الحملة السورية اللبنانية

(تم التحويل من حملة سوريا-لبنان)
الحملة السورية اللبنانية
جزء من مسرح عمليات الشرق الأوسط والمتوسط في الحرب العالمية الثانية
AUS Sidon 1941.jpg
القوات الأسترالية بين أطلاق قلعة صليبية قديمة في صيدا، لبنان، يوليو 1941.
التاريخ8 يونيو – 14 يوليو 1941
الموقع
سوريا ولبنان
النتيجة انتصار الحلفاء
القوات الفرنسية الحرة تسيطر على سوريا ولبنان، قبل فترة قصيرة من استقلالهما
المتحاربون

 المملكة المتحدة

 أستراليا
 فرنسا الحرة
تشيكوسلوڤاكيا تشيكوسلوڤاكيا

فرنسا فرنسا ڤيشي

Flag of ألمانيا النازية ألمانيا النازية[nb 1]
القادة والزعماء
المملكة المتحدة أرشيبالد ويڤل [2]
المملكة المتحدة هنري ميتلاند ويلسون [3]
أستراليا جون لاڤاراك		 فرنسا هنري دنتس
القوى
حوالي 34.000 فرد[nb 2]
50+ طائرة[nb 3]
1 سفينة إبرار
1+ طراد
6 مدمرات[5]		 45,000 فرد[nb 4]
90 دبابة [nb 5]
289 طائرة[nb 6]
مدمرتان[nb 7]
3 غواصات[5]
الضحايا والخسائر
~4,052 شخص[nb 8]
27 طائر[9]		 6,352[nb 9] – 8,912 شخص[4]
179 طائر[nb 10]

الحملة السورية اللبنانية[11] كان غزواً قام به حلفاء الحرب العالمية الثانية لسوريا ولبنان، لتحريرهما من سيطرة فرنسا الڤيشية، الممالئة لألمانية النازية، في يونيو-يوليو 1941. أشارت مجلة تايم للقتال على أنه "عرض مختلط"[12] حيث وقع القتال ولايعرف سوى القليل عن الحملة، حتى في البلدان التي شاركته بها. هناك دليل على أن رقباء الحلفاء اتخذوا اجراءات لقمع أو التقليل من التغطية الصحفية للقتال الشرس.[13] كان كبار قادة الحلفاء و/أو السياسيين يعتقدون أن الإطلاع على مجريات القتال ضد القوات الفرنسية سوف يكون له تأثير سلبي على الرأي العام في بلدان الحلفاء.

أثناء العمليات فقأ طلق ناري العين اليسرى لموشيه دايان، المتطوع اليهودي المرافق للقوات الاسترالية المشاركة في الغزو، والذي سيصبح لاحقاً وزير الدفاع الإسرائيلي.

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خلفية

هجوم الحلفاء كان موجهاً لمنع ألمانيا النازية من استخدام الجمهورية السورية ولبنان الكبير، اللذين كانا تحت سيطرة فرنسا ڤيشي، كمنطلق لهجمات على تحصينات الحلفاء في مصر، أثناء شن الحلفاء حملة غرباً ضد قوات المحور في شمال أفريقيا. فبالرغم من أن فرنسا قد منحت حكماً ذاتياً لسوريا في سبتمبر 1936، إلا أنها احتفظت بتعهدات سورية بعدم الاعتراض هلى احتفاظ فرنسا بقوات مسلحة ومطارين حربيين في الأراضي السورية. ومنذ 1 أبريل، بعد انقلاب، أصبح العراق في قبضة ثورة رشيد عالي الكيلاني 1941، الممالئ لألمانيا، مما تسبب لاحقاً في اندلاع الحرب الأنگلو-عراقية التي انتصرت فيها بريطانيا لتؤكد سيطرتها على العراق.


الافتتاحية

للمزيد من المعلومات: ترتيب معارك الحملة السورية اللبنانية

قوات فرنسا ڤيشي

انظر أيضاً: الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان
Captured French Martin 167F في حلب 1941

Dentz was Commander in Chief of the Armée du Levant (Army of the Levant), which had regular metropolitan colonial troops and troupes spéciales (special troops, indigenous Syrian and Lebanese soldiers).[14] There were seven infantry battalions of regular French troops at his disposal, which included the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment of the French Foreign Legion, the 24th Colonial Infantry Regiment and eleven infantry battalions of "special troops", including at least 5,000 cavalry in horsed and motorized units, two artillery groups and supporting units.[14] The Vichy garrison numbered 35,000 troops, comprising 35,000 regulars including 8,000 French and 25,000 Syrian and Lebanese infantry. The French had 90 tanks (according to British estimates), the Armée de l'Air de Vichy (Vichy French Air Force) had 90 aircraft (increasing to 289 aircraft after reinforcement) and the Marine Nationale (French Navy) had two destroyers, Guépard and Valmy, and three submarines.[15][16]

On 14 May 1941, a British Bristol Blenheim bomber crew, flying a reconnaissance mission over Palmyra in central Syria, spotted a Junkers Ju 90 transport taking off, with more German and Italian aircraft seen later that day; an attack on the airfield was authorised later that evening.[17] Attacks against German and Italian aircraft staging through Syria continued and the British claimed six Axis aircraft destroyed by 8 June. Vichy French forces claimed to have shot down a Blenheim on 28 May and to have forced down another on 2 June. The RAF shot down a Vichy Martin 167F bomber over the British Mandate of Palestine on 6 June.[18] While German interest in the French mandates of Syria and Lebanon was limited, Adolf Hitler permitted reinforcement of the French troops, by allowing French aircraft en route from Algeria to Syria to fly over Axis-controlled territory and refuel at the German-controlled Eleusina air base in Greece.[19] The activity of German aircraft based in Greece and the Dodecanese Islands was interpreted by the British as support for Vichy troops, but although Dentz briefly considered accepting German assistance, he rejected the offer on 13 June.[20]

قوات الحلفاء والتخطيط

خريطة سوريا ولبنان أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية.


فلسطين والعراق

انظر أيضاً: فلسطين الانتداب and مملكة العراق

The British-led invasion of Syria and Lebanon aimed at preventing Nazi Germany from using the Vichy French-controlled Syrian Republic and French Lebanon for attacks on Egypt as the British fought the Western Desert Campaign (1940–1943) against Axis forces in North Africa. The concerns were that attacks by Nazi Germany from Syria and Lebanon could eventuate if the Nazis had access to the airfields there and if German troops fighting at the time on the Eastern Front could link up with Vichy forces, in the event of Nazi success against Russia, by advancing south through the Caucasus. Both of these contingencies would have exposed Allied forces in Egypt from the north at a time when all available resources needed to focus on halting the Nazi advances from the west.[21] Although the French had ceded autonomy to Syria in September 1936, they had retained treaty rights to maintain armed forces and two airfields in the territory. From 1 April 1941, after a coup d'état, Iraq, on the eastern border of Syria, came under the control of nationalists led by Rashid Ali who were willing to appeal for German support. The Anglo-Iraqi War (2–31 May 1941) led to the installation of a pro-British government.[22]

British forces to the south of Syria in Mandate Palestine were under the command of General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson and consisted of the 7th Australian Division (minus the 18th Brigade, which was in North Africa, besieged at Siege of Tobruk), Gentforce with two Free French brigades of the 1st Free French Division (including two battalions of the 13th Foreign Legion Demi-Brigade attached to the 1st Free French Brigade) and the 5th Indian Infantry Brigade (4th Indian Infantry Division) with artillery, engineers and other support services attached to form the 5th Indian Brigade Group. In northern and central Syria, Iraq Command (Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Quinan) was used in this campaign to attack from the east, consisting of the 10th Indian Infantry Division, elements of the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade (8th Indian Infantry Division) and Habforce, the 4th Cavalry Brigade and the Arab Legion, under John Glubb (Glubb Pasha).[23] Commando and raiding operations were undertaken by No. 11 (Scottish) Commando from Cyprus,[24] as well as Palmach paramilitary and Mista'arvim squads from Mandatory Palestine.[25]

Air support was provided by squadrons from the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF); ground forces on the coast were supported by bombardments from Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Australian Navy (RAN) units of the Mediterranean Fleet. At the beginning, Air Commodore L. O. Brown, the Air officer commanding (AOC) HQ RAF Palestine and Transjordan had the understrength 11 Squadron (Bristol Blenheim Mk IV), 80 Squadron, re-equipping with Hawker Hurricanes, 3 Squadron RAAF, converting to Curtiss Tomahawks, 208 (Army Co-operation) Squadron with a flight of Hurricanes and X Flight (Gloster Gladiators). A detachment of Fleet Air Arm (FAA) 815 Naval Air Squadron (Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers) in Cyprus and 84 Squadron (Blenheims) in Iraq were to co-operate.[26]

British forces in reserve included the 6th Infantry Division (with the Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion–East attached to the 23rd Infantry Brigade) and the 17th Australian Brigade.[27] In mid-June, the division with its two infantry brigades came into the line as reinforcements, mainly on the Damascus front and the southern force was placed under the command of the 1st Australian Corps on 19 June.[28][29][30] At the beginning of Operation Exporter, the British and Commonwealth force consisted of about 34,000 men (18,000 Australians, 9,000 British, 2,000 Indian and 5,000 Free French troops).[31] The RAF and RAAF had about 50 aircraft and the navy contributed the landing ship إتش‌إم‌إس Glengyle, five cruisers and eight destroyers.[32]

قوات الهاگاناه

في مطلع يونيو 1941 شاركت قوات الهاگاناه بسرايا عسكرية عملت إلى جانب الجيش البريطاني.[33] كان من بين المشاركين وزير الدفاع الإسرائيلي السابق موشيه ديان الذي كان قائداً لإحدى السرايا العسكرية التابعة للهاگاناه. صدرت التعليمات لديان والسرية العسكرية التي كان يقودها بالتوجه إلى سوريا من أجل الانضمام للجيش البريطاني لحماية الجسور الاستراتيجية بمنطقة الإسكندرونة بهدف معاونة الجيش البريطاني في سوريا ولبنان ضد الجيش الفرنسي. خلال معركة تم فيها تبادل إطلاق النار بمنطقة الإسكندرونة بين الجيش البريطاني والفرنسي، فقد ديان عينه اليسرى خلال المعركة. حسب القناة الثانية الإسرائيلية، تم الكشف عن تلك الحادثة عبر وثائق أرشيفية سمح الجيش الإسرائيلي بنشرها في يونيو 2013، مشيرة إلى أن هذه الوثائق كانت توصيف للمعركة التي وقعت بالقرية السورية والأحداث التي وقعت بها، وأوضحت الوثيقة أن ديان رغم إصابته أصر علي مواصلة الخدمة في الجيش البريطاني.[34]

وحسب وثيقة الجيش الإسرائيلي فإن ديان ومعه عدد من السرية التي كان يقودها توجهوا نحو الجسر الذي كُلف بتأمينه وعند أحد المباني بقرية الإسكندرونة هاجمهم عدد من الجنود الفرنسيين، ودار تبادل لإطلاق النار وإطلاق بعض القذائف بين المجموعتين انتهى بإصابة ديان في يديه وعينيه.

وعلي إثر هذه الإصابه تم نقل ديان لمستشفى هداسا بحيفا، وهناك أثبتت الفحوص الطبية أنه يوجد جرح داخلي في عينه اليسرى علي أثر دخول بعض الشظايا وظل ديان في المستشفى منذ يوم 7 يونيو وحتى منتصف الشهر نفسه حتى كتب طبيب المستشفى تقريره النهائي بأنه لا أمل في علاج عينه اليسرى ولا محاله أنه فقد الإبصار بها وحفاظا عليها نصحه الطبيب بوضع غطاء فوقها.

خطة الهجوم البريطانية

The British plan of attack devised by Wilson called for four lines of invasion, on Damascus and Beirut from Palestine, on northern Syria and Palmyra (in central Syria) from Iraq and Tripoli (in northern Lebanon) also from Iraq.[35][36] The 5th Indian Brigade Group (Brigadier Wilfrid Lewis Lloyd) was ordered to cross the Syrian border from Palestine and take Quneitra and Deraa. It was anticipated that this would open the way for the 1st Free French Division to advance to Damascus. Four days after the commencement of the operation, this force was brought under unified command and was named Gentforce after its French commander, Major-General Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme.[37] The 7th Australian Division (Major-General John Lavarack (succeeded by Major-General Arthur "Tubby" Allen on 18 June when Lavarack took over Australian I Corps) advanced from Palestine along the coastal road from Haifa towards Beirut.[38] The Australian 21st Brigade was to take Beirut, advancing along the coast from Tyre, over the Litani River towards Sidon.[39] The Australian 25th Brigade was to attack the large Vichy French airbase at Rayak, advancing along a route further inland from the 21st Brigade.[40] The operation was also to include a supporting commando landing from Cyprus at the south of the Litani River.[41]

Once the two southern prongs were well engaged, it was planned that a third force, comprising formations drawn from Iraq Command, would invade Syria. The bulk of the 10th Indian Infantry Division (Major-General William "Bill" Slim) was to advance north-west up the Euphrates River from Haditha in Iraq (upstream from Baghdad), toward Deir ez Zor and thence to Raqqa and Aleppo. The manoeuvre was intended to threaten the communication and supply lines of Vichy forces defending Beirut against the Australians advancing from the south, in particular the railway line running northwards through Aleppo to تركيا (Turkey was thought by some British strategists to be sympathetic to Vichy and to Germany).[42] A group comprising two infantry battalions from the 20th Indian Infantry Brigade (10th Indian Division) and two from the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade (8th Indian Infantry Division), would operate independently, to capture all the territory in north-east Syria. The 20th Indian Infantry Brigade were to make a feint from Mosul and the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade would advance into the Bec du Canard (Duck's Bill) region, through which a railway from Aleppo ran eastward to Mosul and Baghdad.[43][44] Habforce was in Iraq attached to Iraq Command, because it had previously struck across the desert from the Transjordan border as part of the relief of RAF Habbaniya during the Anglo-Iraqi War.[45] Habforce comprised the 4th Cavalry Brigade, the 1st Battalion, Essex Regiment and the Arab Legion Mechanized Regiment, supported by field, anti-tank and anti-aircraft artillery units, to gather in western Iraq between Rutbah and the Transjordan border.[46] At the same time as the thrust up the Euphrates, Habforce would advance in a north-westerly direction to take Palmyra in Syria and secure the oil pipeline from Haditha to Tripoli.[45]


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الحملة

الحرب البرية

Main axes of invasion from Iraq
Allied troops invading Syria are puzzled by fierce resistance of Vichy French defenders; why should they fight on the side of the Nazis? One French sergeant, captured by Allied troops in Syria: "You thought we were yellow, didn’t you? You thought we were like the Italians. Well, we’ve shown you." British journalist Alan Moorehead in Syria. The French "are fighting for something that was almost as fundamental as self-preservation – for human dignity... No one enjoyed killing Frenchmen."

Hostilities commenced on 8 June 1941. The battles of the campaign were:

الحرب الجوية

11 Squadron RAF Bristol Blenheim bombing Beirut, 1941

دمشق

سقوط دمشق في يد الحلفاء، أواخر يونيو 1941. سيارة تحمل قوات فرنسا الحرة، الجنرال جورج كاترو والجنرال پول لگونتيلوم، يدخلون المدينة. يرافقهم خيالة Gardes Tcherkess الفرنسية (الشركس).


بيروت

شمال سوريا

تدمر وطرابلس

الحملات

الحرب في البر

المحاور الرئيسية للغزو من العراق.

بدأ القتال يوم 8 يونيو 1941. وكانت المعارك الكبرى للحملة:

الحرب في الجو

Captured MS.406 fighters of GC I/7, in July 1941.


الحرب في البحر

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التبعات

الجنرال الفرنسي الحر جورج كاترو تولى ادارة سوريا ولبنان. في 26 نوفمبر، بعد فترة قصيرة من توليه المنصب، اعترف كاترو باستقلال سوريا ولبنان باسم الحركة الفرنسية الحرة.[47]

في 8 نوفمبر 1943، بعد الانتخابات، أصبحت لبنان دولة مستقلة. في 27 فبراير 1945، أعلنت لبنان الحرب على ألمانيا وامبراطورية اليابان.

أصبحت سوريا مستقلة في 1 يناير 1944. في 26 فبراير 1945، أعلنت سوريا الحرب على ألمانيا واليابان.

تحليل

Wavell had not wanted the Syrian distraction, given that British forces in the Mediterranean were already overstretched. However, political factors, including pressure from Churchill and CIGS in addition to guarantees by the Free French that any operation into Syria and Lebanon would meet with little resistance, forced his hand. In the event, the Vichy government ordered its soldiers to resist the invasion and its troops offered stiff resistance to the advancing British Empire forces. The Vichy government also conducted an effective propaganda campaign within France, encouraging the people to fight the "hereditary enemy" (Britain) and equating the defence of Syria as a matter of national honour.[48] As a result of the unexpected resistance British forces quickly required reinforcements, which could only be provided piecemeal. Many of the British and Commonwealth troops were novices and the hot, dry, mountainous terrain was a severe test, in which Indian Army units excelled. The Australian contingent had to cope with the worst country but conducted the most effective attack, "with a good plan carried through with great determination". The achievement of air superiority was delayed by the lack of aircraft but the urgency of the situation made it impossible for the naval and ground forces to wait. Vichy French airmen concentrated their attacks on ships and ground targets, which were highly effective until they were forced to move north. The scare caused by the German success in Crete had been exaggerated because the German parachute and glider invasions of The Netherlands and Crete had been very costly and there was little chance of the Germans gaining a bridgehead in Syria. The Germans withdrew from Syria to preserve their forces and to deprive the British of a pretext for invasion. The British invaded Syria anyway and gained naval and air bases far north of Suez, thus increasing the security of the oil route from Basra to Baghdad in Iraq to Haifa in Palestine.[49]

الخسائر

In August, the Vichy authorities announced 6,352 casualties of whom 521 men had been killed, 1,037 were missing, 1,790 wounded and 3,004 men had been taken prisoner. After the war, Dentz stated that 1,092 men had been killed, which would mean 1,790 wounded, 466 missing and 3,004 prisoners against a British claim of 8,912 casualties of all natures.[50] The Vichy Air Force lost 179 aircraft, most destroyed on the ground, the navy lost one submarine and 5,668 men defected to the Free French.[51][52] The armistice agreement led to the repatriation to France of 37,563 military and civilian personnel in eight convoys, consisting of three hospital ships and a "gleaner" ship, from 7 August to 27 September.[53] Prisoners taken by the Vichy French forces were returned but several British prisoners of war had been sent out of Syria, some after the armistice. The delay in obtaining the return of these prisoners led to the detention of Dentz and 29 senior officers in Palestine who were released when the British prisoners were returned to Syria.[54] British and Commonwealth casualties were about 4,652; the Australians suffered 1,552 casualties, (416 men killed and 1,136 wounded.) The Free French incurred about 1,300 lossesح. 1,300 losses and 1,100 men taken prisoner; British and Indian casualties were 1,800 wounded, 1,200 men captured and 3,150 sick, including 350 malaria cases.[55] The RAF and RAAF lost 27 aircraft.[56]

الأحداث اللاحقة

Allied leaders meet in Syria. Left to right: Air Chief Marshal Longmore, General Wavell, General de Gaulle, General Catroux

Operations against the Vichy regime in Syria could only be conducted with troops withdrawn from the Western Desert, a dispersal that contributed to the defeat of Operation Battleaxe and made the Syrian campaign take longer than necessary. Churchill had decided to sack Wavell in early May over his reluctance to divert forces to Iraq. Wavell was relieved on 22 June and relinquished command on 5 July, leaving for India two days afterwards.[57] In late July 1941, De Gaulle flew from Brazzaville to congratulate the victors.[58] Free French General Georges Catroux was placed in control of Syria and Lebanon and on 26 November, shortly after assuming this post, Catroux recognized the independence of Syria and Lebanon in the name of the Free French movement.[59] After elections on 8 November 1943, Lebanon became an independent state on 22 November 1943 and on 27 February 1945, declared war on Germany and the Empire of Japan.[60]

By 1945, however, continued French presence in the Levant saw nationalist demonstrations which the French attempted to quell. With heavy Syrian casualties, notably in Damascus, Churchill opposed French action but after being rebuffed by Charles De Gaulle, he ordered British forces into Syria from Jordan with orders to fire on the French. Known as the Levant Crisis, British armored cars and troops reached Damascus, following which the French were escorted and confined to their barracks. With political pressure added, De Gaulle ordered a ceasefire and France withdrew from Syria the following year.[61]

صليب ڤيكتوريا

مشاهير المشاركين

حائزو صليب ڤكتوريا

آخرون

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

الحواشي

  1. ^ Brief involvement of Luftwaffe, 15 June 1941.[1]
  2. ^ 18,000 أسترالي، 9,000 بريطاني، 2,000 هندي و5,000 من القوات الفرنسية الحرة.[4]
  3. ^ Air support was provided by the Royal Navy's No.815 Naval Air Squadron (Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers) based in Cyprus, No. 84 Squadron RAF, based in Iraq Bristol Blenheim bombers [3] Fighter support was provided by No. 3 Squadron RAAF, operating Curtiss Tomahawks.
  4. ^ 35,000 regular soldiers (including 8,000 French infantry) and 10,000 Levantine infantry.[6]
  5. ^ The British believed that there was at least 90 tanks supporting the Vichy forces in Syria.[7]
  6. ^ The Vichy air force in Syria consisted of around 30 bombers and 60 fighters. The air force was nearly doubled in size as the campaign progressed due to reinforcements being flown in from French North Africa (see text).[3]
  7. ^ The Guépard and the Valmy[8]
  8. ^ 1,552 أسترالي (416 قتيل و1,136 مصاب).[4] ~1,300 Free French casualties.[4] 1,200 بريطاني وهندي.[4] 3,150 أسترالي آخر سقطوا مرضى أثناءا لحملة، هذا الرقم غير مضمن في ضحايا المعركة.[4]
  9. ^ 521 قتيل، 1,037 فقيد، 1,790 مصاب 3,004 أسير.[4]
  10. ^ Most destroyed on the ground.[10]

المراجع

  1. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Piekałkiewicz, p. 144
  2. ^ Playfair, Chapter X
  3. ^ أ ب ت Playfair, p. 206
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Long, p. 526
  5. ^ أ ب Long, pp. 333–334
  6. ^ Long, p. 334
  7. ^ Playfair, p. 200
  8. ^ Long, p. 363
  9. ^ Playfair, p. 222
  10. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Mollo, p. 146
  11. ^ Playfair, p. 203
  12. ^ Time Magazine, Mixed Show
  13. ^ Brune, p.48
  14. ^ أ ب Mollo, p.144
  15. ^ Playfair, 2004 pp. 200, 206
  16. ^ Long, 1953, pp. 333–334, 363
  17. ^ Richards, 1974, p. 338
  18. ^ Shores, 1970, pp. 242–244
  19. ^ Shores & Ehrengardt p. 30
  20. ^ de Wailly p. 246
  21. ^ James 2017, p. 99.
  22. ^ Raugh 1993, pp. 211–216.
  23. ^ Playfair, 2004, p. 204, 206–209, 216
  24. ^ Smith, 2010, p. 191
  25. ^ Uri Ben-Eliezer, 1998, The Making of Israeli Militarism, pp.83–84.
  26. ^ Playfair, 2004, pp. 205–206
  27. ^ Playfair 2004, p. 209.
  28. ^ Joslen 2003, p. 50.
  29. ^ Playfair 2004, p. 211.
  30. ^ Chappell 1987, p. 19.
  31. ^ Long, 1953, p. 526
  32. ^ Playfair, 2004, p. 214
  33. ^ موشيه ديان، الموقع الرسمي للكنيست
  34. ^ "/ أعرف عدوّك / كيف فقد موشيه ديان عينه اليسرى في سوريا ؟ - See more at: http://www.alhadathnews.net/archives/89495#sthash.Np9gSQba.dpuf". الحدث نيوز. 2013-06-13. Retrieved 2014-06-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  35. ^ Playfair, 2004, pp. 203, 206
  36. ^ James 2017, p. 119.
  37. ^ Playfair, 2004, pp. 210–212
  38. ^ Long (1953), pp. 338, 413
  39. ^ Johnston (2005), pp. 48–55.
  40. ^ Playfair, 2004, p. 208, 211, 219
  41. ^ Long (1953), pp. 360–361
  42. ^ Raugh 1993, pp. 221–222.
  43. ^ Playfair, 2004, p. 217
  44. ^ Mackenzie, p. 121
  45. ^ أ ب Raugh 1993, p. 222.
  46. ^ Playfair, 2004, p. 213
  47. ^ Time Magazine, Free Again
  48. ^ Barr, James (2011). A Line in the Sand: Britain and France and the Struggle that Shaped the Middle East (1st ed.). London: Simon and Schuster. p. 218.
  49. ^ Playfair (2004), pp. 221–222.
  50. ^ Long (1953), p. 526.
  51. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Mollo146
  52. ^ Playfair (2004), pp. 214, 221.
  53. ^ Auchinleck (1946), p. 4216.
  54. ^ Auchinleck (1946), p. 4217.
  55. ^ Long (1953), p. 526.
  56. ^ Playfair (2004), p. 222.
  57. ^ Raugh 1993, pp. 222, 238–239.
  58. ^ "Foreign News: Reconquering An Empire". Time. August 4, 1941.
  59. ^ Playfair (2004), p. 221.
  60. ^ Martin (2011), p. 11.
  61. ^ Luce, Henry Robinson (1945). Time, Volume 45. Time Incorporated. pp. 25–26.
  62. ^ Playfair (2004), p. 211.
  63. ^ James 2017, pp. 203–205.
  64. ^ Playfair (2004), p. 220.
  65. ^ James 2017, pp. 225–227.

المصادر

  • Auchinleck, Claude (1946). Despatch on Operations in the Middle East From 5th July, 1941 to 31st October 1941. London: War Office. in "No. 37695". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 August 1946. London Gazette uses unsupported parameters (help)
  • Bou-Nacklie, N. E. (1994). "The 1941 Invasion of Syria and Lebanon: The Role of the Local Paramilitary". Middle Eastern Studies. 30 (3): 512–29.
  • Brune, Peter (2003). A bastard of a Place: The Australians in Papua. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
  • Keegan, John (2005). Dear, I.C.B.; Foot, M.R.D. (ed.). Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 1064 pages. ISBN 978-0-19-280670-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |chapterurl=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  • Long, Gavin (1953). "Chapters 16 to 26". Volume II – Greece, Crete and Syria (1st edition, 1953). Official Histories – Second World War. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
  • Mackenzie, Compton (1951). Eastern Epic. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 623 pages.
  • Mollo, Andrew (1981). The Armed Forces of World War II. Crown. ISBN 0-517-54478-4.
  • Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.; with Flynn R.N., Captain F.C.; Molony, Brigadier C.J.C.; Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S.E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1956]. Butler, J.R.M (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-066-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  • Piekałkiewicz, Janusz (1987). Sea War: 1939–1945. London – New York: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-1665-7.
  • Shores, Christopher F.; Ehrengardt, Christian-Jacques (July 1970). "Syrian Campaign, 1941: Part 1: Forestalling the Germans; air battles over S. Lebanon". Air Pictorial. 32 (7): pp. 242–247. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  • Shores, Christopher F.; Ehrengardt, Christian-Jacques (August 1970). "Syrian Campaign, 1941: Part 2: Breaking the Back of Vichy air strength; conclusion". Air Pictorial. 32 (8): pp. 280–284. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  • Shores, Christopher F. (1987). L' aviation de Vichy au combat 2 La campagne de Syrie, 8 juin – 14 juillet 1941 (in French). Paris: Lavauzelle. ISBN 978-2-7025-0171-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Wavell, Archibald (1946). Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria and Iran from 10th April, 1941 to 12th January, 1942. London: War Office. in "No. 37685". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 August 1946. London Gazette uses unsupported parameters (help)

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