توليدو، أوهايو

Coordinates: 41°39′56″N 83°34′31″W / 41.66556°N 83.57528°W / 41.66556; -83.57528
Toledo, Ohio
City
City of Toledo
Images, from top left to right: Downtown Toledo, University Hall, Toledo Museum of Art, Lucas County Courthouse, Tony Packo's Cafe, Anthony Wayne Bridge, Fifth Third Field
Images, from top left to right: Downtown Toledo, University Hall, Toledo Museum of Art, Lucas County Courthouse, Tony Packo's Cafe, Anthony Wayne Bridge, Fifth Third Field
علم Toledo, Ohio
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ Toledo, Ohio
الشعار
الكنية: 
The Glass City
الشعار: 
"Laborare est Orare" (Work is to Pray)
Location of Toledo within Lucas County, Ohio
Location of Toledo within Lucas County, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio is located in الولايات المتحدة
Toledo, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Location in the United States
الإحداثيات: 41°39′56″N 83°34′31″W / 41.66556°N 83.57528°W / 41.66556; -83.57528
CountryUnited States
StateOhio
CountyLucas
Founded1833
الحكومة
 • MayorWade Kapszukiewicz (D)
المساحة
[1]
 • City84٫12 ميل² (217٫87 كم²)
 • البر80٫69 ميل² (208٫99 كم²)
 • الماء3٫43 ميل² (8٫88 كم²)
المنسوب
614 ft (187 m)
التعداد
 (2010)[2]
 • City287٬208
 • Estimate 
(2015)[3]
279٬789
 • الترتيبUS: 72nd
 • الكثافة3٬559/sq mi (1٬374٫3/km2)
 • Urban
507٬643 (US: 80th)
 • العمرانية
608٬145 (US: 89th)
صفة المواطنToledoan
منطقة التوقيتUTC−5 (EST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
Area codes419, 567
FIPS code39-77000
GNIS ID1067015[5]
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.toledo.oh.gov

Toledo ( /təˈliːdoʊ/) is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio, United States.[6] Toledo is in northwest Ohio, at the western end of Lake Erie bordering the state of Michigan. The city was founded in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River, and originally incorporated as part of Monroe County, Michigan Territory. It was re-founded in 1837, after conclusion of the Toledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio.

After the 1845 completion of the Miami and Erie Canal, Toledo grew quickly; it also benefited from its position on the railway line between New York City and Chicago. The first of many glass manufacturers arrived in the 1880s, eventually earning Toledo its nickname: "The Glass City." It has since become a city with an art community, auto assembly businesses, education, healthcare, and local sports teams.

The population of Toledo as of the 2010 Census was 287,128 making it the 71st-largest city in the United States. It is the fourth-most-populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio, after Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati. The Toledo metropolitan area had a 2010 population of 608,145, and was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio, behind Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Dayton, and Akron.

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التاريخ

The region was part of a larger area controlled by the historic tribes of the Wyandot and the people of the Council of Three Fires (Ojibwe, Potawatomi and Odawa). The French established trading posts in the area by 1680 to take advantage of the lucrative fur trade. The Odawa moved from Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula at the invitation of the French, who established a trading post at Fort Detroit, about 60 miles to the north. They settled an area extending into northwest Ohio. By the early 18th century, the Odawa occupied areas along most of the Maumee River to its mouth. They served as middlemen between the French and tribes further to the west and north. The Wyandot occupied central Ohio, and the Shawnee and Lenape occupied the southern areas.[7][8]

When the city of Toledo was preparing to pave its streets, it surveyed "two prehistoric semicircular earthworks, presumably for stockades." One was at the intersection of Clayton and Oliver streets on the south bank of Swan Creek; the other was at the intersection of Fassett and Fort streets on the right bank of the Maumee River.[9] Such earthworks were typical of mound-building peoples.


القرن 19

According to Charles E. Slocum, the American military built Fort Industry at the mouth of Swan Creek about 1805, as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its earlier history there.[9]

The United States continued to work to extinguish land claims of Native Americans. In the Treaty of Detroit (1807), the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River (where Toledo later developed). Reserves for the Odawa were set aside in northwestern Ohio for a limited period of time. The Native Americans signed the treaty at Detroit, Michigan, on November 17, 1807, with William Hull, governor of the Michigan Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs, as the sole representative of the U.S.[10]

الديمغرافيا

التعداد التاريخي
التعداد Pop. %±
18401٬222—
18503٬829213٫3%
186013٬768259٫6%
187031٬584129٫4%
188050٬13758٫7%
189081٬43462٫4%
1900131٬82261٫9%
1910168٬49727٫8%
1920243٬16444٫3%
1930290٬71819٫6%
1940282٬349−2٫9%
1950303٬6167٫5%
1960318٬0034٫7%
1970383٬81820٫7%
1980354٬635−7٫6%
1990332٬943−6٫1%
2000313٬619−5٫8%
2010287٬208−8٫4%
2017 (تق.)276٬491[11]−3٫7%
U.S. Decennial Census[12]
التركيب العرقي 2010[13] 2000[14] 1990[14] 1970[14] 1940[14]
White 64.8% 70.2% 77.0% 85.7% 94.8%
—Non-Hispanic 61.4% Unk 75.1% 84.0%[15] n/a
Black or African American 27.2% 23.5% 19.7% 13.8% 5.2%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 7.4% 5.5% 4.0% 1.9%[15] n/a
Asian 1.1% 1.0% 1.0% 0.2% −

الجغرافيا

المناخ

Climate data for Toledo, Ohio (Toledo Express Airport), 1991−2020 normals,[أ] extremes 1871−present[ب]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22) 		71
(22) 		85
(29) 		89
(32) 		98
(37) 		104
(40) 		105
(41) 		103
(39) 		100
(38) 		92
(33) 		80
(27) 		70
(21) 		105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 55
(13) 		58
(14) 		70
(21) 		80
(27) 		89
(32) 		94
(34) 		94
(34) 		92
(33) 		90
(32) 		82
(28) 		68
(20) 		58
(14) 		96
(36)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 34.7
(1.5) 		37.8
(3.2) 		48.4
(9.1) 		61.5
(16.4) 		73.3
(22.9) 		82.7
(28.2) 		86.5
(30.3) 		84.1
(28.9) 		77.7
(25.4) 		65.0
(18.3) 		51.1
(10.6) 		39.4
(4.1) 		61.9
(16.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 27.5
(−2.5) 		29.9
(−1.2) 		39.2
(4.0) 		50.9
(10.5) 		62.1
(16.7) 		71.6
(22.0) 		75.4
(24.1) 		73.5
(23.1) 		66.4
(19.1) 		54.6
(12.6) 		42.8
(6.0) 		32.8
(0.4) 		52.2
(11.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 20.3
(−6.5) 		22.1
(−5.5) 		29.9
(−1.2) 		40.3
(4.6) 		50.9
(10.5) 		60.5
(15.8) 		64.2
(17.9) 		62.8
(17.1) 		55.1
(12.8) 		44.3
(6.8) 		34.5
(1.4) 		26.1
(−3.3) 		42.6
(5.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −2
(−19) 		2
(−17) 		10
(−12) 		24
(−4) 		35
(2) 		45
(7) 		52
(11) 		50
(10) 		39
(4) 		29
(−2) 		18
(−8) 		6
(−14) 		−5
(−21)
Record low °F (°C) −20
(−29) 		−19
(−28) 		−10
(−23) 		8
(−13) 		25
(−4) 		32
(0) 		40
(4) 		34
(1) 		26
(−3) 		15
(−9) 		2
(−17) 		−19
(−28) 		−20
(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.37
(60) 		2.28
(58) 		2.61
(66) 		3.45
(88) 		3.82
(97) 		3.45
(88) 		3.27
(83) 		3.15
(80) 		2.93
(74) 		2.59
(66) 		2.65
(67) 		2.44
(62) 		35.01
(889)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 12.3
(31) 		10.2
(26) 		5.3
(13) 		1.3
(3.3) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		1.7
(4.3) 		6.5
(17) 		37.4
(95)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 13.5 10.9 11.5 12.3 12.9 10.6 9.6 9.3 9.1 10.7 10.5 12.2 133.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 9.2 7.8 4.3 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.0 6.3 30.9
Average relative humidity (%) 74.2 72.9 70.5 66.2 66.3 69.0 71.8 75.6 76.2 72.5 75.6 78.6 72.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 126.0 142.2 183.7 213.7 265.9 288.2 299.3 263.7 220.3 180.4 106.5 90.2 2٬380٫1
Percent possible sunshine 43 48 50 53 59 63 65 62 59 52 36 32 53
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 4 6 7 9 9 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[16][17][18][19]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[20]


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أفق المدينة

انظر أيضاً: List of tallest buildings in Toledo, Ohio
Downtown Toledo's skyline from across the Maumee River

الأحياء والضواحي

Toledo Metropolitan Area
المقالة الرئيسية: أحياء توليدو، أوهايو

The Old West End is a historic neighborhood of Victorian, Arts & Crafts, and other Edwardian-style houses. The historic district is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

  • Beverly
  • Birmingham
  • Darby (Eastern to South-Old South End)
  • DeVeaux
  • Crossgates
  • Five Points
  • Downtown
  • East Toledo
  • Franklin Park
  • Garfield
  • Glendale-Heatherdowns (Byrne-Heatherdowns Village)
  • Harvard Terrace
  • Library Village
  • Nasby
  • North Towne
  • Old Orchard
  • Old West End
  • Old South End
  • Old Town
  • ONE Village (includes the Polish International Village, Vistula, & North River)
  • ONYX (includes historic Kuschwantz and Lenk's Hill neighborhoods)
  • Ottawa
  • Point Place
  • Reynolds Corners
  • Roosevelt
  • Scott Park
  • Secor Gardens (includes the University of Toledo)
  • Southwyck
  • Wernert's Corner
  • Trilby
  • University Hills
  • Uptown
  • Warehouse District
  • Warren Sherman
  • Westgate
  • Westmoreland

الاقتصاد

One SeaGate, the tallest building in Toledo, is the location of Fifth Third Bank's Northwest Ohio headquarters.
PNC Bank Building, formerly the Ohio Bank Building. Built in 1932, it is the 3rd tallest in Toledo.

Before the industrial revolution, Toledo was important as a port city on the Great Lakes. With the advent of the automobile, the city became best known for industrial manufacturing. Both General Motors and Chrysler had factories in metropolitan Toledo, and automobile manufacturing has been important at least since Kirk started manufacturing automobiles,[21] which began operations early in the 20th century. The largest employer in Toledo was Jeep for much of the 20th century. Since the late 20th century, industrial restructuring reduced the number of these well-paying jobs.

The University of Toledo is influential in the city, contributing to the prominence of healthcare as the city's biggest employer. The metro area contains four Fortune 500 companies: Dana Holding Corporation, Owens Corning, The Andersons, and Owens Illinois. ProMedica is a Fortune 1000 company headquartered in Toledo. One SeaGate is the location of Fifth Third Bank's Northwest Ohio headquarters.

صناعة الزجاج

Toledo is known as the Glass City because of its long history of glass manufacturing, including windows, bottles, windshields, construction materials, and glass art, of which the Toledo Museum of Art has a large collection. Several large glass companies have their origins here. Owens-Illinois, Owens Corning, Libbey Incorporated, Pilkington North America (formerly Libbey-Owens-Ford), and Therma-Tru have long been a staple of Toledo's economy. Other offshoots and spinoffs of these companies also continue to play important roles in Toledo's economy. Fiberglass giant Johns Manville's two plants in the metro area were originally built by a subsidiary of Libbey-Owens-Ford.

صناعة السيارات

Several Fortune 500 automotive-related companies had their headquarters in Toledo, including Electric AutoLite, Sheller-Globe Corporation, Champion Spark Plug, Questor, and Dana Holding Corporation. Only the latter still operates as an independent entity.

Faurecia Exhaust Systems, a $2 billion subsidiary of France's Faurecia SA, is in Toledo.

Toledo is the Jeep headquarters and has two production facilities dubbed the Toledo Complex, one in the city and one in suburban Perrysburg. During World War II, the city's industries produced important products for the military, particularly the Willys Jeep.[22] Willys-Overland was a major automaker headquartered in Toledo until 1953.

Industrial restructuring and loss of jobs caused the city to adopt new strategies to retain its industrial companies. It offered tax incentives to DaimlerChrysler to expand its Jeep plant. In 2001, a taxpayer lawsuit was filed against Toledo that challenged the constitutionality of that action. In 2006, the city won the case by a unanimous ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno.

General Motors also has operated a transmission plant in Toledo since 1916. It manufactures and assembles GM's six-speed and eight-speed rear-wheel-drive and six-speed front-wheel-drive transmissions that are used in a variety of GM vehicles.[23]

الصناعة الخضراء

Belying its Rust Belt history, the city saw growth in "green jobs" related to solar energy in the 2000s.[24] The University of Toledo and Bowling Green State University received Ohio grants for solar energy research.[25] Xunlight and First Solar opened plants in Toledo and the surrounding area.[26] In May 2019 Balance Farms began operation of an 8,168 square foot indoor aquaponics farm in downtown Toledo.[27]

المدن الشقيقة

Toledo was twinned with Toledo, Spain in 1931, creating the first sister city relationship in the United States.[28][29][30] In total Toledo has twelve sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International (SCI):[31]


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انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Official records for Toledo were kept at downtown from January 1871 to January 1943, Toledo Municipal Airport from February 1943 to December 1945, Metcalf Field from January 1946 to 11 January 1955, and at Toledo Express Airport since 12 January 1955. For more information, see ThreadEx.

المراجع

  1. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Gazetteer files
  2. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة FactFinder
  3. ^ "US Census QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-12-02.
  4. ^ "Zip Code Lookup". USPS. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  5. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  6. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  7. ^ Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History (University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1986) pp. 3, 58–59
  8. ^ R. Douglas Hurt, The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720–1830 (Indiana University Press: Bloomington, 1998), pp. 8–12
  9. ^ أ ب Charles E. Slocum, "Forts Miami and Fort Industry", Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications, Volume XII, 1903; hosted at American History and Genealogy Project, accessed 26 December 2015
  10. ^ "Treaty Between the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot, and Potawatomi Indians". World Digital Library. 1807-11-17. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
  11. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  12. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  13. ^ "State & County QuickFacts: Toledo (city), Ohio". U.S. Census Bureau. يوليو 8, 2014. Archived from the original on يوليو 10, 2014. Retrieved أغسطس 3, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ أ ب ت ث خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة census1
  15. ^ أ ب From 15% sample
  16. ^ "Station: Toledo Express AP, OH". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  17. ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  18. ^ "Thread Stations Extremes". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
  19. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for TOLEDO/EXPRESS, OH 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
  20. ^ "Toledo, OH - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  21. ^ Clymer, Floyd (1950). Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 158.
  22. ^ "Toledo, Ohio". Ohio History Central. July 1, 2005. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
  23. ^ "Toledo Transmission". media.gm.com. GM. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  24. ^ "Cities on the Front Lines". The American Prospect (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2017-02-13.
  25. ^ Ramsey, Duane (July 30, 2009). "State awards solar research grant to UT, BGSU". Toledo Free Press. Toledo. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
  26. ^ Swicord, Jeff (July 28, 2009). "Old US Industrial Town Looking Forward to a Green Future". Voice of America. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009.
  27. ^ "A look inside Balance Farms, downtown Toledo's aquaponics operation". The Blade (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  28. ^ "Oldest Sister City Relationship Established Between Toledo, Ohio and Toledo, Spain". Sister Cities International (SCI) (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 1931-01-30. Archived from the original on 2019-02-09. Retrieved 2019-04-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ Hendel, Barbara (2018-10-07). "Toledo Sister Cities marks 25 years". Toledo Blade (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2019-04-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "Two Toledos". Toledo's Attic (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2019-04-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Interactive City Directory". Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on مارس 12, 2014. Retrieved مارس 11, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "Poznań - Miasta partnerskie". 1998–2013 Urząd Miasta Poznania (in Polish). City of Poznań. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

للاستزادة

  • Bloom, Matthew (Spring 2010). "Symbiotic Growth in the Swamp: Toledo and Northwest Ohio, 1860–1900". Northwest Ohio History. 77 (2): 85–104.

وصلات خارجية

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