تورونتو

هذا المقال هو عن the capital of Ontario, Canada. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر تورونتو (توضيح).
"City of Toronto" redirects here. For the city's government, see Municipal government of Toronto.
تورنتو
Toronto
City (single-tier)
Skyline of Downtown Toronto and CN Tower
Ontario Legislative Building
Toronto Sign & City Hall
Humber Bay Arch Bridge
Casa Loma
Royal Ontario Museum
Scarborough Bluffs
علم تورنتو
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ تورنتو
Coat of arms
الشعار الرسمي لـ تورنتو
Logo
أصل الاسم: From the Mohawk word tkaronto ('tree in the water there'), the name of a channel between Lakes Simcoe and Couchiching
الكنية: 
T.O.، هوجتاون، الدخان الكبير، تورنتو الرب، تي دوت
الشعار: 
الإنتشار هو قوتنا Diversity Our Strength[1][2][أ]
OpenStreetMap
خطأ لوا في وحدة:Location_map على السطر 411: Malformed coordinates value.
الإحداثيات: {{WikidataCoord}} – malformed coordinate data
بلدكندا كندا
مقاطعةاونتاريو أونتاريو
RegionSouthern Ontario
Established27 أغسطس 1793; منذ 231 سنة (1793-08-27 (as York)
Incorporated6 مارس 1834; منذ 191 سنة (1834-03-06 (as City of Toronto)
Amalgamated into division20 يناير 1953; منذ 72 سنة (1953-01-20 (as Metropolitan Toronto)
Amalgamated1 يناير 1998; منذ 27 سنة (1998-01-01 (as current City of Toronto)
Communities
الحكومة
 • النوعSingle-tier municipality with a mayor–council system
 • الكيانToronto City Council
 • MayorOlivia Chow
 • Statutory Deputy MayorAusma Malik
المساحة
 [4][5][6]
 • City630٫20 كم² (243٫32 ميل²)
 • الحضر
1٬792٫99 كم² (692٫28 ميل²)
 • العمران
5٬905٫71 كم² (2٬280٫21 ميل²)
المنسوب
76٫5 m (251�0 ft)
التعداد
 (2021)[7]
 • City2٬794٬356 (1st)
 • الترتيب4th in North America
1st in Canada
 • الكثافة4٬427٫8/km2 (11٬468/sq mi)
 • Metro
6٬202٬225 (1st)
 • Region
9٬765٬188
صفة المواطنTorontonian
منطقة التوقيتUTC−05:00 (EST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Postal code span
M
مفتاح الهاتف416, 647, 437
GDP (Toronto CMA)قالب:CAD473.7 billion (2021)[8]
GDP per capita (Toronto CMA)قالب:CAD73,176 (2021)
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.toronto.ca Edit this at Wikidata

تورونتو (بالإنجليزية: Toronto) هي أكبر المدن تعداداً في كندا وعاصمة مقاطعة أونتاريو. بتعداد 2,794,356 in 2021,[9] وهي fourth-most populous city in North America. The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe, an urban agglomeration of 9,765,188 people (as of 2021) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario,[10] while the Greater Toronto Area proper had a 2021 population of 6,712,341.[9] As of 2024, the CMA had an estimated population of 7,106,379.[11] Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, sports, and culture and is one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.[12][13][14]

Indigenous peoples have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area, located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers, deep ravines, and urban forest, for more than 10,000 years.[15] After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase, when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown,[16] the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada.[17] During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops.[18] York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto. It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation.[19] The city proper has since expanded past its original limits through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 (243.3 sq mi).

The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada.[20][21] About half of its residents were born outside of Canada and over 200 ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants.[22] While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, over 160 languages are spoken in the city.[23] The mayor of Toronto is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city. The Toronto City Council is a unicameral legislative body, comprising 25 councillors since the 2018 municipal election, representing geographical wards throughout the city.[24]

Toronto is a prominent centre for music,[25] theatre,[26] motion picture production,[27] and television production,[28] and is home to the headquarters of Canada's major national broadcast networks and media outlets.[29] Its varied cultural institutions,[30] which include numerous museums and galleries, festivals and public events, entertainment districts, national historic sites, and sports activities,[31] attract over 43 million tourists each year.[32][33] Toronto is known for its many skyscrapers and high-rise buildings,[34] in particular the CN Tower, the tallest freestanding structure on land outside of Asia.[35]

The city is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange, the headquarters of Canada's five largest banks,[36] and the headquarters of many large Canadian and multinational corporations.[37] Its economy is highly diversified with strengths in technology, design, financial services, life sciences, education, arts, fashion, aerospace, environmental innovation, food services, and tourism.[38][39][40] Toronto is the third-largest tech hub in North America after Silicon Valley and New York City, and the fastest-growing hub.[41]

اسم المكان

المقالة الرئيسية: اسم تورنتو

The word Toronto has been recorded with various spellings in French and English, including Tarento, Tarontha, Taronto, Toranto, Torento, Toronto, and Toronton.[42] The most frequent early spelling, Taronto, referred to 'The Narrows', a channel of water through which Lake Simcoe discharges into Lake Couchiching where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. This narrows was called tkaronto by the Mohawk, meaning 'where there are trees standing in the water',[43][44][45] and was recorded as early as 1615 by Samuel de Champlain.[46] The word Toronto, meaning 'plenty', also appears in a 1632 French lexicon of the Huron language, which is also an Iroquoian language.[47] It also appears on French maps referring to various locations, including Georgian Bay, Lake Simcoe, and several rivers.[48] A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, known as the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail, led to widespread use of the name.

The pronunciation of the city is broadly /təˈrɒntoʊ/ tə-RONT-oh, which locals pronounce en-CA or en-CA, leaving the second 't' silent.[49][50][51]


التاريخ

للمزيد من المعلومات: إسم تورونتو

التاريخ المبكر

انظر أيضاً: Amalgamation of Toronto

عاش هنود الإروكوي في منطقة تورونتو قبل وصول الأوروبيين إليها، وخلال بداية القرن الثامن عشر أنشأ الفرنسيون بعثة تنصيرية ومحطة تجارية، وحصنًا مقابل شبه الجزيرة، يقوم بمساعدة قلعة ميناء تورونتو. وفي عام 1759م أحرق الفرنسيون حصن تورونتو لكي يحرموا البريطانيين الاستيلاء عليه. وفي عام 1763م أعطت معاهدة باريس بريطانيا جميع مناطق كندا.

The site of Toronto lay at the entrance to one of the oldest routes to the northwest, a route known and used by the Huron, Iroquois, and Ojibwe. Archaeological sites show evidence of human occupation dating back thousands of years. The site was of strategic importance from the beginning of Ontario's recorded history.[52]

In the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon (Bead Hill) on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagon on the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississaugas had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, with most returning to their homeland in present-day New York state.[53]

French traders founded Fort Rouillé in 1750 (the current Exhibition grounds were later developed there), but abandoned it in 1759 during the Seven Years' War.[54] The British defeated the French and their indigenous allies in the war, and the area became part of the British colony of Quebec in 1763.

During the American Revolutionary War, an influx of British settlers arrived there as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario. The Crown granted them land to compensate for their losses in the Thirteen Colonies. The new province of Upper Canada was being created and needed a capital. In 1787, the British Lord Dorchester arranged for the Toronto Purchase with the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation, thereby securing more than a quarter of a million acres (1000 km2) of land in the Toronto area.[55] Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto.[48] The first 25 years after the Toronto purchase were quiet, although "there were occasional independent fur traders" present in the area, with the usual complaints of debauchery and drunkenness.[52]

In 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake) to York,[56] believing the new site would be less vulnerable to attack by the United States.[57] The York garrison was built at the entrance of the town's natural harbour, sheltered by a long sand-bar peninsula. The town's settlement formed at the harbour's eastern end behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street and Front Street (in the "Old Town" area).

وخلال القرنين السابع عشر والثامن عشر الميلاديين استخدم الهنود منطقة تورونتو منطقة نقل على الخطوط الأرضية بين بحيرة أونتاريو وبحيرة هيورن.

وفي عام 1791 أصبح جون جريفس سيمكو ممثلاً لحكومة المستعمرات البريطانية الجديدة في كندا العليا (حاليًا أونتاريو)، واختار موقع تورونتو الحالي عاصمةً للمستعمرات الجديدة، بدلاً من نيوارك التي أصبحت بعد ذلك عاصمة لها. أسس سيمكو في عام 1793م موقع استيطان وسماه يورك. وفي عام 1834م غُيّر اسم هذه المدينة إلى تورونتو، وهو اصطلاح هندي يعني الاجتماع. تطورت مدينة تورونتو صناعيًا خلال نهاية القرن التاسع عشر وأصبحت مركزًا للمواصلات.


القرن 19

An American squadron exchanging fire with Fort York during the Battle of York, 1813. The American landing is depicted to the west (left foreground).

وقامت القوات الأمريكية خلال حرب عام 1812 بالاستيلاء على يورك، ثم قامت بإحراقها. وفي عام 1834م غُيِّر اسم يورك إلى تورونتو.

In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the town's capture and plunder by United States forces.[58] John Strachan negotiated the town's surrender. American soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation. Because of the sacking of York, British troops retaliated later in the war with the burning of Washington, D.C.

York was incorporated as the City of Toronto on March 6, 1834, adopting the Indigenous name.[59] Reformist politician William Lyon Mackenzie became the first mayor of Toronto. Mackenzie would later lead the unsuccessful Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 against the British colonial government.

Toronto's population of 9,000 included some African-American slaves,[بحاجة لمصدر] some of whom had been brought by the Loyalists, and Black Loyalists, whom the Crown had freed (most of the latter were resettled in Nova Scotia). By 1834, refugee slaves from America's South were also immigrating to Toronto to gain freedom.[60] Slavery was banned outright in Upper Canada (and throughout the British Empire) in 1834.[61] Torontonians integrated people of colour into their society. In the 1840s, an eating house at Frederick and King Streets, a place of mercantile prosperity in the early city, was operated by a black man named Bloxom.[62]

Toronto in 1854. The city was a major destination for immigrants to Canada in the second half of the 19th century.

As a major destination for immigrants to Canada, the city grew rapidly through the remainder of the 19th century. The first significant wave of immigrants were Irish, fleeing the Great Irish Famine; most of them were Catholic. By 1851, the Irish-born population had become the largest single ethnic group in the city. The Scottish and English population welcomed smaller numbers of Protestant Irish immigrants, some from what is now Northern Ireland, which gave the Orange Order significant and long-lasting influence over Toronto society. Almost every mayor of Toronto was a member of the Orange Order between 1850 and 1950, and the city was sometimes referred to as the "Belfast of Canada" because of Orange influence in municipal politics and administration.[63]

For brief periods, Toronto was twice the capital of the united Province of Canada: first from 1849 to 1851, following unrest in Montreal, and later from 1855 to 1859. After this date, Quebec was designated as the capital until 1865 (two years before Canadian Confederation). Since then, the capital of Canada has remained Ottawa, Ontario.[64]

The second Parliament of Upper Canada building on Front Street, 1856

Toronto became the capital of the province of Ontario after its official creation in 1867. The seat of government of the Ontario briefly returned to the same building that hosted the Third Parliament Building of Upper Canada, before moving to the Ontario Legislative Building at Queen's Park in 1893. Because of its provincial capital status, the city was also the location of Government House, the residence of the viceregal representative of the Crown in right of Ontario.

Long before the Royal Military College of Canada was established in 1876, supporters of the concept proposed military colleges in Canada. Staffed by British Regulars, adult male students underwent a three-month-long military course at the School of Military Instruction in Toronto. Established by Militia General Order in 1864, the school enabled officers of militia or candidates for commission or promotion in the Militia to learn military duties, drill and discipline, to command a company at Battalion Drill, to drill a company at Company Drill, the internal economy of a company, and the duties of a company's officer.[65] The school was retained at Confederation, in 1867. In 1868, schools of cavalry and artillery instruction were formed in Toronto.[66]

A group in front of a horse-drawn streetcar in front of Yorkville Town Hall 1870. A gas streetlamp is visible in the right foreground.

In the 19th century, the city built an extensive sewage system to improve sanitation, and streets were illuminated with gas lighting as a regular service.[بحاجة لمصدر] Long-distance railway lines were constructed, including a route completed in 1854 linking Toronto with the Upper Great Lakes. The Grand Trunk Railway and the Northern Railway of Canada joined in the building of the first Union Station in downtown. The advent of the railway dramatically increased the numbers of immigrants arriving, commerce and industry, as had the Lake Ontario steamers and schooners entering port before. These enabled Toronto to become a major gateway linking the world to the interior of the North American continent. Expanding port and rail facilities brought in northern timber for export and imported Pennsylvania coal. Industry dominated the waterfront for the next 100 years.

خريطة تورنتو، 1894

During the late 19th century, Toronto became the largest alcohol distillation (in particular, spirits) centre in North America. By the 1860s, the Gooderham and Worts Distillery operations became the world's largest whisky factory.[بحاجة لمصدر] A preserved section of this once dominant local industry remains in the Distillery District. The harbour allowed access to grain and sugar imports used in processing.

The Gooderham and Worts buildings, 1896

Horse-drawn streetcars gave way to electric streetcars in 1891 when the city granted the operation of the transit franchise to the Toronto Railway Company. The public transit system passed into public ownership in 1921 as the Toronto Transportation Commission, later renamed the Toronto Transit Commission. The system now has the third-highest ridership of any city public transportation system in North America.[67]


20th century

Ruins on Front Street after the Great Toronto Fire of 1904

The Great Toronto Fire of 1904 destroyed a large section of downtown Toronto. The fire destroyed more than 100 buildings.[68] The fire claimed one victim, John Croft, who was an explosive expert clearing the ruins from the fire.[69] It caused قالب:CAD in damage (roughly قالب:CAD in 2020 terms).[70]

The city received new European immigrant groups from the late 19th century into the early 20th century, particularly Germans, French, Italians, and Jews. They were soon followed by Russians, Poles, and other Eastern European nations, in addition to the Chinese entering from the West. Like the Irish before them, many of these migrants lived in overcrowded shanty-type slums, such as "the Ward", which was centred on Bay Street, now the heart of the country's Financial District.

As new migrants began to prosper, they moved to better housing in other areas, in what is now understood to be succession waves of settlement. Despite its fast-paced growth, by the 1920s, Toronto's population and economic importance in Canada remained second to the much longer established Montreal, Quebec. However, by 1934, the Toronto Stock Exchange had become the largest in the country.

People in Toronto celebrating the Victory in Europe, May 1945
ميناء تورنتو، 1919. في مقدمة الصورة

أحدثت المطالبة بالإمدادت ولوازم الحرب خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى (1914 ـ 1918م) والحرب العالمية الثانية (1939-1945م) نموًا صناعيًا لمنطقة تورونتو، ثم استقر مئات الآلاف من الأوروبيين المهاجرين في تورونتو بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية.

A view of Queen Street from Old City Hall, 1920
Subway construction on Yonge Street, 1949

في عام 1954م أصبحت بلدية منطقة تورونتو الحضرية الكبرى أول بلدية فيدرالية حضرية في أمريكا الشمالية. وتتكون هذه المنطقة من تورونتو واثنتي عشرة ضاحية تابعة لها، ولقد أنشأت الهيئة التشريعية لأونتاريو اتحادًا فيدراليًا يقوم بإيجاد بعض السبل لحل بعض المشاكل الشائعة لكل من تورونتو وضواحيها.

In 1954, the City of Toronto and 12 surrounding municipalities were federated into a regional government known as Metropolitan Toronto.[71] The postwar boom had resulted in rapid suburban development. It was believed a coordinated land-use strategy and shared services would provide greater efficiency for the region. The metropolitan government began to manage services that crossed municipal boundaries, including highways, police services, water and public transit. In that year, a half-century after the Great Fire of 1904, disaster struck the city again when Hurricane Hazel brought intense winds and flash flooding. In the Toronto area, 81 people were killed, nearly 1,900 families were left homeless, and the hurricane caused more than قالب:CAD in damage.[72]

Flooded houses near the Humber River after Hurricane Hazel passed through Toronto, 1954

In 1967, the seven smallest municipalities of Metropolitan Toronto were merged with larger neighbours, resulting in a six-municipality configuration that included the former city of Toronto and the surrounding municipalities of East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, and York.[73]

In the decades after World War II, refugees from war-torn Europe and Chinese job-seekers arrived, as well as construction labourers, particularly from Italy and Portugal. Toronto's population grew to more than one million in 1951 when large-scale suburbanization began and doubled to two million by 1971. Following the elimination of racially based immigration policies by the late 1960s, Toronto became a destination for immigrants from all over the world. By the 1980s, Toronto had surpassed Montreal as Canada's most populous city and chief economic hub. During this time, in part owing to the political uncertainty raised by the resurgence of the Quebec sovereignty movement, many national and multinational corporations moved their head offices from Montreal to Toronto and Western Canadian cities.[74]

Construction of First Canadian Place, the operational headquarters of the Bank of Montreal, in 1975

On January 1, 1998, Toronto was greatly enlarged, not through traditional annexations, but as an amalgamation of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto and its six lower-tier constituent municipalities: East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, York, and the original city itself. They were dissolved by an act of the Government of Ontario and formed into a single-tier City of Toronto (colloquially dubbed the "megacity"), replacing all six governments.

The merger was proposed as a cost-saving measure by the Progressive Conservative provincial government under premier Mike Harris. The announcement touched off vociferous public objections. In March 1997, a referendum in all six municipalities produced a vote of more than 3:1 against amalgamation.[75] However, municipal governments in Canada are creatures of the provincial governments, and referendums have little to no legal effect. The Harris government could thus legally ignore the referendum results and did so in April when it tabled the City of Toronto Act. Both opposition parties held a filibuster in the provincial legislature, proposing more than 12,000 amendments that allowed residents on streets of the proposed megacity to take part in public hearings on the merger and adding historical designations to the streets.[76] This only delayed the bill's inevitable passage, given the Progressive Conservatives' majority.

North York mayor Mel Lastman became the first "megacity" mayor, and the 62nd mayor of Toronto, with his electoral victory.[77] Lastman gained national attention after multiple snowstorms, including the January Blizzard of 1999, dumped 118 centimetres (46 in) of snow and effectively immobilized the city.[78][79] He called in the Canadian Army to aid snow removal by use of their equipment to augment police and emergency services. The move was ridiculed by some in other parts of the country, fuelled in part by what was perceived as a frivolous use of resources.[80][81]

21st century

Crowds navigating Union Station during the Northeast blackout of 2003

The city attracted international attention in 2003 when it became the centre of a major SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) outbreak. Public health attempts to prevent the disease from spreading elsewhere temporarily dampened the local economy.[82] From August 14 to 17, 2003, the city was hit by a massive blackout which affected millions of Torontonians (it also affected most of Southern Ontario and parts of the United States), stranding some hundreds of people in tall buildings, knocking out traffic lights and suspending subway and streetcar service across the city during those aforementioned days.[83]

On March 6, 2009, the city celebrated the 175th anniversary of its inception as the City of Toronto in 1834. Toronto hosted the 4th G20 summit during June 26–27, 2010. This included the largest security operation in Canadian history. Following large-scale protests and rioting, law enforcement arrested more than 1,000 people, the largest mass arrest in Canadian history.[84]

Damage from a fallen tree after the December 2013 storm complex passed through Toronto

On July 8, 2013, severe flash flooding hit Toronto after an afternoon of slow-moving, intense thunderstorms. Toronto Hydro estimated 450,000 people were without power after the storm and Toronto Pearson International Airport reported 126 mm (5 in) of rain had fallen over five hours, more than during Hurricane Hazel.[85] Within six months, from December 20 to 22, 2013, Toronto was brought to a near halt by the worst ice storm in the city's history, rivalling the severity of the 1998 Ice Storm (which mainly affected southeastern Ontario, and Quebec). At the height of the storm, over 300,000 Toronto Hydro customers had no electricity or heating.[86] Toronto hosted WorldPride in June 2014,[87] and the Pan and Parapan American Games in 2015.[88]

The city continues to grow and attract immigrants. A 2019 study by Toronto Metropolitan University (then known as Ryerson University) showed that Toronto was the fastest-growing city in North America. The city added 77,435 people between July 2017 and July 2018. The Toronto metropolitan area was the second-fastest-growing metropolitan area in North America, adding 125,298 persons, compared with 131,767 in the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metroplex in Texas. The large growth in the Toronto metropolitan area is attributed to international migration to Toronto.[89]

The COVID-19 pandemic in Canada first occurred in Toronto and was among the hotspots in the country.[90][91]

Toronto was named as one of 16 cities in North America (and one of two Canadian cities) to host matches for the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[92]


الجغرافيا

A simulated-colour image of Toronto taken by NASA's Landsat 7 satellite from 1985. Yonge Street can clearly be seen bisecting the city just right of centre in the image, the other prominent road, running east-west, is Highway 401.
المقالة الرئيسية: الجغرافيا والمناخ في تورونتو

تغطي مدينة تورنتو مساحة 630 كم مربع,[93] بأكبر مساحة من الجنوب للشمال تقدر 21 21 كم ومن الشرق للغرب 43 كم. وتمتد بشريط ساحلي يقدر طوله 46 كم في الشمال الغربي على بحرية أونتاريو.[94] وتتشكل حدودها من بحرية أونتاريو في الجنوب ، و ايتوبيكوك جريك وطريق أونتاريو السريع في الغرب ، Steeles Avenue في الشمال و نهر أونتاريو في الشرق.

مظاهر السطح

المناخ

Late spring scene in High Park, in Toronto's west end
Mid-Winter scene at the intersection of Dundas Street and University Avenue

تتمتع مدينة تورونتو بمناخ مداري نظرا لإشرافها على بحيرة أونتاريو في الجنوب. ويتميز فصل الصيف في المدينة بأنه صيف حار رطب وبارد بصفة عامة شتاءا.


أخف
 
المناخ في تورونتو
درجة الحرارة
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس إبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر Mean
درجة الحرارة العظمى °C (°F) 16 (61) 14 (58) 27 (80) 32 (90) 34 (94) 37 (98) 41 (105) 39 (102) 38 (100) 30 (86) 24 (75) 20 (68)
العظمى المتوسطة °C (°F) -1 (30) -0.2 (32) 5 (40) 11 (52) 19 (65) 24 (74) 26 (80) 25 (78) 21 (69) 14 (57) 7 (45) 2 (35) 13 (55)
أقل درجة حرارة °C (°F) -4 (24) -3 (26) 1 (34) 8 (46) 14 (58) 19 (67) 22 (72) 21 (70) 17 (63) 11 (51) 5 (41) -1 (30) 9 (49)
الصغرى المتوسطى °C (°F) -7 (19) -6 (21) -2 (28) 4 (39) 10 (50) 15 (59) 18 (64) 17 (63) 13 (56) 7 (45) 2 (36) -4 (25) 6 (42)
سجلات أقل درجة حرارة °C (°F) -33 (-27) -32 (-25) -27 (-16) -15 (5) -4 (25) -2 (28) 4 (39) 4 (40) -2 (28) -9 (16) -21 (-5) -30 (-22)
الساعات الرطبة والمشمسة
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس إبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر Total
الإجمالي (بالملليمتر) 61 (2.4) 51 (2.0) 66 (2.6) 70 (2.7) 73 (2.9) 72 (2.8) 68 (2.7) 80 (3.1) 83 (3.3) 65 (2.6) 76 (3.0) 71 (2.8) 834 (32.8)
سقوط الأمطار (بالملليمتر) 29 (1.2) 26 (1.0) 42 (1.7) 63 (2.5) 73 (2.9) 72 (2.8) 68 (2.7) 80 (3.1) 83 (3.3) 65 (2.6) 67 (2.7) 42 (1.7) 710 (27.9)
تساقط الثلوج (بالسم) 38 (15.0) 27 (10.5) 22 (8.7) 6 (2.4) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0.1 (0.04) 8 (3.2) 32 (12.7) 133 (52)
الساعات المشمسة 88 110 156 185 229 256 276 241 188 148 84 75 2038
Data recorded at The Annex for Environment Canada. Average data recorded over a 30 year span from 1971 to 2000.

المنظر العام للمدينة

منظر بانوراما لوسط المدينة ويمكن مشاهدة بحيرة أونتاريو من على بعد.

الطراز المعماري

المقالة الرئيسية: المعمار في تورونتو
انظر أيضاً: قائمة أطول المباني في تورونتو
The CN Tower viewed from Rogers Centre

الأحياء

انظر أيضاً: قائمة أحياء تورونتو
Row houses in urban Toronto
View of skyscrapers in the Financial District from the CN Tower

تورونتو القديمة

الضواحي الداخية

الضواحي الخارجية

المناطق الصناعية

Yonge-Dundas Square, أحد أزحم الميادين في المدينة.
HTO Park, Toronto's first artificial urban beach

الأماكن العامة

انظر أيضاً: قائمة حدائق تورونتو

الثقافة

Roy Thomson Hall, home of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra
Toronto Eaton Centre, the largest shopping mall in the City of Toronto

السياحة

تحتل تورونتو المرتبة رقم 14 على مستوى العالم من حيث السياحة حيث يتوافد عليها سنويا اكثر من 4 مليون سائح.[95] ومن أشهر المزارات في تورونتو برج سي ان ، والذي يعتبر من أعلى الأبنية على الأرض حيث يصل طوله إلى 553 متر (1.815 قدم).[96]

الرياضة

The Hockey Hall of Fame, housed in a former bank erected in 1885, is located at the intersection of Front Street and Yonge Street in Downtown Toronto.
النادي الإتحاد الرياضة المكان التأسيس البطولة
Toronto Argonauts CFL كرة القدم Rogers Centre 1873
15
Toronto Maple Leafs NHL هوكي الجليد Air Canada Centre 1917 13
Toronto Maple Leafs IBL بيسبول Christie Pits 1969 8
Toronto Blue Jays MLB بيسبول Rogers Centre 1977 2
Toronto Raptors NBA كرة السلة Air Canada Centre 1995 0
Toronto Rock NLL Box lacrosse Air Canada Centre 1998 5
Toronto Xtreme RCSL Rugby union Fletcher's Fields 1999 0
Toronto Marlies AHL هوكي الجليد Ricoh Coliseum 2005 0
Toronto FC MLS كرة القدم BMO Field 2007 0


Panoramic view of Rogers Centre during an Argonauts game

الإعلام

The Canadian Broadcasting Centre

الإقتصاد

The Toronto-Dominion (TD) Centre in the heart of downtown
المقالة الرئيسية: اقتصاد تورونتو
View looking towards Toronto's Financial District

Toronto is an international centre for business and finance. Generally considered the financial and industrial capital of Canada, Toronto has a high concentration of banks and brokerage firms on Bay Street in the Financial District. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the world's seventh-largest stock exchange by market capitalization.[97] The five largest financial institutions of Canada, collectively known as the Big Five, all have their global corporate headquarters in Toronto, alongside Canada's major insurance giants.[98][99]

Lake freighters moored in the Port of Toronto

The city is an important centre for the media, publishing, telecommunication, information technology and film production industries; it is home to Bell Media, Rogers Communications, and Torstar. Other prominent Canadian corporations and Canadian subsidiaries of international corporations in the Greater Toronto Area include Magna International, Pizza Pizza, Mr. Sub, Celestica, Manulife, Sun Life Financial, Toyota Canada Inc. the Hudson's Bay Company, and major hotel companies and operators, such as Four Seasons Hotels and Fairmont Hotels and Resorts.[100]

Although much of the region's manufacturing activities occur outside the city limits, Toronto continues to be a wholesale and distribution point for the industrial sector. The city's strategic position along the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor within the Great Lakes megalopolis and its road and rail connections help support the nearby production of motor vehicles, iron, steel, food, machinery, chemicals and paper. The completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959 gave ships access to the Great Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean.

Toronto's unemployment rate was 6.7 per cent as of July 2016.[101] According to the website Numbeo, Toronto's cost of living plus rent index was second highest in Canada (of 31 cities).[102] The local purchasing power was the sixth lowest in Canada, mid-2017.[103] The average monthly social assistance caseload for January to October 2014 was 92,771. The number of impoverished seniors increased from 10.5 per cent in 2011 to 12.1 per cent in 2014. Toronto's 2013 child poverty rate was 28.6 per cent, the highest among large Canadian cities of 500,000 or more residents.[104]

Bay Street

Buildings in the Financial District, including the operational headquarters of three major Canadian banks

The Financial District in Toronto centres on Bay Street, the equivalent to Wall Street in New York.[105] The city hosts the headquarters of all five of Canada's largest banks, Royal Bank of Canada, Toronto-Dominion Bank, Scotiabank, Bank of Montreal and Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, and was ranked as the safest banking system in the world between 2007 and 2014 according to the World Economic Forum.[106] Toronto's economy has seen a steady growth boom thanks to many corporations relocating their Canadian headquarters into the city and Canada's growing cultural significance, resulting in several companies setting up shop in Toronto.

Media and entertainment

المقالة الرئيسية: Media in Toronto
33 Dundas Street East is a studio complex used by Citytv and Omni Television.

Toronto is Canada's largest media market,[107] and has four conventional dailies, two alt-weeklies, and three free commuter papers in a greater metropolitan area of about 6 million inhabitants. The Toronto Star and the Toronto Sun are the prominent daily city newspapers, while national dailies The Globe and Mail and the National Post are also headquartered in the city.[108] The Toronto Star, The Globe and Mail, and National Post are broadsheet newspapers. Several magazines and local newspapers cover Toronto, including Now and Toronto Life, while numerous magazines are produced in Toronto, such as Canadian Business, Chatelaine, Flare and Maclean's. Daily Hive, Western Canada's largest online-only publication, opened its Toronto office in 2016.[109] Toronto contains the headquarters of the major English-language Canadian television networks CBC, CTV, Citytv, Global, The Sports Network (TSN) and Sportsnet. Much (formerly MuchMusic), M3 (formerly MuchMore) and MTV Canada are the main music television channels based in the city. However, they no longer primarily show music videos as a result of channel drift amid a shift in adolescent and young adult demographics.

Film production

انظر أيضاً: Hollywood North
Film production for The Boys at Pecaut Square

Toronto is one of the centres of Canada's film and television industry due in part to the lower cost of production in Canada. The city's streets and landmarks are seen in a variety of films, mimicking the scenes of American cities such as Chicago and New York. The city provides diverse settings and neighbourhoods to shoot films, with production facilitated by Toronto's Film and Television Office. Toronto's film industry has extended beyond the Toronto CMA into adjoining cities such as Hamilton and Oshawa.[110]

Real estate

Real estate is a major force in the city's economy; Toronto is home to some of the nation's—and the world's—most expensive real estate. The Toronto Regional Real Estate Board (TRREB), formerly the Toronto Real Estate Board, is a non-profit professional association of registered real estate brokers and salespeople in Toronto, and parts of the Greater Toronto Area.[111] TRREB was formed in 1920.[111] Many large real estate investment trusts are based in Toronto.

Technology and biotech

Toronto is a large hub of the Canadian and global technology industry, generating $52 billion in revenues annually. In 2017, Toronto tech firms offered almost 30,000 jobs, which is higher than the combination of San Francisco Bay area, Seattle and Washington, D.C.[112] The area bound between the Greater Toronto Area, the region of Waterloo and the city of Hamilton was termed a "digital corridor" by the Branham Group,[113] a region highly concentrated with technology companies and jobs similar to Silicon Valley in California.[114] Toronto is home to a large startup ecosystem and is the third-largest center for information and communications technology in North America, behind New York City and the Silicon Valley.[41] In 2023, the city was ranked as the 17th best startup scene in the world.[115]

Tourism

المقالة الرئيسية: Tourism in Toronto
انظر أيضاً: Hotels in Toronto
Kensington Market, a neighbourhood that is also partly an outdoor market

In 2018, 27.5 million tourists visited Toronto, generating $10.3 billion (~$Format price error: cannot parse value "Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=US-GDP (parameter 1) not a recognized index." in 2022) in economic activity.[116] The Toronto Eaton Centre receives over 47 million visitors per year.[117] Other commercial areas popular with tourists include the Path network, which is the world's largest[118] underground shopping complex, as well as Kensington Market and St. Lawrence Market.[119] The Toronto Islands are close to downtown Toronto and do not permit private motor vehicles beyond the airport. Other tourist attractions include the CN Tower, Casa Loma, Toronto's theatres and musicals, Yonge–Dundas Square, and Ripley's Aquarium of Canada.

The Royal Ontario Museum is a museum of world culture and natural history. The Toronto Zoo[120][121] is home to over 5,000 animals representing over 460 distinct species. The Art Gallery of Ontario contains an extensive collection of Canadian, European, African and contemporary artwork. Also, it hosts exhibits from museums and galleries from all over the world. The Gardiner Museum of ceramic art is the only museum in Canada entirely devoted to ceramics, and the Museum's collection contains more than 2,900 ceramic works from Asia, the Americas, and Europe. The city also hosts the Ontario Science Centre, the Bata Shoe Museum, and Textile Museum of Canada.

The southern façade of the Art Gallery of Ontario

Other prominent art galleries and museums include the Design Exchange,[122] the TIFF Lightbox, the Museum of Contemporary Art Toronto Canada, the Institute for Contemporary Culture, the Toronto Sculpture Garden, the CBC Museum, the Redpath Sugar Museum, the University of Toronto Art Centre, Hart House, the TD Gallery of Inuit Art, Little Canada and the Aga Khan Museum. The city also runs its own museums, which include the Spadina House.[123] The Don Valley Brick Works is a former industrial site that opened in 1889 and was partly restored as a park and heritage site in 1996, with further restoration being completed in stages since then. The Canadian National Exhibition ("The Ex") is held annually at Exhibition Place and is the oldest annual fair in the world. The Ex has an average attendance of 1.25 million.[124]

City shopping areas include the Yorkville neighbourhood, Queen West, Harbourfront, the Entertainment District, the Financial District, and the St. Lawrence Market neighbourhood.[125][126] The Eaton Centre is Toronto's most popular tourist attraction with over 52 million visitors annually.[127]

The Hockey Hall of Fame is a museum dedicated to ice hockey, as well as a Hall of Fame.

Greektown on the Danforth is home to the annual "Taste of the Danforth" festival, which attracts over one million people in 2+1⁄2 days.[128] Toronto is also home to Casa Loma, the former estate of Sir Henry Pellatt, a prominent Toronto financier, industrialist and military man. Other notable neighbourhoods and attractions in Toronto include The Beaches, the Toronto Islands, Kensington Market, Fort York, and the Hockey Hall of Fame.[129][130]

الصناعة

تحتل منطقة تورونتو مكان الريادة في احتوائها على المراكز الصناعية الرئيسية في كندا، حيث يوجد أكثر من 5,700 مصنع في هذه المنطقة، تنتج منتجات يقدر ثمنها بأكثر من سبعة بلايين دولار أمريكي سنويًا. ويشغل حوالي ثلث العمال وظائف في هذه المصانع. ومن الأنشطة الصناعية الرئيسية صناعة الأغذية والمطبوعات والملابس والإلكترونيات والأجهزة الكهربائية والورق والمطاط ومنتجات الأخشاب.

المعاملات المالية

تُعدُّ مدينة تورونتو مركزًا رئيسيًا للمعاملات المالية في كندا، حيث يوجد بها أكبر المصارف الكندية وشركات التأمين. وتُعدُّ سوق الأوراق المالية (البورصة) بتورونتو رابع أكبر سوق مالية في تجارة الأسهم في أمريكا الشمالية.

المواصلات والاتصالات

تعتبر مدينة تورونتو أكبر مركز مواصلات، حيث تُنقل منتجات هذه المنطقة المختلفة إلى بقية أنحاء العالم جوًا أو بحرًا بالإضافة إلى طرق الملاحة النهرية مثل طريق سانت لورانس البحري. ويقوم ميناء تورونتو بتحميل ما يقارب 1,8 مليون طن متري من البضائع سنويًا.

السكان


السكان في تورنتو سنويا, بالحدود الحالية
السنة المدينة CMA GTA
1861 65,085 193,844[131] –
1901 238,080 440,000[131] –
1951 1,117,470 1,262,000[131] –
1971 2,089,728 2,628,045[132] –
1976 2,124,295 2,803,101[133] –
1981 2,137,380 2,998,947[134] –
1986 2,192,721 3,733,085[135] –
1991 2,275,771[136] 3,893,933[137] 4,235,756[138]
1996 2,385,421[139] 4,263,759[139] 4,628,883[140]
2001 2,481,494[141] 4,682,897[141] 5,081,826[142]
2006 2,503,281[141] 5,113,149[141] 5,555,912[143]

يعود أسلاف ما يقارب خمسي سكان تورونتو إلى أصول بريطانية. ففي نهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية عام 1945م، هاجر كثير من الأوروبيين إلى تورونتو. أما السكان الذين تعود أنسابهم إلى الإيطاليين والبرتغاليين فهم يشكلون أكبر مجموعتين عرقيتين. وهناك مجموعات أخرى تضم الصينيين والفرنسيين واليونانيين.

تسببت الهجرة المكثفة من الدول المختلفة، والمناطق الكندية الأخرى إلى تورونتو في أزمة سكن حادة جدًا، ولقد قامت الحكومة الفيدرالية وحكومة المنطقة الإدارية وحكومة البلدية بالعمل على تشييد الكثير من المساكن الشعبية وإعانة المساكن الخاصة التي يملكها السكان ذوو الدخل المحدود.

الحكومة

Toronto City Hall viewed from Nathan Phillips Square

الجريمة

التعليم

The main building of Victoria College in the University of Toronto
المقالة الرئيسية: التعليم في تورونتو

البنية التحتية

الصحة والدواء

Atrium of the Hospital for Sick Children
المقالة الرئيسية: الصحة في تورونتو

النقل

The main entrance of the Beaux-Arts style Union Station built in 1927
المقالة الرئيسية: Transportation in Toronto

مدن شقيقة

أشخاص بارزون

المقالة الرئيسية: List of people from Toronto

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ The motto is typically rendered without punctuation, while the city's coat of arms uses typographical bullets to space the words used in the motto. However, some sources from the municipal government of Toronto use punctuation to describe the motto as "Diversity, Our Strength."[3]

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خطأ استشهاد: الوسم <ref> ذو الاسم "sc-geo-profile-to" المُعرّف في <references> غير مستخدم في النص السابق.

خطأ استشهاد: الوسم <ref> ذو الاسم "sc-profile-to" المُعرّف في <references> غير مستخدم في النص السابق.

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