خط أودر-نايسه

The Oder–Neisse line

The Oder and Neisse rivers

The Oder–Neisse line at Usedom (2008)

The Oder–Neisse line (ألمانية: Oder-Neiße-Grenze, پولندية: granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej) is the basis of most of the international border between Germany and Poland. It runs mainly along the Oder and Lusatian Neisse rivers and meets the Baltic Sea in the north, just west of the ports of Szczecin and Świnoujście (German: Stettin and Swinemünde).

All prewar German territories east of the line and within the 1937 German boundaries—comprising nearly one quarter (23.8 percent) of the Weimar Republic—were ceded under the changes decided at the postwar Potsdam Conference, with the greatest part becoming part of Poland. The remainder, consisting of northern East Prussia with the German city of Königsberg (renamed Kaliningrad), was allocated to the Soviet Union, as the Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian SFSR (today Russia). A part of the German population in these territories—estimated at approximately 12 million in autumn 1944—had fled the advance of the Red Army.

The Oder–Neisse line marked the border between East Germany and Poland from 1950 to 1990. The two Communist governments agreed to the border in 1950, while West Germany, after a period of refusal, adhered to the border, with reservations, in 1970.

After the revolutions of 1989, newly reunified Germany and Poland accepted the line as their border in the 1990 German–Polish Border Treaty.

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 اعتبارات أثناء الحرب

 المطالب البولندية والسوفيتية

Dominant ethnicities in and around Poland, 1931, according to Polish historian Henryk Zieliński.

Westward shift of Poland after World War II. Blue line: Curzon Line of 8 December 1919. Pink areas: prewar German territory transferred to Poland after the war. Grey area: prewar Polish territory transferred to the Soviet Union after the war.

 مؤتمر پوتسدام

المقالة الرئيسية: مؤتمر بوتسدام

Allied Occupation Zones in Germany from 1945 until 1949.

 التنازلات

Marking the new Polish-German Border in 1945

Polish authorities issued an order to the population of Bad Salzbrunn (Szczawno-Zdrój) to force them to immediately leave Poland on 14 July 1945, issued at 6 a.m. to be executed until 10 am

 'Recovered territories'

Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin's map of Polish-German borders in the 12th century (published in 1917, US)

 World War II aftermath

للمزيد من المعلومات: Expulsion of Germans after World War II, Former eastern territories of Germany, Recovered Territories, and Kaliningrad Oblast

Oder Lagoon area with border on western bank of the Oder, city of Szczecin to the south.

US Department of State Demographics map from 10 January 1945 Germany – Poland Proposed Territorial Changes, based in part on German prewar population census. Was used for border discussions at the Potsdam conference later in 1945.

 German recognition of the border

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 East Germany

1951 East German stamp commemorative of the Treaty of Zgorzelec establishing the Oder–Neisse line as a "border of peace", featuring the presidents Wilhelm Pieck (GDR) and Bolesław Bierut (Poland)

 West Germany

  Territory lost after World War I

  Territory lost after World War II

  Present-day Germany

CDU's election poster (1947): "Never Oder-Neisse line – vote CDU"

 Other developments

 Division of cities

The Lusatian Neisse dividing German Görlitz (right) from Polish Zgorzelec (left); formerly both constituted the city of Görlitz.

The border divided several cities into two parts – Görlitz/Zgorzelec, Guben/Gubin, Frankfurt/Słubice and Bad Muskau/Łęknica.

 Partially open border 1971–1980

Millions visited the neighbouring country (either Poland or East Germany) during the years 1971–1980. The East German economy was threatened by overconsumption of Polish tourists, who came to East Germany to buy cheaper products that the socialist economy could not provide in abundance on either side of the border; and the Poles also became politically dangerous for the GDR government by the time of the 1980 Solidarity strikes.

 See also

• Curzon Line
• Federation of Expellees
• Allied Occupation Zones in Germany

 World War II-related events

• Vistula-Oder Offensive, from 12 January until 2 February 1945
• Malta Conference, from 30 January to 3 February 1945
• Yalta Conference, from 4 to 11 February 1945
• Battle of Königsberg, from 6 April until 9 April 1945
• Battle of the Oder-Neisse, from 16 April until 19 April 1945
• Potsdam Conference, from 17 July to 2 August 1945

 مراجع

 ببليوجرافيا

• Ahonen, Pertti (1998). "Domestic constraints on West German Ostpolitik: the role of the expellee organizations in the Adenauer era". Central European History. 31 (1): 31–63. doi:10.1017/S0008938900016034. JSTOR 4546774.
• Allen, Debra J. (2003). The Oder–Neisse line: the United States, Poland, and Germany in the Cold War. Westport: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-32359-1.
• Anderson, Sheldon. "The Oder-Neisse Border and Polish-East German relations, 1945-1949." Polish Review 42.2 (1997): 185-199 online.
• Fahlbusch, Michael; Haar, Ingo (2005). German scholars and ethnic cleansing, 1919–1945. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-57181-435-3.
• Faraldo, José M. (2008). Europe, nationalism, communism: Essays on Poland. Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. ISBN 9783631567623.
• Granville, Johanna (2002). "From the archives of Warsaw and Budapest: a comparison of the events of 1956". East European Politics and Societies. 16 (2): 521–563. doi:10.1177/088832540201600208. S2CID 143214778.
• Granville, Johanna (2003). "Reactions to the events of 1956: new findings from the Budapest and Warsaw archives". Journal of Contemporary History. 38 (2): 261–290. doi:10.1177/0022009403038002133. JSTOR 3180658. S2CID 154087857.
• Hackmann, Jörg (1996). Ostpreussen und Westpreussen in deutscher und polnischer Sicht (in الألمانية). Deutsches Historisches Institut Warschau/Niemiecki Instytut Historyczny w Warszawie. ISBN 3-447-03766-0.
• Ingrao, Charles W.; Szabo, Franz A. J. (2008). The Germans and the East. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-443-9.
• Laufer, Jochen (2009). Pax Sovietica: Stalin, die Westmächte und die deutsche Frage 1941–1945 [Pax Sovietica: Stalin, Western powers and the German question, 1941–1945] (in الألمانية). Böhlau. ISBN 978-3-412-20416-7.
• Lukas, Richard C. (1982). Bitter Legacy: Polish–American Relations in the Wake of World War II. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813114606.
• Piskorski, Jan M. (2003). Traditionen – Visionen: 44. Deutscher Historikertag in Halle an der Saale 2002 (in الألمانية). Oldenbourg. ISBN 3-486-56769-1.
• Thum, Gregor (2011). Uprooted: How Breslau became Wroclaw during the century of expulsions. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14024-7.
• Wolff-Powęska, Anna (1993). Polacy wobec Niemców. Instytut Zachodni. ISBN 9788385003670.

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 وصلات خارجية

• An East German pamphlet for propagandists entitled "Why is the Oder-Neiße Line a Peace Border?"
• Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland on the confirmation of the frontier between them, 14 November 1990(PDF) (Treaty confirming the border between Germany and Poland (Warsaw, 14 November 1990) in Polish and German)
• The Oder Neisse Line Problem (German) (PDF)
• Closing The Ring Winston Churchill; Excerpt on the Teheran conference, from his memoirs.
• Speaking Frankly James F. Byrnes; Excerpt on the Yalta conference, from his memoirs.
• Triumph and Tragedy Winston Churchill; Excerpt on the Yalta conference, from his memoirs.
• Churchill's statement to the House of Commons 27, February 1945, Describing the outcome of Yalta
• The German-Polish Border Region. A Case of Regional Integration? ARENA Working Papers WP 97/19 Jorunn Sem Fure Department of History, University of Bergen