ديتون، أوهايو

(تم التحويل من Dayton, Ohio)
"ديتون" redirects here. For منطقة ديتون العمرانية, see ديتون الكبرى. For الاستحخدامات الأخرى, see ديتون (توضيح).
ديتون، أوهايو
Dayton, Ohio
مدينة
مدينة ديتون
Downtown Dayton
University of Dayton
Dayton Art Institute
Deeds Carillon
National Air Force Museum
Day Air Ballpark
علم ديتون، أوهايو
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ ديتون، أوهايو
الشعار
الكنية: 
المدينة الجوهرة
الشعار: 
مسقط رأس الطيران
خطأ لوا في وحدة:Mapframe على السطر 384: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'lat_d' (a nil value).
الموقع في مقاطعة مونتگمري
الموقع في مقاطعة مونتگمري
Dayton is located in أوهايو
Dayton
Dayton
Dayton is located in الولايات المتحدة
Dayton
Dayton
الإحداثيات: 39°45′34″N 84°11′30″W / 39.75944°N 84.19167°W / 39.75944; -84.19167
البلدالولايات المتحدة
ولايةأوهايو
المقاطعةمونتگمري
تأسست1796
 1841 (مدينة)
الحكومة
 • العمدةجفري ميمز (د)
المساحة
[1]
 • مدينة56٫50 ميل² (146٫33 كم²)
 • البر55٫65 ميل² (144٫13 كم²)
 • الماء0٫85 ميل² (2٫20 كم²)
المنسوب
738 ft (225 m)
التعداد
 (2020)[2]
 • مدينة137٬644
 • الترتيبالولايات المتحدة: 179
 • الكثافة2٬543٫2/sq mi (952٫31/km2)
 • Urban
674٬046 (الولايات المتحدة: 64)
 • العمرانية
799٬232 (الولايات المتحدة: 73)
منطقة التوقيتUTC-5 (EST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC-4 (EDT)
الرموز البريدية
رمز المنطقة937
FIPS code39113
GNIS feature ID1064514
الموقع الإلكترونيdaytonohio.gov

دِيـْتن (Dayton؛ /ˈdeɪtən/؛ النطق المحلي: /ˈdeɪʔn/) هي سادس أكبر مدينة في ولاية أوهايو و مقر مقاطعة of مونتگمري.[4] ويمتد جزء صغير من المدينة في مقاطعة گرين.[5] في تعداد 2020، كان عدد سكانها 137,644 نسمة، وعدد سكان منطقة ديتون الحضرية 799.232 نسمة، مما يجعلها رابع أكبر منطقة حضرية في أوهايو، بعد كليڤلاند، سنسناتي، وكلومبس ورقم 63 في الولايات المتحدة. (ملاحظة: معيار تعريف MSA قد تغير مع تعداد 2013 مما أسفر عن استثناء مقاطعة پربل. تم تطبيق هذا التغيير بأثر رجعي على أرقام تعداد 2010).[6] في تعداد 2010 كان عدد سكان منطقة ديتون-سپرنگزفيلد-گرين‌ڤيل الاحصائية المجمعة 1.080.044 نسمة، مما يجعلها تحتل الترتيب رقم 42 في الولايات المتحدة.[7] تقع ديتون في منطقة وادي ميامي بأوهايو، إلى الشمال مباشرة من منطقة سنسناتي-شمال كنتكي الحضرية.

Dayton was founded in 1796 along the Great Miami River and named after Jonathan Dayton, a Founding Father who owned a significant amount of land in the area.[8] It grew in the 19th century as a canal town and was home to many patents and inventors, most notably the Wright brothers, who developed the first successful motor-operated airplane.[9][10] It later developed an industrialized economy and was home to the Dayton Project, a branch of the larger Manhattan Project, to develop polonium triggers used in early atomic bombs. With the decline of heavy manufacturing in the late 20th century, Dayton's businesses have diversified into a service economy.

Ohio's borders are within 500 miles (800 km) of roughly 60 percent of the country's population and manufacturing infrastructure, making Dayton a logistics hub.[11][12] The city is home to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, a significant contributor to research and development in the industrial, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering fields. Along with defense and aerospace, healthcare accounts for much of the Dayton area's economy.[13][14] Significant institutions in Dayton include the Air Force Institute of Technology, Carillon Historical Park, Dayton Art Institute, Dayton Performing Arts Alliance, National Museum of the United States Air Force, and University of Dayton.

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التاريخ

Dayton was founded on April 1, 1796, by 12 settlers known as the Thompson Party. They traveled in March from Cincinnati up the Great Miami River by pirogue and landed at what is now St. Clair Street, where they found two small camps of Native Americans. Among the Thompson Party was Benjamin Van Cleve,[15] whose memoirs provide insights into the Ohio Valley's history. Two other groups traveling overland arrived several days later.[16] The oldest surviving building is Newcom Tavern, which was used for various purposes, including housing Dayton's first church, which is still in existence.[17]

In 1797, Daniel C. Cooper laid out Mad River Road, the first overland connection between Cincinnati and Dayton, opening the "Mad River Country" to settlement. Ohio was admitted into the Union in 1803, and the village of Dayton was incorporated in 1805 and chartered as a city in 1841. The city was named after Jonathan Dayton, a captain in the American Revolutionary War who signed the U.S. Constitution and owned a significant amount of land in the area.[8] In 1827, construction on the Dayton–Cincinnati canal began, which provided a better way to transport goods from Dayton to Cincinnati and contributed significantly to Dayton's economic growth during the 1800s.[8]


الإبداع

ديتون في 1870

Innovation led to business growth in the region. In 1884, John Henry Patterson acquired James Ritty's National Manufacturing Company along with his cash register patents and formed the National Cash Register Company (NCR). The company manufactured the first mechanical cash registers and played a crucial role in the shaping of Dayton's reputation as an epicenter for manufacturing in the early 1900s. In 1906, Charles F. Kettering, a leading engineer at the company, helped develop the first electric cash register, which propelled NCR into the national spotlight.[18] NCR also helped develop the US Navy Bombe, a code-breaking machine that helped crack the Enigma machine cipher during World War II.[19]

Dayton has been the home for many patents and inventions since the 1870s.[9][20] According to the National Park Service, citing information from the U.S. Patent Office, Dayton had granted more patents per capita than any other U.S. city in 1890 and ranked fifth in the nation as early as 1870.[21] The Wright brothers, inventors of the airplane, and Charles F. Kettering, world-renowned for his numerous inventions, hailed from Dayton.[22] The city was also home to James Ritty's Incorruptible Cashier, the first mechanical cash register, and Arthur E. Morgan's hydraulic jump, a flood prevention mechanism that helped pioneer hydraulic engineering.[23][24] Paul Laurence Dunbar, an African-American poet and novelist, penned his most famous works in the late 19th century and became an integral part of the city's history.[25]

Birthplace of aviation

Powered aviation began in Dayton. Orville and Wilbur Wright were the first to construct and demonstrate powered flight. Although the first flight was in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, their Wright Flyer was built in and returned to Dayton for improvements and further flights at Huffman Field, a cow pasture eight miles (13 km) northeast of Dayton, near the current Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.

When the government tried to move development to Langley field in southern Virginia, six Dayton businessmen including Edward A. Deeds, formed the Dayton-Wright Airplane Company in Moraine and established a flying field. Deeds also opened a field to the north in the flood plain of the Great Miami River between the confluences of that river, the Stillwater River, and the Mad River, near downtown Dayton. Later named McCook Field for Alexander McDowell McCook, an American Civil War general, this became the Army Signal Corps' primary aviation research and training location. Wilbur Wright also purchased land near Huffman prairie to continue their research.

During World War I, the Army purchased 40 acres adjacent to Huffman Prairie for the Fairfield Aviation General Supply Depot. As airplanes developed more capability, they needed more runway space than McCook could offer, and a new location was sought. The Patterson family formed the Dayton Air Service Committee, Inc which held a campaign that raised $425,000 in two days and purchased 4,520.47 acres (18.2937 km2) northeast of Dayton, including Wilbur Wright Field and the Huffman Prairie Flying Field. Wright Field was "formally dedicated" on October 12, 1927. After World War II, Wright Field and the adjacent Patterson Field, Dayton Army Air Field, and Clinton Army Air Field were merged as the Headquarters, Air Force Technical Base. On January 13, 1948, the facility was renamed Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.

Great Dayton Flood

Flooding on Ludlow Street in downtown Dayton during the Great Dayton Flood, 1913

A catastrophic flood in March 1913, known as the Great Dayton Flood, led to the creation of the Miami Conservancy District, a series of dams as well as hydraulic pumps installed around Dayton, in 1914.[26]

The war effort

Like other cities across the country, Dayton was heavily involved in the war effort during World War II. Several locations around the city hosted the Dayton Project, a branch of the larger Manhattan Project, to develop polonium triggers used in early atomic bombs.[27] The war efforts led to a manufacturing boom throughout the city, including high demand for housing and other services. At one point, emergency housing was put into place due to a housing shortage in the region, much of which is still in use today.[28]

Alan Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. He visited the National Cash Register (NCR) company in Dayton in December 1942. He was able to show that it was not necessary to build 336 Bombes, so the initial order was scaled down to 96 machines to decipher German Enigma-machine-encrypted secret messages during World War II.[29]

Post-war Dayton

Between the 1940s and the 1970s, the city saw significant growth in suburban areas from population migration. Veterans were returning from military service in large numbers seeking industrial and manufacturing jobs, a part of the local industry that was expanding rapidly. Advancements in architecture also contributed to the suburban boom. New, modernized shopping centers and the Interstate Highway System allowed workers to commute greater distances and families to live further from the downtown area. More than 127,000 homes were built in Montgomery County during the 1950s.[30]

During this time, the city was the site of several race riots, including one in 1955 following the murder of Emmett Till, the 1966 Dayton race riot, two in 1967 (following a speech by civil rights activist H. Rap Brown and another following the police killing of an African American man), and one in 1968 as part of the nationwide King assassination riots.[31]

Since the 1980s, however, Dayton's population has declined, mainly due to the loss of manufacturing jobs and decentralization of metropolitan areas, as well as the national housing crisis that began in 2008.[32] While much of the state has suffered for similar reasons, the impact on Dayton has been greater than most. Dayton had the third-greatest percentage loss of population in the state since the 1980s, behind Cleveland and Youngstown.[32] Despite this, Dayton has begun diversifying its workforce from manufacturing into other growing sectors such as healthcare and education.[33]

Peace accords

المقالة الرئيسية: Dayton Agreement

In 1995, the Dayton Agreement, a peace accord between the parties to the hostilities of the conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the former Yugoslavia, was negotiated at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, near Fairborn, Ohio, from November 1 to 21.

Richard Holbrooke wrote about these events in his memoirs:

There was also a real Dayton out there, a charming Ohio city, famous as the birthplace of the Wright brothers. Its citizens energized us from the outset. Unlike the population of, say, New York City, Geneva or Washington, which would scarcely notice another conference, Daytonians were proud to be part of history. Large signs at the commercial airport hailed Dayton as the "temporary center of international peace." The local newspapers and television stations covered the story from every angle, drawing the people deeper into the proceedings. When we ventured into a restaurant or a shopping center downtown, people crowded around, saying that they were praying for us. Warren Christopher was given at least one standing ovation in a restaurant. Families on the airbase placed "candles of peace" in their front windows, and people gathered in peace vigils outside the base. One day they formed a "peace chain," although it was not large enough to surround the sprawling eight-thousand-acre base. Ohio's famous ethnic diversity was on display.[34]

2000s initiatives

Downtown expansion that began in the 2000s has helped revitalize the city and encourage growth. Day Air Ballpark, home of the Dayton Dragons, was built in 2000. The highly successful minor league baseball team has been an integral part of Dayton's culture.[35] In 2001, the city's public park system, Five Rivers MetroParks, built RiverScape MetroPark, an outdoor entertainment venue that attracts more than 400,000 visitors each year.[36] A new performance arts theater, the Schuster Center, opened in 2003.[37] A large health network in the region, Premier Health Partners, expanded its Miami Valley Hospital with a 12-story tower addition.[38]

In 2010, the Downtown Dayton Partnership, in cooperation with the City of Dayton and community leaders, introduced the Greater Downtown Dayton Plan. It focuses on job creation and retention, infrastructure improvements, housing, recreation, and collaboration. The plan is to be implemented through the year 2020.[39]

Nicknames

A photograph of the Miami and Erie Canal from Geography of Ohio, 1923

Dayton is known as the "Gem City". The nickname's origin is uncertain, but several theories exist. In the early 19th century, a well-known racehorse named Gem hailed from Dayton. In 1845, an article published in the Cincinnati Daily Chronicle by an author known as T stated:

In a small bend of the Great Miami River, with canals on the east and south, it can be fairly said, without infringing on the rights of others, that Dayton is the gem of all our interior towns. It possesses wealth, refinement, enterprise, and a beautiful country, beautifully developed.[40]

In the late 1840s, Major William D. Bickham of the Dayton Journal began a campaign to nickname Dayton the "Gem City." The name was adopted by the city's Board of Trade several years later.[40] Paul Laurence Dunbar referred to the nickname in his poem, "Toast to Dayton", as noted in the following excerpt:

She shall ever claim our duty,
For she shines—the brightest gem
That has ever decked with beauty
     Dear Ohio's diadem.[41]

Dayton also plays a role in a nickname given to the state of Ohio, "Birthplace of Aviation." Dayton is the hometown of the Wright brothers, aviation pioneers who are credited with inventing and building the first practical airplane in history. After their first manned flights in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, which they had chosen due to its ideal weather and climate conditions, the Wrights returned to Dayton and continued testing at nearby Huffman Prairie.[42]

Additionally, Dayton is colloquially referred to as "Little Detroit".[43] This nickname comes from Dayton's prominence as a Midwestern manufacturing center.[44]


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Geography

Aerial view of Downtown Dayton (NE to SW)

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 56.50 square miles (146.33 km2), of which 55.65 square miles (144.13 km2) is land and 0.85 square miles (2.20 km2) is water.[1]

Climate

Dayton's climate features warm, muggy summers and cold, dry winters, and is classified as a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa). Unless otherwise noted, all normal figures quoted within the text below are from the official climatology station, Dayton International Airport, at an elevation of 1,000 ft (304.8 m) about 10 mi (16 km) to the north of downtown Dayton, which lies within the valley of the Miami River; thus temperatures there are typically cooler than in downtown.[45]

At the airport, monthly mean temperatures range from 27.5 °F (−2.5 °C) in January to 74.1 °F (23.4 °C) in July. The highest temperature ever recorded in Dayton was 108 °F (42 °C) on July 22, 1901, and the coldest was −28 °F (−33 °C) on February 13 during the Great Blizzard of 1899. On average, there are 14 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs and 4.5 nights of sub-0 °F (−18 °C) lows annually. Snow is moderate, with a normal seasonal accumulation of 23.3 in (59 cm),[أ] usually occurring from November to March, occasionally April, and rarely October. Precipitation averages 41.1 inches (1,040 mm) annually, with total rainfall peaking in May.

Dayton is subject to severe weather typical of the Midwestern United States. Tornadoes are possible from the spring to the fall. Floods, blizzards, and severe thunderstorms can also occur.

On Memorial Day of 2019, Dayton suffered extensive property damage and one death during a tornado outbreak, in which a total of 15 tornadoes touched down in the Dayton area.[47] Although some of the tornadoes were only EF0 and remained on the ground for less than a mile, one was an EF4 measuring a half-mile-wide (805 meters), which tore through the communities of Brookville, Trotwood, Dayton, Northridge, and Riverside.[48][49] Several streets were closed, including portions of I-75 and North Dixie Drive in Northridge. 64,000 residents lost power and much of the region's water supply was cut off.[50][47]

Climate data for Dayton, Ohio (Dayton International Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[ب] extremes 1893–present[ت]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 75
(24) 		76
(24) 		87
(31) 		90
(32) 		98
(37) 		102
(39) 		108
(42) 		103
(39) 		102
(39) 		94
(34) 		79
(26) 		72
(22) 		108
(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 58.6
(14.8) 		63.0
(17.2) 		71.9
(22.2) 		80.4
(26.9) 		86.6
(30.3) 		91.9
(33.3) 		92.7
(33.7) 		91.8
(33.2) 		89.4
(31.9) 		82.3
(27.9) 		69.7
(20.9) 		61.3
(16.3) 		94.1
(34.5)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 37.1
(2.8) 		41.2
(5.1) 		51.5
(10.8) 		64.5
(18.1) 		74.2
(23.4) 		82.6
(28.1) 		85.9
(29.9) 		84.6
(29.2) 		78.6
(25.9) 		66.2
(19.0) 		52.7
(11.5) 		41.5
(5.3) 		63.4
(17.4)
Daily mean °F (°C) 29.4
(−1.4) 		32.8
(0.4) 		42.1
(5.6) 		53.7
(12.1) 		64.0
(17.8) 		72.7
(22.6) 		76.0
(24.4) 		74.5
(23.6) 		67.7
(19.8) 		56.0
(13.3) 		44.1
(6.7) 		34.3
(1.3) 		53.9
(12.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 21.8
(−5.7) 		24.5
(−4.2) 		32.7
(0.4) 		42.9
(6.1) 		53.8
(12.1) 		62.7
(17.1) 		66.1
(18.9) 		64.3
(17.9) 		56.8
(13.8) 		45.9
(7.7) 		35.4
(1.9) 		27.1
(−2.7) 		44.5
(6.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −1.7
(−18.7) 		4.0
(−15.6) 		13.4
(−10.3) 		25.2
(−3.8) 		37.4
(3.0) 		48.7
(9.3) 		53.9
(12.2) 		52.1
(11.2) 		41.9
(5.5) 		30.2
(−1.0) 		19.4
(−7.0) 		7.4
(−13.7) 		−4.6
(−20.3)
Record low °F (°C) −25
(−32) 		−28
(−33) 		−7
(−22) 		15
(−9) 		26
(−3) 		40
(4) 		44
(7) 		40
(4) 		30
(−1) 		18
(−8) 		−2
(−19) 		−20
(−29) 		−28
(−33)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.08
(78) 		2.35
(60) 		3.50
(89) 		4.46
(113) 		4.51
(115) 		4.14
(105) 		3.95
(100) 		2.96
(75) 		3.31
(84) 		2.95
(75) 		3.07
(78) 		3.05
(77) 		41.33
(1٬050)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.3
(21) 		6.6
(17) 		3.9
(9.9) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.8
(2.0) 		4.8
(12) 		25.0
(64)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 13.4 11.3 12.1 13.0 14.1 11.9 10.6 8.1 8.6 9.5 9.9 11.8 134.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 7.6 6.4 3.2 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.2 4.9 24.5
Average relative humidity (%) 72.7 72.0 69.5 64.2 65.1 66.0 68.8 71.5 71.9 69.3 73.3 75.8 70.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 134.0 136.6 178.4 213.2 263.1 293.7 296.2 277.4 237.6 192.9 115.7 99.9 2٬438٫7
Percent possible sunshine 45 46 48 54 59 65 65 65 64 56 39 34 55
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[46][51][52]
Climate data for Dayton, Ohio (Miami Conservancy District, downtown), 1991–2020 normals,[ث] extremes 1893–present[ج]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 75
(24) 		77
(25) 		88
(31) 		90
(32) 		98
(37) 		103
(39) 		108
(42) 		105
(41) 		102
(39) 		93
(34) 		81
(27) 		72
(22) 		108
(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 60.8
(16.0) 		65.8
(18.8) 		74.9
(23.8) 		83.7
(28.7) 		90.5
(32.5) 		95.5
(35.3) 		96.9
(36.1) 		95.9
(35.5) 		93.1
(33.9) 		85.0
(29.4) 		72.1
(22.3) 		63.4
(17.4) 		98.0
(36.7)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 36.3
(2.4) 		40.2
(4.6) 		50.7
(10.4) 		64.3
(17.9) 		74.9
(23.8) 		83.6
(28.7) 		86.7
(30.4) 		85.8
(29.9) 		79.2
(26.2) 		66.1
(18.9) 		52.0
(11.1) 		40.9
(4.9) 		63.4
(17.4)
Daily mean °F (°C) 28.2
(−2.1) 		31.4
(−0.3) 		40.6
(4.8) 		52.9
(11.6) 		63.9
(17.7) 		73.0
(22.8) 		76.2
(24.6) 		74.8
(23.8) 		67.5
(19.7) 		54.8
(12.7) 		42.6
(5.9) 		33.2
(0.7) 		53.3
(11.8)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 20.1
(−6.6) 		22.6
(−5.2) 		30.6
(−0.8) 		41.4
(5.2) 		52.9
(11.6) 		62.4
(16.9) 		65.7
(18.7) 		63.9
(17.7) 		55.8
(13.2) 		43.5
(6.4) 		33.1
(0.6) 		25.6
(−3.6) 		43.1
(6.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 1.7
(−16.8) 		7.2
(−13.8) 		15.2
(−9.3) 		27.5
(−2.5) 		39.2
(4.0) 		51.0
(10.6) 		57.0
(13.9) 		55.5
(13.1) 		44.5
(6.9) 		31.9
(−0.1) 		21.8
(−5.7) 		10.6
(−11.9) 		−0.7
(−18.2)
Record low °F (°C) −21
(−29) 		−28
(−33) 		0
(−18) 		15
(−9) 		28
(−2) 		37
(3) 		45
(7) 		37
(3) 		29
(−2) 		18
(−8) 		0
(−18) 		−16
(−27) 		−28
(−33)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.17
(81) 		2.35
(60) 		3.54
(90) 		4.45
(113) 		4.38
(111) 		4.41
(112) 		4.03
(102) 		3.12
(79) 		3.03
(77) 		3.00
(76) 		3.04
(77) 		3.13
(80) 		41.65
(1٬058)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 6.9
(18) 		1.5
(3.8) 		1.7
(4.3) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		2.1
(5.3) 		12.3
(31)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 12.2 10.1 11.4 13.0 13.5 12.1 10.0 8.3 8.0 9.3 9.5 11.0 128.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 4.1 2.3 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.3 9.7
Source: NOAA[46][53]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ecology

The Dayton Audubon Society is the National Audubon Society's local chapter. The Dayton chapter manages local activities contributing to the annual, hemisphere-wide Christmas Bird Count.[54] The Chapter began participation in the National Count in 1924. The local Count was initially coordinated by Ben Blincoe, who was succeeded by Jim Hill in 1970. In the mid-1960s, the freezing of Lake Erie and associated marshlands led species of waterfowl to appear in the Dayton-area, where surface waters remained unfrozen. Nine varieties of birds have been observed every year in the Dayton area: downy woodpecker, Carolina chickadee, tufted titmouse, brown creeper, cardinal, junco, tree sparrow, song sparrow and crow.[55][56]

Cityscape

Panorama of Dayton

Architecture

انظر أيضاً: List of tallest buildings in Dayton and National Register of Historic Places listings in Dayton, Ohio

Unlike many Midwestern cities its age, Dayton has very broad and straight downtown streets (generally two or three full lanes in each direction) that improved access to the downtown even after the automobile became popular. The main reason for the broad streets was that Dayton was a marketing and shipping center from its beginning; streets were broad to enable wagons drawn by teams of three to four pairs of oxen to turn around. Also, some of today's streets were once barge canals flanked by draw-paths.

The Old Montgomery County Courthouse, built in 1847, and the current courthouse behind it.

A courthouse building was built in downtown Dayton in 1888 to supplement Dayton's original Neoclassical courthouse, which still stands. This second, "new" courthouse has since been replaced with new facilities as well as a park. The Old Court House has been a favored political campaign stop. On September 17, 1859, Abraham Lincoln delivered an address on its steps. Eight other presidents have visited the courthouse, either as presidents or during presidential campaigns: Andrew Johnson, James Garfield, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and Bill Clinton.[57]

The Dayton Arcade, which opened on March 3, 1904, was built in the hopes of replacing open-air markets throughout the city. Throughout the decades, the Arcade has gone through many transformations but has retained its charm. Some of its main features include a Flemish facade at the Third Street entrance, a glass dome above the Arcade rotunda, and a chateau roof line above the Third Street facade.[58] The Dayton Arcade is currently under renovations with no official completion date set.

In 2009, the CareSource Management Group finished construction of a $55 million corporate headquarters in downtown Dayton. The 300,000-square-foot (28,000 m2), 10-story building was downtown's first new office tower in more than a decade.[59]

Dayton's two tallest buildings are the Kettering Tower at 408 ft (124 m) and the KeyBank Tower at 385 ft (117 m).[60] Kettering Tower was originally Winters Tower, the headquarters of Winters Bank. The building was renamed after Virginia Kettering when Winters was merged into Bank One. KeyBank Tower was known as the MeadWestvaco Tower before KeyBank gained naming rights to the building in 2008.[61]

Ted Rall said in 2015 that over the last five decades Dayton has been demolishing some of its architecturally significant buildings to reduce the city's rental vacancy rate and thus increase the occupancy rate.[62]

Neighborhoods

The Central Avenue Historic District in Grafton Hill

Dayton's ten historic neighborhoods—Oregon District, Wright Dunbar, Dayton View, Grafton Hill, McPherson Town, Webster Station, Huffman, Kenilworth, St. Anne's Hill, and South Park—feature mostly single-family houses and mansions in the Neoclassical, Jacobethan, Tudor Revival, English Gothic, Chateauesque, Craftsman, Queen Anne, Georgian Revival, Colonial Revival, Renaissance Revival Architecture, Shingle Style Architecture, Prairie, Mission Revival, Eastlake/Italianate, American Foursquare, and Federal styles.[63] Downtown Dayton is also a large area that encompasses several neighborhoods itself and has seen a recent uplift and revival.

Suburbs

المقالة الرئيسية: Greater Dayton

Dayton's suburbs with a population of 10,000 or more include Beavercreek, Centerville, Clayton, Englewood, Fairborn, Harrison Township, Huber Heights, Kettering, Miami Township, Miamisburg, Oakwood, Riverside, Springboro, Trotwood, Vandalia, Washington Township, West Carrollton, and Xenia.

In the federal government's National Urban Policy and New Community Development Act of 1970, funding was provided for thirteen "new towns" or planned cities throughout the country. One location was set to become a suburb of Dayton and was known variously as Brookwood or Newfields.[64] The goal was to have an entirely new suburb that would eventually house about 35,000 residents. The new town was to be located between Trotwood and Brookville, and modeled on the ideas of Ian McHarg. The project was abandoned in 1978 and most of the land became Sycamore State Park.[65]


السكان

التعداد التاريخي
التعداد Pop. %±
1810383—
18201٬000161٫1%
18302٬950195�0%
18406٬067105٫7%
185010٬97780٫9%
186020٬08182٫9%
187030٬47351٫8%
188038٬67826٫9%
189061٬22058٫3%
190085٬33339٫4%
1910116٬57736٫6%
1920152٬55930٫9%
1930200٬98231٫7%
1940210٬7184٫8%
1950243٬87215٫7%
1960262٬3327٫6%
1970243٬601−7٫1%
1980193٬536−20٫6%
1990182٬044−5٫9%
2000166٬179−8٫7%
2010141٬759−14٫7%
2020137٬644−2٫9%
United States Census Bureau

Dayton's city proper population declined significantly from a peak of 262,332 residents in 1960 to 137,644 residents in 2020. This was in part due to the slowdown of the region's manufacturing sector. The metropolitan area as a whole has experienced both population growth and decreases since 1960, with the overall trend leaning towards growth for the metro area.[66] The city's most populous ethnic group, white, declined from 78.1% in 1960 to 51.7% by 2010.[67]

تعداد 2020

As of the census of 2020, there were 137,644 people living in the city, for a population density of 2,466.47 people per square mile (952.31/km2). There were 68,899 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 47.6% White, 40.7% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.3% from some other race, and 6.6% from two or more races. 5.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[68]

There were 63,308 households, out of which 22.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.5% were married couples living together, 30.9% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 38.2% had a female householder with no spouse present. 47.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95, and the average family size was 2.83.[68]

18.9% of the city's population were under the age of 18, 65.0% were 18 to 64, and 16.1% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.4. For every 100 females, there were 101.5 males.[68]

According to the U.S. Census American Community Survey, for the period 2016-2020 the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $43,780, and the median income for a family was $60,408. About 25.4% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 39.5% of those under age 18 and 21.5% of those age 65 or over. About 53.6% of the population were employed, and 24.4% had a bachelor's degree or higher.[68]

الجريمة

Dayton's crime declined between 2003 and 2008 in key categories according to FBI Uniform Crime Reports and Dayton Police Department data.[69] In 2009, crime continued to fall in the city of Dayton. Crime in the categories of forcible rape, aggravated assault, property crime, motor vehicle theft, robbery, burglary, theft and arson all showed declines for 2009. Overall, crime in Dayton dropped 40% over the previous year.[70] The Dayton Police Department reported a total of 39 murders in 2016, which marked a 39.3% increase in homicides from 2015.[71]

John Dillinger, a bank robber during the early 1930s, was captured and arrested by Dayton city police while visiting his girlfriend at a high-class boarding house in downtown Dayton.[72][73]

في 4 أغسطس 2019، حوالي الساعة 1:05 صباحاً وقع إطلاق نار جماعي في دايتون، أوهايو، الولايات المتحدة. أسفر الحادث عن مقتل عشرة أشخاص، من بينهم المهاجم، وإصابة ما لا يقل عن 27 آخرين. لقى الهاجم مصرعه على يد الشرطة في غضون 30 ثانية من إطلاقه أولى الطلقات.[74]

أظهر تفتيش منزل المهاجم كتابات توضح اهتمامه بقتل الأشخاص. أشار التقييم الأولي للكتابات إلى عدم وجود دوافع عنصرية أو سياسية.[75] كان الهجوم ثاني حادث إطلاق نار جماعي في الولايات المتحدة في غضون 13 ساعة، في أعقاب حادث إل پاسو، تكساس.

الاقتصاد

سي-5 گالاكسي في قاعدة رايت-پاترسون الجوية.

Dayton's economy is relatively diversified and vital to the overall economy of the state of Ohio. In 2008 and 2009, Site Selection magazine ranked Dayton the #1 medium-sized metropolitan area in the U.S. for economic development.[76][77] Dayton is also among the top 100 metropolitan areas in both exports and export-related jobs, ranked 16 and 14 respectively by the Brookings Institution. The 2010 report placed the value of exports at $4.7 billion and the number of export-related jobs at 44,133.[78] The Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area ranks 4th in Ohio's Gross Domestic Product with a 2008 industry total of $33.78 billion.[79] Additionally, Dayton ranks third among 11 major metropolitan areas in Ohio for exports to foreign countries.[80] The Dayton Development Coalition is attempting to leverage the region's large water capacity, estimated to be 1.5 trillion gallons of renewable water aquifers, to attract new businesses.[81][82] Moody's Investment Services revised Dayton's bond rating from A1 to the stronger rating of Aa2 as part of its global recalibration process. Standard & Poor's upgraded Dayton's rating from A+ to AA− in the summer of 2009.[83]

Bloomberg Businessweek ranked Dayton in 2010 as one of the best places in the U.S. for college graduates looking for a job.[84][85] Companies such as Reynolds and Reynolds, Stratacache, CareSource, DP&L (soon AES inc), LexisNexis, Kettering Health Network, Premier Health Partners, and Standard Register have their headquarters in Dayton. It is also the former home of the Speedwell Motor Car Company, MeadWestvaco (formerly known as the Mead Paper Company), and NCR. NCR was headquartered in Dayton for over 125 years and was a major innovator in computer technology.[86]

Research and development

Stratacache Tower, Dayton's tallest high-rise

The Dayton region gave birth to aviation[87] and is known for its high concentration of aerospace and aviation technology. In 2009, Governor Ted Strickland designated Dayton as Ohio's aerospace innovation hub, the state's first such technology hub.[88] Two major United States research and development organizations have leveraged Dayton's historical leadership in aviation and maintain their headquarters in the area: The National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC) and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL).[89] Both have their headquarters at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.[90]

Several research organizations support NASIC, AFRL, and the Dayton community. The Advanced Technical Intelligence Center is a confederation of government, academic, and industry partners. The University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI) is led by the University of Dayton. The Cognitive Technologies Division (CTD) of Applied Research Associates, Inc., which carries out human-centered research and design, is headquartered in the Dayton suburb of Fairborn. The city of Dayton has started Tech Town, a development project to attract technology-based firms and revitalize the downtown area. Tech Town is home to the world's first RFID business incubator.[91] The University of Dayton–led Institute for Development & Commercialization of Sensor Technologies (IDCAST) at TechTown is a center for remote sensing and sensing technology. It is one of Dayton's technology business incubators housed in The Entrepreneurs Center building.[92]

أكبر أرباب العمل

تبعاً للتقرير المالي السنوي الشامل 2019 لديتون،[93] كان أكبر أرباب العمل في زمام المدينة كالتالي:

# رب العمل الموطفون
(2019) 		Employees
(2018) 		Employees
(2017)
1 پرميير هيلث پارنترز 12,425 12,138 13,858
2 Kettering Health Network 9,319 8,909 8,415
3 مقاطعة مونتگمري 4,284 4,366 4,383
4 Dayton Children's Hospital 3,341 2,974 2,467
5 Sinclair Community College 3,163 3,085 3,094
6 CareSource 3,021 2,800 2,200
7 جامعة ديتون 3,000 3,028 2,964
8 Dayton Veterans Affairs Medical Center 2,425 2,403 2,268
9 Dayton Public Schools 2,062 2,062 2,062
10 City of Dayton 1,963 1,972 1,900

Arts and culture

Fine arts

The interior of the Benjamin and Marian Schuster Performing Arts Center

The Dayton Region ranked within the top 10% in the nation in arts and culture.[94] In a 2012 readers' poll by American Style magazine, Dayton ranked #2 in the country among mid-size cities as an arts destination, ranking higher than larger cities such as Atlanta, St. Louis, and Cincinnati.[95][96] Dayton is the home of the Dayton Art Institute.

The Benjamin and Marian Schuster Performing Arts Center in downtown Dayton is a world-class performing arts center and the home venue of the Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra, Dayton Opera, and the Dayton Ballet.[97] In addition to philharmonic and opera performances, the Schuster Center hosts concerts, lectures, and traveling Broadway shows, and is a popular spot for weddings and other events.[98] The historic Victoria Theatre in downtown Dayton hosts concerts, traveling Broadway shows, ballet, a summertime classic film series, and more. The Loft Theatre, also downtown, is the home of the Human Race Theatre Company.[99] The Dayton Playhouse, in West Dayton, is the site of numerous plays and theatrical productions.[100] Between 1957 and 1995, the Kenley Players presented live theater productions in Dayton.[101][102] In 2013, John Kenley was inducted into the Dayton Theatre Hall of Fame.[103] Dayton is also home to the Winter Guard International world finals, hosting finals for winter guard, indoor percussion, and indoor winds.[104]

Dayton is the home to several ballet companies including:

Front Street, the largest artists' collective in Dayton, is housed in three industrial buildings on East Second Street.[108][109][110]

Entertainment

Thunderbirds at the 2009 Dayton Air Show

The Vectren Dayton Air Show is an annual air show that takes place at the Dayton International Airport. The Vectren Dayton Airshow is one of the largest air shows in the United States.[111]

The Dayton area is served by Five Rivers MetroParks, encompassing 14,161 acres (5,731 ha) over 23 facilities for year-round recreation, education, and conservation.[112] In cooperation with the Miami Conservancy District, the MetroParks maintains over 70 miles (113 km) of paved, multi-use scenic trails that connect Montgomery County with Greene, Miami, Warren, and Butler counties.[113][114]

Dayton was home to a thriving funk music scene from the 1970s to the early 1980s, that included bands such as Ohio Players, Roger Troutman & Zapp, Lakeside, Sun, Dayton, Heatwave, and Slave.[115]

Dayton was also the birthplace to several influential indie and punk bands such as The Breeders, Guided by Voices, and Brainiac.[116]

From 1996 to 1998, Dayton hosted the National Folk Festival. Since then, the annual Cityfolk Festival has continued to bring folk, ethnic, and world music and arts to Dayton. The Five Rivers MetroParks also owns and operates the PNC Second Street Market near downtown Dayton.[117]

The Dayton area hosts several arenas and venues. South of Dayton in Kettering is the Fraze Pavilion, whose notable performances have included the Backstreet Boys, Boston, and Steve Miller Band.[118] South of downtown, on the banks of the Great Miami River, is the University of Dayton Arena, home venue for the University of Dayton Flyers basketball teams and the location of various other events and concerts.[119] It also hosts the Winter Guard International championships, at which hundreds of percussion and color guard ensembles from around the world compete.[120] In addition, the Dayton Amateur Radio Association hosts the annual Dayton Hamvention, North America's largest hamfest, at the Greene County Fairgrounds in nearby Xenia. The Nutter Center, which is just east of Dayton in the suburb of Fairborn, is the home arena for athletics of Wright State University and the former Dayton Bombers hockey team. This venue is used for many concerts, community events, and various national traveling shows and performances.[121]

The Oregon District is a historic residential and commercial district in southeast downtown Dayton. The district is populated with art galleries, specialty shops, pubs, nightclubs, and coffee houses.[122]

The city of Dayton is also host to yearly festivals, such as the Dayton Celtic Festival,[123] the Dayton Blues Festival, Dayton Music Fest, Urban Nights, Women in Jazz, the African American and Cultural Festival, and the Dayton Reggae Fest.[124]

Parks and recreation

Dayton was named National Geographic's outdoor adventure capital of the Midwest in 2019 due in large part to the metropolitan area's revitalized Five Rivers MetroPark, extensive bicycle and jogging trail system, urban green spaces, lakes and camping areas.[125]

Dayton Regional Bike Trail Map[126]

In cooperation with the Miami Conservancy District, Five Rivers MetroParks hosts 340 miles of paved trails, the largest network of paved off-street trails in the United States.[127][113][114] The regional trail system represents over 35% of the 900 miles in Ohio's off-street trail network.[128] In 2010, the city of Troy was named "bike friendly" by the League of American Bicyclists, which gave the city the organization's bronze designation.[129] The honorable mention made Dayton one of two cities in Ohio to receive the award, the other being Columbus, and one of 15 cities nationwide.[129]

المدن الشقيقة

شعار مدينة ديتون في المدينة الشقيقة، هولون، إسرائيل (الرابعة من اليسار)

لديتون خمسة مدن شقيقة، هي:

انظر أيضاً


الهوامش

  1. ^ This is far less than the snowbelt regions of northeast Ohio due to distance from the Great Lakes and slightly less than the generally warmer Columbus.[46]
  2. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  3. ^ Official records for Dayton were kept at the Dayton COOP from June 1893 to July 9, 1911, alternating between the Weather Bureau Office and Miami Conservancy District from July 10, 1911, to December 1947, and at Dayton Int'l since January 1948. For more information, see Threadex
  4. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  5. ^ The station location is 39°45′49″N 84°11′29″W / 39.7636°N 84.1915°W / 39.7636; -84.1915, less than 100 m (330 ft) from the banks of the Miami River.

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