الحرب الإيطالية اليونانية

الحرب الإيطالية اليونانية
	جزء من حملة البلقان في الحرب العالمية الثانية
	; صحيفة يونانية تعلن الحرب
التاريخ	28 أكتوبر 1940 – 23 أبريل 1941; (5 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)
الموقع	جنوب شبه جزيرة البلقان
النتيجة	انظر قسم الأعقاب
المتحاربون
مملكة إيطاليا ألبانيا;	مملكة اليونان الامبراطورية البريطانية - دعم جوي;
القادة والزعماء
بنيتو موسوليني (رئيس وزراء إيطاليا); سباستيانو ڤيسكونتي پراسكا (القائد الأعلى حتى 9 نوفمبر); أوبالدو سودو (القائد الأعلى حتى منتصف ديسمبر); أوگو كاڤاليرو (القائد الأعلى من منتصف ديسمبر)	يوانيس متاكساس (رئيس وزراء اليونان); ألكسندروس پاپاگوس (القائد الأعلى للجيش الهليني); جون دالبياك (قائد سلاح الجو البريطاني في اليونان)
القوى
87,000 ارتفعت إلى 565,000 رجل; 463 طائرة; 163 دبابة خفيفة	أقل من 260,000 رجل; 79 طائرة
الضحايا والخسائر
13,755 قتيل; 50,874 جريح; 3,914 مفقود; 21,153 أسير; إجمالي خسائر القتال: 89,696; 52,108 مريض; 12,368 حالة تجمد; 64 طائرة (بالاضافة إلى 24 مزعومين); 1 غواصة; 30,000 طن شحنات; الإجمالي العام: 154,172	13,325 قتيل; 42,485 جريح; 1,237 مفقود; 1,531 أسير; إجمالي خسائر القتال: 58,578; ح. 25,000 حالة تجمد; 52 طائرة; 1 غواصة; الإجمالي العام: 90,000

قالب:Campaignbox Greco-Italian War

الحرب الإيطالية اليونانية (باليونانية: [Ελληνοϊταλικός πόλεμος Elleno-italikόs pόlemos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)؛ إنگليزية: Greco-Italian War)، وتُعرف أيضاً بإسم الحملة الإيطالية على اليونان (إيطالية: Campagna italiana di Grecia)، كانت نزاعاً بين إيطاليا الفاشية واليونان، والتي استمرت من 28 أكتوبر 1940 وحتى 23 أبريل 1941. وكان ذلك النزاع بداية حملة البلقان في الحرب العالمية الثانية. وكان الهجوم المضاد اليوناني الأولي هو أول حملة برية ناجحة ضد قوى المحور في الحرب. النزاع المعروف بإسم معركة اليونان بدأ بتدخل ألمانيا النازية في 6 أبريل 1941. في اليونان، الحرب ضد إيطاليا تُعرف بإسم "حرب '40"

Fascist Italy had invaded Albania in the spring of 1939 and attacked the British Empire in Africa, completing the conquest of British Somaliland and began an invasion of Egypt in the summer of 1940 but could not claim victories like those of Nazi Germany. Benito Mussolini wanted to reassert Italian interests in the Balkans, feeling threatened by German encroachments (the Kingdom of Romania in the supposed Italian sphere of influence, had accepted German protection for the Ploiești oil fields in mid-October) and secure bases from which British outposts in the eastern Mediterranean could be attacked.

On 28 October 1940, after Greek prime minister Ioannis Metaxas rejected an Italian ultimatum demanding the occupation of Greek territory, Italian forces invaded Greece from Albania. The Greek army counter-attacked and forced the Italians to retreat. By mid-December, the Greeks occupied nearly a quarter of Albania, tying down 530,000 Italian troops. In March 1941, Operation Spring [(Operazione Primavera)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), an Italian counter-offensive failed and on 6 April, Nazi Germany intervened, invading Greece through Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, beginning the Battle of Greece.

On 12 April, the Greek army retreated from Albania to avoid being cut off by the rapid German advance and on 20 April, the Greek Epirus Army Section surrendered to the Germans. On 23 April, the armistice with Germany was repeated with the Italians, ending the Greco-Italian war. By the end of April, the Axis occupation of Greece had been completed by Italian, German and Bulgarian forces, with Italy occupying nearly two thirds of the country. The Greek victory over the initial Italian offensive of October 1940 was the first Allied land victory of the Second World War and helped raise morale in occupied Europe.

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الخلفية

الإمبريالية الإيطالية

الطموحات الإمبريالية لإيطاليا الفاشية في أوروپا في 1936 (انقر للتكبير)

العلاقات الإيطالية-اليونانية في فترة ما بين الحربين

إلفثريوس ڤنيزلوس، رئيس وزراء اليونان (لمدد متعددة 1910–1933)

إرهاصات الحرب 1939–1940

بنيتو موسوليني، رئيس وزراء إيطاليا

الخطط المتقابلة

إيطاليا

جبال پندوس

اليونان

ألكسندروس پاپاگوس، قائد الجيش اليوناني

الأنساق القتالية

إيطاليا

اليونان

إمرأة يونانية تودع ابنها الذاهب إلى الجبهة الألبانية.

بريطانيا

قاذفة من طراز بريستول بلنهايم من السرب 211 في سلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني في منيدي، اليونان

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الحملة

الهجوم الإيطالي (28 أكتوبر – 13 نوفمبر 1940)

الغزو الإيطالي لليونان

إپيروس والقطاعات الساحلية

قطاع پندوس

الزي العسكري اليوناني من 1941 معروضاً في متحف أثينا الحربي

الهجوم المضاد اليوناني (14 نوفمبر 1940 – 6 يناير 1941)

الهجوم المضاد اليوناني (13 نوفمبر 1940 – 7 أبريل 1941)

سقوط كورچى (14–23 نوفمبر)

الهجوم اليوناني نحو ڤالونا (23 نوفمبر – ديسمبر 1940)

"أنا قلت إننا سوف نكسر ظهر نگوس. والآن، بنفس اليقين المطلق، أكرر، المطلق، أقول لكم أننا سوف نكسر ظهر اليونان."

خطبة موسوليني في قصر ڤنتسيا، 18 نوفمبر 1940^[1]^[2]

نهاية الهجوم اليوناني وهجوم الربيع الإيطالي (6 يناير - 6 أبريل 1941)

الصراع على ممر كليسورا وتپلنى

هجوم الربيع الإيطالي

القوات اليونانية أثناء هجوم الربيع

الغزو الألماني

مقالة مفصلة: معركة اليونان

القوات الألمانية تصل أثينا، مايو 1941

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الحملة البحرية والجوية

العمليات البحرية

العمليات الجوية

سلاح الجو الهليني الملكي

المقاتلة اليونانية PZL P.24 F/G 1940، مكتوب عليها Δ120 لـمارينوس ميترالكسس

سلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني

گلادييتر في معرض شتل‌ورث الجوي

الجبهات الداخلية

اليونان

إيطاليا

ألبانيا

الأعقاب

التحليل

الاحتلال الثلاثي

Map of occupation zones, Italian in blue

الملاحظات

الهامش

^ CM 2009.
^ Knox 1986, p. 261.

المراجع

الكتب

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Cervi, Mario (1972). The Hollow Legions. Mussolini’s Blunder in Greece, 1940–1941. trans. Eric Mosbacher. New York: Chatto and Windus. LCCN 75-116193. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
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Martel, Gordon, ed. (1999). The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16325-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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Montanari, Mario (1980). La Campagna di Grecia. Ufficio Storico (in Italian). Vol. I. Roma: Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. OCLC 476593622. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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Encyclopaedias

Preston, Paul; MacKenzie, Ann, eds. (1996). "Mussolini's Spanish Adventure: From Limited Risk to War". The Republic Besieged: Civil War in Spain, 1936–1939. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 21–52. ISBN 978-0-748-60861-4.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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الدوريات

Klapsis, Antonis (2014). "Attempting to Revise the Treaty of Lausanne: Greek Foreign Policy and Italy during the Pangalos Dictatorship, 1925–1926". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 25 (2): 240–259. doi:10.1080/09592296.2014.907062.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Sadkovich, James J. (1993). "The Italo–Greek War in Context. Italian Priorities and Axis Diplomacy". Journal of Contemporary History. London: Sage. 28: 439–464. doi:10.1177/002200949302800303. ISSN 0022-0094.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Sadkovich, James J. (1 May 1994). "Italian Morale during the Italo-Greek War of 1940–1941". War and Society. Langhorne, Pa: Gordon and Breach. 12 (1): 97–123. doi:10.1179/072924794794954323. ISSN 0729-2473.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

المواقع

Carr, John (2007). "Greeks bravely met the Axis". Speronews. Retrieved 11 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
"Cronologia del Mondo 2 November 1940". Cronologia.leonardo.it. 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
"Hellenic Air Force". Hellenic Air Force History. 2005–2015. Retrieved 25 March 2008.

للاستزادة

Anamali, Skënder; Prifti, Kristaq (2002). Shqiptarët gjatë luftës së dytë botërore dhe pas saj: 1939–1990 [Albanians During World War II and its Aftermath: 1939–1990]. Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime (in Albanian). Vol. IV. Tirana: Toena. ISBN 99927-1-622-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Badoglio, Pietro (1948). Italy in the Second World War; Memories and Documents. London/New York/Toronto: Oxford University Press. OCLC 1369527.
Beevor, Antony (1992). Crete: The Battle and the Resistance. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-016787-0.
Ceva, Lucio (1975). La condotta italiana della guerra: Cavallero e il Comando supremo 1941–1942 [The Conduct of War: Cavallero and the Supreme Command 1941–1942]. I Fatti e le idee. Milano: Feltrinelli. OCLC 1955885.
Churchill, Winston S. (1948). The Second World War: The Gathering Storm. Vol. I. London: Cassell. OCLC 219846129.
Churchill, Winston S. (1949). The Second World War: Their Finest Hour. Vol. II. London: Cassell. OCLC 264739165.
Creveld, Martin van (1973). Hitler’s Strategy 1940–1941: The Balkan Clue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521201438.
Felice, Renzo de (1990). Italia in guerra 1940–1943. Mussolini l'alleato, 1940–1945 (in Italian). Vol. I. Torino: Einaudi. OCLC 901699257. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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Mack Smith, Denis (1983). Mussolini. London: Grenada. OCLC 655460413.
Muggeridge, Malcolm, ed. (1948). Ciano's Diplomatic Papers. London: Odhams. OCLC 753172847.
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Rintelen, Enno von (1951). Mussolini als Bundesgenosse. Erinnerungen des deutschen Militärattachés in Rom 1936–1943 (in German). Tübingen/Stuttgart: Rainer Wuderlich Verlag Hermann Leins. OCLC 887128808. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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Wylie, Neville, ed. (2002). European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents during the Second World War. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52164-358-9.
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دوريات

Carrier, Richard C. (October 2003). "Hitler's Table Talk: Troubling Finds". German Studies Review. 26 (3): 561–576. doi:10.2307/1432747. ISSN 2164-8646. JSTOR 1432747.
Ceva, Lucio (1979). "La campagna di Russia nel quadro strategico della guerra fascista" [The Campaign of Russia in the Strategic Framework of the Fascist War]. Politico. Saggi di Enzo Collotti et al. OCLC 848260125.
Creveld, Martin van (1971). "25 October 1940: A Historical Puzzle". Journal of Contemporary History. Sage. 6: 87–96. doi:10.1177/002200947100600306. ISSN 0022-0094.
Creveld, Martin van (1974). "Prelude to Disaster: The British Decision to Aid Greece, 1940–41". Journal of Contemporary History. Sage. 9: 65–92. doi:10.1177/002200947400900303. ISSN 0022-0094.
Sadkovich, James J. (1989). "Understanding Defeat. Reappraising Italy's Role in World War II". Journal of Contemporary History. London: Sage. 24: 27–61. doi:10.1177/002200948902400102. ISSN 0022-0094.

وصلات خارجية

الكلمات الدالة:

[FOOTNOTECM2009-1] CM 2009.

[FOOTNOTEKnox1986261-2] Knox 1986, p. 261.

[1]

[2]