

The first church founded in Scottsdale was the First Baptist Church of Scottsdale, which was built by Scott and his family. The church has named a small non-profit coffee shop on the corner of their campus after Scott, called Winfield's.[36] Congregation Beth Israel, the oldest Reform Judaism congregation in the Phoenix metropolitan area is in Scottsdale,[37] and is the largest congregation in Arizona.[38] In North Scottsdale, there is the Jewish Community Center of Phoenix and the New Shul. The community center was originally in central Phoenix, it had eventually outgrown the location and was looking to relocate and build a more expansive campus.

In 2009, a new Armenian Apostolic church was built in the city, representing the larger numbers of Armenians in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area.[39]

الاقتصاد

انظر أيضاً: List of major corporations in Phoenix

The tourism industry is Scottsdale's primary employer, accounting for 39% of the city's workforce. In 2005, Scottsdale attracted over 7.5 million visitors to the city, providing an economic impact of over $3.1 billion.[40]

The city of Scottsdale is tied with Atlanta for fourth, after New York City, Las Vegas, and Chicago respectively, as having the most AAA Five-Diamond hotels and resorts in the United States. In 2015, AAA bestowed four such properties in Scottsdale with the highest honor: The Phoenician and The Canyon Suites, part of The Luxury Collection, Four Seasons Hotels Scottsdale at Troon North, and the Fairmont Hotels and Resorts Princess Resort and Spa.[41]

In 2016, Scottsdale had the highest number of destination spas per capita of any city in the United States.[42]

The region's year-round warm weather and abundant sunshine is a major factor in Scottsdale's tourism appeal. In particular, during the winter, thousands of tourists and retirees from the midwest, the northeast, and as far away as Canada (known locally as "snowbirds") flood the area with visits from brief to long term. Those who practice the same migration routine annually often end up purchasing winter homes in the area.[43]

The Mayo Clinic has one of its three major campuses in Scottsdale.[44] This and its resulting effects have made Scottsdale an attractive destination for medical care.[45]

The aviation industry has also grown in Scottsdale, with the construction of Scottsdale Airport in North Scottsdale, in the 1960s. Today, it is one of the busiest single-runway airports in the United States in terms of aircraft operations. Though there is little to no commercial air service, nearly all operations are corporate or general aviation.

The immediate area surrounding the Scottsdale Airport, known locally as the Airpark, has developed rapidly as a regional center of commerce. By 2004, the Airpark had grown to become the second-largest employment center in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area, with over 50,000 people being employed within a few-mile radius of the airport itself – notably in financial, retail, service, technological, design and manufacturing fields.

Among the companies headquartered in Scottsdale are APL, Cold Stone Creamery, Carlisle Companies, Discount Tire, Discovery Land Company, Fender, Go Daddy, Blue Yonder, Kahala, Kona Grill, Liveops, Magellan Health, Meritage Homes, Nextiva, Advisor Group, Paradise Bakery & Café, P.F. Chang's China Bistro, Rural Metro, Axon, and United Blood Services.[46]

أكبر أرباب العمل

According to the city's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[47] the top employers in the city are:

# Employer # of employees
1 Honor Health 7,131
2 Vanguard 2,770
3 General Dynamics Mission Systems 2,700
4 City of Scottsdale 2,612
5 Scottsdale Unified School District 2,093
6 Mayo Clinic 1,917
7 Axon 1,600
8 Nationwide Specialty Insurance 1,407
9 CVS Health 1,345
10 The Hartford 785

الفنون والثقافة

Scottsdale Arts District, adjacent to Old Town, showcasing Ed Mell's sculpture Jack Knife
Love by Robert Indiana 1969

The city has an annual Scottsdale Arts Festival.[48]

The highest concentrations of galleries, studios and museums that are open to the public are in Downtown Scottsdale. Its Scottsdale Arts District can be segmented into three distinct districts. The largest is the Scottsdale Main Street Arts District, home to the largest and most diverse collection of styles and genres, the more contemporary Marshall Way Arts District, and the more touristy and western-themed Old Town district, which has the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art. The popular Scottsdale Artwalk is held weekly, every Thursday evening.

Scottsdale's affluent culture has been depicted by shows such as MTV's My Super Sweet 16, which filmed an episode in the area in 2006, and by the short-lived CBS reality show Tuesday Night Book Club.[49]

The annual Scottsdale International Film Festival concentrates on the use of film to foster of the world's cultures, lifestyles, religions, and ethnicities.

المتاحف والمعارض الفنية

Museum of the West
Taliesin West, architect Frank Lloyd Wright's winter home and school in Scottsdale

Scottsdale is home to more than 125 professional art galleries and studios, one of the highest per-capita anywhere in the nation.[50] The city has quickly become a center for art in the United States. According to the Scottsdale Convention & Visitor's Bureau and American Style Magazine, the city has become one of the country's largest art markets, usually only sharing ranks with New York City, New York and Santa Fe, New Mexico in terms of commerce generated as a direct result of art sales and purchasing.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Its galleries and studios are noted for their western and Native American themed art, with a growing interest in contemporary arts over the past couple of decades – an element most visible by the large number of modern art galleries which have opened along the Marshall Way Arts District, and the opening of the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art (also referred to as SMoCA) in 1999. Both are in Downtown Scottsdale.[51] Located in the Old Town district of Downtown Scottsdale, the Scottsdale Civic Center Mall is home to the two-theater Scottsdale Center for the Performing Arts, the Scottsdale Historical Museum, as well as the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art. SMoCA is the only permanent museum dedicated solely to the contemporary arts in the state of Arizona. Also in Old Town, Western Spirit: Scottsdale's Museum of the West opened in January 2015, featuring historical and cultural exhibits from 19 states of the American West, including Arizona.[52]

Taliesin West, architect Frank Lloyd Wright's winter home and school from 1937 until 1959, is now one of the most popular tourist attractions in Arizona. The complex is in the northeast fringe of the city, at the base of the McDowell Mountains.

العقارات التاريخية

Gallery of historic properties on National Register of Historic Places

  • Scottsdale Grammar School, also called The Little Red Schoolhouse, built in 1909

    Scottsdale Grammar School, also called The Little Red Schoolhouse, built in 1909

  • George Ellis House, built in 1925

    George Ellis House, built in 1925

  • Louise Lincoln Kerr House, built in 1925

    Louise Lincoln Kerr House, built in 1925

  • Frank Tilus House, built in 1875

    Frank Tilus House, built in 1875

  • The Valley Field Riding and Polo Club of Scottsdale, built in 1924

    The Valley Field Riding and Polo Club of Scottsdale, built in 1924

  • Roald Amundsen Pullman private railroad car

    Roald Amundsen Pullman private railroad car

الحكومة

Scottsdale City Hall, designed by Bennie Gonzales
Scottsdale Justice Center

Scottsdale is governed by a mayor and city council, all of whom are elected "at large" to represent the entire city rather than districts within the city. A city manager is responsible for the executive leadership of the city staff, as well as implementing council policies, developing programs and budgets to respond to council goals, and ensuring citizens receive effective and efficient city services. The city manager also serves as the city treasurer.

اعتبارا من 2021, the current mayor is David Ortega.[53]

Scottsdale is part of Arizona's 1st congressional district.

The distinctive Scottsdale City Hall was designed by architect Bennie Gonzales in 1968, and was designed with an interior kiva for community meetings.[54]

السياسة

Scottsdale Presidential Election Results[55]
Year Democratic Republican Third Parties
2020 47.62% 74,540 51.17% 79,877 1.21% 1688
2016 43.16% 53,996 50.78% 63,533 6.06% 7573

التعليم

المدن الشقيقة

Scottsdale لها seven مدن شقيقة، حسب توصيف المدن الشقيقة الدولية: [56]

انظر أيضاً

References

  1. ^ "City of Scottsdale - Mayor David Ortega".
  2. ^ أ ب "2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Arizona". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  3. ^ أ ب "Scottsdale". نظام معلومات الأسماء الجغرافية، المسح الجيولوجي الأمريكي.
  4. ^ أ ب "Scottsdale city, Arizona: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  5. ^ "Scottsdale, Arizona Population History | 1990 - 2021". www.biggestuscities.com. Retrieved 2022-10-10.
  6. ^ "City of Scottsdale - About Scottsdale". City of Scottsdale. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  7. ^ "City of Scottsdale - About Scottsdale". City of Scottsdale. 31 October 2022.
  8. ^ Saxton, Dean, Saxton, Lucille, & Enos, Susie. (1983). Dictionary: Tohono O'odham/Pima to English, English to Tohono O'odham/Pima. Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press
  9. ^ "The Best of Scottsdale". Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  10. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح "The West's Most Western Town". Scottsdaleaz.gov.
  11. ^ Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2008. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
  12. ^ Messinger, Paul. "Scottsdale got its name through newspaper error". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
  13. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Exp
  14. ^ "Taliesin Historical Legacy". Taliesin.
  15. ^ "The Frank Lloyd Wright Spire". Live Better in Scottsdale. February 14, 2012.
  16. ^ "Scottsdale Airport History". Scottsdaleaz.gov.
  17. ^ "Papago Park POW Camp". Retrieved March 21, 2023.
  18. ^ Myers, Patricia Seitters. "Scottsdale: Jewel in the Desert". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ Nowicki, Dan (July 26, 2004). "Swinging Safari, Valley Ho were happening in the 1950s". Arizona Republic.
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