معركة سنغافورة

معركة سنغافورة Battle of Singapore
جزء من حرب المحيط الهادي والحرب العالمية الثانية
Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival, led by a Japanese officer, walks under a flag of truce to negotiate the capitulation of Allied forces in Singapore, on 15 February 1942. It was the largest surrender of British-led forces in history.
التاريخ 8–15 February 1942 الموقع سنغافورة، مستوطنات المضائق النتيجة نصر ياباني حاسم الاحتلال الياباني لسنغافورة
المتحاربون
المملكة المتحدة الهند Malaya أستراليا	إمبراطورية اليابان
القادة والزعماء
Arthur Percival #  Gordon Bennett Lewis Heath # Merton Beckwith-Smith #	Tomoyuki Yamashita Takuma Nishimura Takuro Matsui Renya Mutaguchi
الوحدات المشاركة
Malaya Command III Corps 8th Division 18th Division Malay Regiment Straits Settlements Volunteer Force Dalforce No. 232 Squadron (limited involvement)	25th Army Imperial Guards 5th Division 18th Division 3rd Air Division Japanese Navy
القوى
85,000	36,000
الضحايا والخسائر
85,000 5,000 killed or wounded 80,000 captured	4,485 1,713 killed 2,772 wounded

معركة سنغافورة، وتُعرف أيضاً بإسم سقوط سنغافورة، نشبت في مسرح عمليات جنوب شرق آسيا في الحرب العالمية الثانية حين غزت امبراطورية اليابان معقل الحلفاء الحصين، سنغافورة. وكانت سنغافورة هي أكبر وأقوى قاعدة عسكرية بريطانية في جنوب شرق آسيا وكانت تـُكنـّى "جبل طارق الشرق". استمر القتال في سنغافورة في الفترة 8–15 فبراير 1942.

It resulted in the capture of Singapore by the Japanese and the largest surrender of British-led military personnel in history. About 80,000 British, Indian and Australian troops became prisoners of war, joining 50,000 taken by the Japanese in the earlier Malayan Campaign. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the ignominious fall of Singapore to the Japanese the "worst disaster" and "largest capitulation" in British military history.

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 خلفية

 اندلاع الحرب

انظر أيضاً: الحرب الصينية اليابانية الثانية

The Allies had imposed a trade embargo on Japan in response to its continued campaigns in China. Seeking alternative sources of necessary materials for its Pacific War against the Allies, Japan invaded Malaya. Singapore — to the south — was connected to Malaya by the Johor–Singapore Causeway. The Japanese saw it as a port which could be used as a launching pad against other Allied interests in the area and to consolidate the invaded territory.

 غزو الملايو

المقالة الرئيسية: حملة الملايو

View of the blown up causeway, with the gap visible in the middle, which delayed the Japanese conquest for over a week to 8 February

هذه المقالة جزء من سلسلة تاريخ سنغافورة
التاريخ المبكر لسنغافورة (قبل 1819)
تأسيس سنغافورة الحديثة (1819–1826)
مستوطنات المضائق (1826–1867)
مستعمرة التاج (1867–1942)
معركة سنغافورة (1942)
الاحتلال الياباني (1942–1945)
مذبحة سوك تشينگ (1942–1945)
فترة ما بعد الحرب (1945–1955)
المجلس التشريعي الأول (1948–1951)
اضطرابات ماريا هرتوگ(1950)
المجلس التشريعي الثاني (1951–1955)
Anti-National Service Riots (1954)
الحكم الذاتي الداخلي (1955–1962)
اضطرابات حافلات هوك لي (1955)
الاندماج في ماليزيا (1962–1965)
استفتاء الاندماج (1962)
العملية كولدستور (1963)
الاضطرابات العرقية في سنغافورة (1964)
MacDonald House bombing (1965)
جمهورية سنغافورة (1965–الحاضر)
الاضطرابات العرقية في سنغافورة (1969)
العملية سپكترم (1987)
الأزمة المالية في شرق آسيا (1997)
مخطط مهاجمة السفارات (2001)
تفشي السارز (2003)
مخطط زمني لتاريخ سنغافورة

The Japanese 25th Army invaded from Indochina, moving into northern Malaya and تايلند by amphibious assault on 8 December 1941. This was virtually simultaneous with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, which was meant to deter the US from intervening in Southeast Asia. Thailand initially resisted, but soon had to yield and allow the Japanese use their military bases to invade the European colonies in Southeast Asia. The Japanese then proceeded overland across the Thai–Malayan border to attack Malaya. At this time, the Japanese began bombing strategic sites in Singapore, and air raids were conducted on Singapore from 29 December onwards.

 التمهيد

Singapore in early February 1942; the disposition of Allied ground forces is in red. The main north–south transport corridor, formed by Woodlands Road and the railway, connecting the city centre (in the southeast) and The Causeway (central north), is the black line running through the centre of the island. Sarimbun is at the north west corner of the island; Bukit Timah is located close to the centre on the transport corridor; Pasir Panjang is between the city centre and the southwest corner of the island and the "Jurong Line" is the bracket-like shape in red, just west of Woodlands Road

One of Singapore's 15-inch coastal defence guns elevated for firing

 المعركة

 الابرار الياباني

The Japanese landings on Singapore Island

المقالة الرئيسية: Battle of Sarimbun Beach

 الحرب الجوية

Brewster F2A Buffalo fighters based at Sembawang Airfield

 مذبحة مستشفى ألكسندرا

انظر أيضاً: British Military Hospital, Singapore

A plaque commemorating the massacre and expanding on the hospital's history after the war

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 سقوط سنغافورة

Lt Gen. Yamashita (seated, centre) thumps the table with his fist to emphasise his terms – unconditional surrender. Lt Gen. Percival sits between his officers, his clenched hand to his mouth

 التبعات

Japanese soldiers shooting blindfolded Sikh prisoners

 انظر أيضاً

• قيادة الملايو
• قيادة الشرق الأقصى البريطانية
• Japanese order of battle during the Malayan Campaign
• British Military Hospital, Singapore

 المراجع

• Cull, Brian (2004). Hurricanes Over Singapore: RAF, RNZAF and NEI Fighters in Action Against the Japanese Over the Island and the Netherlands East Indies, 1942. Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904010-80-7.
• Cull, Brian (2008). Buffaloes over Singapore: RAF, RAAF, RNZAF and Dutch Brewster Fighters in Action Over Malaya and the East Indies 1941–1942. Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904010-32-6.
• Dixon, Norman F. On the Psychology of Military Incompetence, London, 1976
• Bose, Romen. SECRETS OF THE BATTLEBOX: The History and Role of Britain's Command HQ during the Malayan Campaign, Marshall Cavendish, Singapore 2005
• Bose, Romen. KRANJI:The Commonwealth War Cemetery and the Politics of the Dead, Singapore: Marshall Cavendish (2006)
• Elphick, Peter, Singapore, the pregnable fortress, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1995, ISBN 0-340-64990-9
• Kelly, Terence (2008). Hurricanes Versus Zeros: Air Battles over Singapore, Sumatra and Java. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-622-1.
• Kinvig, Clifford. Scapegoat: General Percival of Singapore, London (1996) ISBN 0-241-10583-8
• Leasor, James. Singapore: The Battle That Changed The World UK, USA 1968, 2011. ISBN 978-1-908291-18-9
• Percival, Lieutenant-General A.E. (1946). Operations of Malaya Command from 5th December 1941 to 15th February 1942. London: UK Secretary of State for War. (Percival's despatches published in London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 38215, pp. 1245–1346, 20 February 1948. Retrieved on 16 August 2012.)
• Seki, Eiji. Mrs. Ferguson's Tea-Set, Japan and the Second World War: The Global Consequences Following Germany's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940. London: Global Oriental (2006) ISBN 1-905246-28-5; (cloth) [reprinted by University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 2007 – previously announced as Sinking of the SS Automedon and the Role of the Japanese Navy: A New Interpretation.]
• Shores, Christopher F; Cull, Brian; Izawa, Yasuho. Bloody Shambles: The First Comprehensive Account of the Air Operations over South-East Asia December 1941 – April 1942, London: Grub Street (2007)
• Shores, Christopher F; Cull, Brian; Izawa, Yasuho. Bloody Shambles, The First Comprehensive Account of the Air Operations over South-East Asia December 1941 – April 1942 Volume One: Drift to War to the Fall of Singapore. London: Grub Street Press. (1992) ISBN 0-948817-50-X
• Smith, Colin. Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II Penguin (2005) ISBN 0-670-91341-3
• Smyth, John George, Percival and the Tragedy of Singapore, MacDonald and Company, 1971
• Thompson, P. The Battle for Singapore, The True Story of the Greatest Catastrophe of World War II, London (2006) ISBN 0-7499-5099-4

 وصلات خارجية

• National Heritage Board, Battlefield Singapore
• Bicycle Blitzkrieg – The Japanese Conquest of Malaya and Singapore 1941–1942
• Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and the Second World War – the Far East
• The diary of one British POW, Frederick George Pye of the Royal Engineers. Fred Pye was a POW for 3½ years, including time spent building the Burma Railway. He managed to save, write on and bury scraps of paper, and after the war compiled them into a readable form.
• Animated History of the Fall of Malaya and Singapore