جمهورية أفغانستان الإسلامية

Coordinates: 33°N 66°E / 33°N 66°E / 33; 66


Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

  • جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان (Dari)
  • Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Afġānestān
  • د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت (Pashto)
  • Da Afġānistān Islāmī Jumhoryat
علم Afghanistan
العلم
{{{coat_alt}}}
National emblem
الشعار الحادي: لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله
"Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh"
"There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is the messenger of Allah." (Shahada)
النشيد: Millī Sūrud
سرود ملی
("National Anthem")
Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg
العاصمةKabul (de jure)
Panjshir Valley (de facto)
33°N 66°E / 33°N 66°E / 33; 66[1]
أكبر مدينةKabul
Official language(s)
الجماعات العرقية
الدين
صفة المواطنAfghan[أ][5][6]
الحكومةUnitary presidential Islamic republic
• President
Amrullah Saleh (caretaker)
التشريعNational Assembly
House of Elders
House of the People
Formation
1709
1747
1823
19 August 1919
9 June 1926
17 July 1973
15 August 2021
المساحة
• الإجمالية
652,230[7] km2 (251,830 sq mi) (40th)
• الماء (%)
negligible
التعداد
• تقدير 2019
32,225,560[8] (44th)
• الكثافة
46/km2 (119.1/sq mi) (174th)
ن.م.إ. (ق.ش.م.)تقدير 2018 
• الإجمالي
$72.911 billion[9] (96th)
• للفرد
$2,024[9] (169th)
ن.م.إ.  (الإسمي)تقدير 2018 
• الإجمالي
$21.657 billion[9] (111st)
• للفرد
$493[9] (177th)
جيني (2008)▼ 27.8[10]
low · 1st
م.ت.ب. (2019)▲ 0.511[11]
low · 169th
العملةAfghani (افغانی) (AFN)
التوقيتUTC+4:30 Solar Calendar (D†)
جانب السواقةright
مفتاح الهاتف+93
النطاق العلوي للإنترنت.af افغانستان.

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is one of two entities claiming to be the legitimate government of Afghanistan, along with the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.[12] [13] The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan controlled most of the country between 2004 and 2021 during the War in Afghanistan. It was established after the United States invasion of Afghanistan captured most of the country from the Taliban-led Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in 2001, leaving the republic running most of the country.

Even after losing Kabul, Taliban forces held control of several areas of the country and the civil war continued. This perpetuated Afghanistan's problematic human rights and women's rights records, with numerous abuses committed by both sides, such as the killing of civilians, kidnapping and torture. Due to the government's extensive reliance on American military and economic aid, some classed the nation as an American client state, and it gradually lost control of the rural countryside after the conclusion of Operation Enduring Freedom.[14]

Following the withdrawal of NATO troops in 2021, the Taliban launched a massive military offensive in May 2021, allowing the Islamic Emirate to take control of the country over the following three and a half months. The Afghan Armed Forces rapidly disintegrated. The institutions of the republic effectively collapsed on 15 August 2021, when Taliban forces entered Kabul and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the country to either Tajikistan or Uzbekistan. Two days later, First Vice President Amrullah Saleh, in the anti-Taliban holdout in Panjshir, claimed to have assumed the role of caretaker president of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.[15]

The republic is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Group of 77, the Economic Cooperation Organization, and the Non-Aligned Movement.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

History

المقالة الرئيسية: History of Afghanistan
جزء من سلسلة عن
تاريخ أفغانستان
شعار أفغانستان
خط زمني
قبل الفترة الإسلامية
الفتح الإسلامي
أسرة هوتاكي
أسرة دراني
النفوذ البريطاني والروسي
الاستقلال والحرب الأهلية
حكم نادر شاه وظاهر شاه
جمهورية أفغانستان
الحكم الشيوعي
أفغانستان منذ 1992
الحرب الأهلية الأفغانية
1979–1989
1989–1992
1992–1996
1996–2001
2001–الآن
للمزيد من المعلومات: War in Afghanistan (2001–present), Taliban insurgency, and Reconstruction in Afghanistan

In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the Afghan Interim Administration under Hamid Karzai was formed. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was established by the UN Security Council to help assist the Karzai administration and provide basic security.[16][17] By this time, after two decades of war as well as an acute famine at the time, Afghanistan had one of the highest infant and child mortality rates in the world, the lowest life expectancy, much of the population were hungry,[18][19][20] and infrastructure was in ruins.[21] Many foreign donors started providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country.[22][23]

Taliban forces meanwhile began regrouping inside Pakistan, while more coalition troops entered Afghanistan to help the rebuilding process.[24][25] The Taliban began an insurgency to regain control of Afghanistan. Over the next decade, ISAF and Afghan troops led many offensives against the Taliban, but failed to fully defeat them. Afghanistan remains one of the poorest countries in the world because of a lack of foreign investment, government corruption, and the Taliban insurgency.[26][27] Meanwhile, Karzai attempted to unite the peoples of the country,[28] and the Afghan government was able to build some democratic structures, adopting a constitution in 2004 with the name Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Attempts were made, often with the support of foreign donor countries, to improve the country's economy, healthcare, education, transport, and agriculture in Reconstruction in Afghanistan. ISAF forces also began to train the Afghan National Security Forces. Following 2002, nearly five million Afghans were repatriated.[29] The number of NATO troops present in Afghanistan peaked at 140,000 in 2011,[30] dropping to about 16,000 in 2018.[31]

In September 2014 Ashraf Ghani became president after the 2014 presidential election where for the first time in Afghanistan's history power was democratically transferred.[32][33][34][35][36] On 28 December 2014, NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations in Afghanistan and transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government. The NATO-led Operation Resolute Support was formed the same day as a successor to ISAF.[37][38] Thousands of NATO troops remained in the country to train and advise Afghan government forces[39] and continue their fight against the Taliban.[40] It was estimated in 2015 that "about 147,000 people have been killed in the Afghanistan war since 2001. More than 38,000 of those killed have been civilians".[41] A report titled Body Count concluded that 106,000–170,000 civilians have been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan at the hands of all parties to the conflict.[42]


Collapse

2021 Taliban resurgence

للمزيد من المعلومات: 2021 Taliban offensive

On 14 April 2021, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said the alliance had agreed to start withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan by 1 May.[43] Soon after the withdrawal of NATO troops started, the Taliban launched an offensive against the Afghan government, quickly advancing in front of collapsing Afghan government forces.[44][45] In June 2021, a U.S. intelligence report predicted that the Afghan government would likely collapse within six months after NATO completed its withdrawal from the country.[46] The report proved overly optimistic: by the second week of August, most Afghan provincial capitals had fallen into the hands of the Taliban and the Afghan National Army was in complete disarray, losing ground on all fronts. The falls of Mazar-i-Sharif and Jalalabad removed any possibility for the Afghan government to halt Taliban advance.[47]

Fall of Kabul

للمزيد من المعلومات: Fall of Kabul (2021)

On 15 August 2021, Taliban forces entered the capital city of Kabul, meeting only limited resistance.[48] In the afternoon, it was reported that Afghan President Ashraf Ghani had left the country, fleeing into either Tajikistan or Uzbekistan; Chairman of the House of the People Mir Rahman Rahmani was also reported to have fled into Pakistan.[49] Following Ghani's escape, the remaining loyalist forces abandoned their posts and the Afghan Armed Forces de facto ceased to exist.[50]

On the evening of 15 August, the Taliban occupied the Arg, lowered the Afghan republican flag and raised their own flag over the palace. The following day (16 August 2021) the Taliban proclaimed the restoration of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.[51]

Panjshir resistance

للمزيد من المعلومات: Conflict between the Taliban and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2021) and Panjshir resistance
Effective control of territory in Afghanistan

On 17 August, First Vice President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Amrullah Saleh, Tweeted that he remained in the country and had assumed the role of Caretaker President in the absence of Ghani.[12] Saleh's government is based in the Panjshir Valley, one of the few areas of Afghanistan still under control of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.[52]

Governance

المقالة الرئيسية: Politics of Afghanistan and Constitution of Afghanistan
The Arg (the Presidential palace) in Kabul

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is an Islamic republic with its government consisting of three branches, the executive, legislative, and judicial. The heat of state and government is the President of Afghanistan. The National Assembly is the legislature, a bicameral body having two chambers, the House of the People and the House of Elders. The Supreme Court is led by Chief Justice Said Yusuf Halem, the former Deputy Minister of Justice for Legal Affairs.[53][54]

According to Transparency International, Afghanistan remains one of the most corrupt countries.[55] A January 2010 report published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime revealed that bribery consumed an amount equal to 23% of the GDP of the nation.[56]

On 17 May 2020, President Ashraf Ghani reached a power-sharing deal with his rival from presidential elections, Abdullah Abdullah, deciding on who would manage the respected key ministries. The agreement ended months-long political deadlock in the country. It was agreed that while Ghani will lead Afghanistan as the president, Abdullah would oversee the peace process with the Taliban.[57][58]

Elections and parties

المقالة الرئيسية: Elections in Afghanistan and List of political parties in Afghanistan
U.S. President Donald Trump with president of Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani in 2017.

One instrument of Afghan governance remains the loya jirga (grand assembly), a Pashtun consultative meeting that was mainly organized for choosing a new head of state, adopting a new constitution, or to settle national or regional issue such as war.[59] Loya jirgas have been held since at least 1747,[60] with the most recent one occurring in 2013.[61]

Under the 2004 constitution, both presidential and parliamentary elections were to be held every five years. However, due to the disputed 2014 presidential election, the scheduled 2015 parliamentary elections were delayed until 2018.[62] Presidential elections used the two-round system; if no candidate received a majority of the vote in the first round, a second round would be held featuring the top two candidates. Parliamentary elections had only one round and were based on the single non-transferable vote system, which allows some candidates to be elected with as little as one percent of the vote.[63]

The 2004 Afghan presidential election was relatively peaceful, in which Hamid Karzai won in the first round with 55.4% of the votes. However, the 2009 presidential election was characterized by lack of security, low voter turnout, and widespread electoral fraud, ending in Karzai's reelection.[64] The 2014 presidential election ended with Ashraf Ghani winning by 56.44% of the votes.[65]

The National Assembly of Afghanistan in Kabul, the current site was built in 2015

Political parties play a marginal role in post-2001 Afghan politics, in part due to Karzai's opposition to them.[60] In the 2005 parliamentary election, the ballots did not show candidates' party affiliation, so the results were dictated by the personal prestige of the candidates.[60] Among the elected officials were a large mix of former mujahideen, Islamic fundamentalists, warlords, tribal nationalists, former communists, reformists, urban professionals, royalists and several former Taliban associates.[66][67] In the same period, Afghanistan became the 30th highest nation in terms of female representation in the National Assembly.[68] Parties became more influential after 2009, when a new law established more stringent requirements for party registration.[69] Nearly a hundred new parties were registered after the law came into effect,[70] and party activity increased in the 2014 elections, but party influence remained limited.[71]

Administrative divisions

المقالة الرئيسية: Provinces of Afghanistan and Districts of Afghanistan

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is administratively divided into 34 provinces (wilayat).[72] Each province had a presidentially appointed governor and a capital. These provinces were further divided into nearly 400 provincial districts, each of which normally covered a city or several villages. Each district was represented by a district governor, appointed by the provincial governor.

The provincial governors are appointed by the President of Afghanistan, and the district governors were selected by the provincial governors.[73] The provincial governors functioned as representatives of the central government in Kabul and were responsible for all administrative and formal issues within their province. In addition, there were provincial councils elected through both direct and general elections for four years.[74] The provincial councils were given the authority to take part in provincial development planning and to participate in the monitoring and appraisal of other provincial governance institutions.

According to article 140 of the constitution and the presidential decree on electoral law, mayors of cities were to be elected through free and direct elections for a four-year term. In practice however, mayors were appointed by the government.[75]

The following is a list of all the 34 provinces in alphabetical order:

Afghanistan was divided into 34 provinces, which were further divided into a number of districts
  1. Badakhshan
  2. Badghis
  3. Baghlan
  4. Balkh
  5. Bamyan
  6. Daykundi
  7. Farah
  8. Faryab
  9. Ghazni
  10. Ghor
  11. Helmand
  12. Herat
  13. Jowzjan
  14. Kabul
  15. Kandahar
  16. Kapisa
  17. Khost
  18. Kunar
  19. Kunduz
  20. Laghman
  21. Logar
  22. Nangarhar
  23. Nimruz
  24. Nuristan
  25. Oruzgan
  26. Paktia
  27. Paktika
  28. Panjshir
  29. Parwan
  30. Samangan
  31. Sar-e Pol
  32. Takhar
  33. Wardak
  34. Zabul


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Foreign relations

المقالة الرئيسية: Foreign relations of Afghanistan

Afghanistan became a member of the United Nations in 1946.[76] It enjoyed cordial relations with a number of NATO and allied nations, particularly the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and Turkey. In 2012, the United States and Afghanistan signed their Strategic Partnership Agreement in which Afghanistan became a major non-NATO ally.[77] Afghanistan has historically had strong relations with Germany, one of the first countries to recognize Afghanistan's independence in 1919; the Soviet Union, which provided much aid and military training for Afghanistan's forces and includes the signing of a Treaty of Friendship in 1921 and 1978; and India, with which a friendship treaty was signed in 1950.[78] Relations with Pakistan had often been tense for various reasons such as the Durand Line border issue and alleged Pakistani cooperation with Afghan insurgent groups. Afghanistan also had diplomatic relations with neighboring China, Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, and also regional states such as Bangladesh, Japan, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Russia, South Korea, and the UAE.

The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) was established in 2002 to help the country recover from decades of war.[79] On 28 December 2014, several NATO member states deployed about 17,000 troops in Afghanistan as part of the Resolute Support Mission.[80] Its main purpose was to train the Afghan National Security Forces. As a part of the Doha Agreement between the USA and the Taliban, NATO agreed to withdraw all troops by 11 September 2021.

The republic is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Group of 77, the Economic Cooperation Organization, and the Non-Aligned Movement.

Military

Black Hawks of the Afghan Air Force at Kandahar Airfield
المقالة الرئيسية: Afghan Armed Forces

The Afghan Armed Forces were under the Ministry of Defense, which included the Afghan Air Force (AAF) and the Afghan National Army (ANA). The Afghan Defense University housed various educational establishments for the Afghan Armed Forces, including the National Military Academy of Afghanistan.[81]

Law enforcement

المقالة الرئيسية: Law enforcement in Afghanistan
Afghan National Police (ANP) in Kunar Province

Law enforcement is the responsibility of the Afghan National Police (ANP), which is part of the Ministry of Interior Affairs. The ANP consists of two primary branches, the Afghan Uniformed Police and the Afghan Border Police. The mission of the Uniformed Police was to ensure security within Afghanistan, prevent crime, and protect property. The Border Police was responsible for securing and maintaining the nation's borders with neighboring states as well as all international airports within the country.[82] Afghanistan's intelligence agency, the National Directorate of Security (NDS), assists the ANP with security matters.[83] Despite that, all parts of Afghanistan are considered dangerous due to militant activities and terrorism-related incidents. Kidnapping for ransom and robberies are common in major cities. Every year hundreds of Afghan police were killed in the line of duty.[84] Afghanistan was also the world's leading producer of opium.[85] Afghanistan's opium poppy harvest produces more than 90% of illicit heroin globally, and more than 95% of the European supply.[86][87] The Afghan Ministry of Counter Narcotics was responsible for the monitoring and eradication of the illegal drug business.

Human rights

انظر أيضاً: Human rights in Afghanistan, Women in Afghanistan, and LGBT rights in Afghanistan

Freedom of expression and the press was permitted and promoted in the 2004 constitution, so long as it does not threaten national or religious integrity or does not defame individuals. In 2019, Reporters Without Borders listed the media environment of Afghanistan as 121st out of 179 on its Press Freedom Index, with 1st being most free.[88][89] However many issues regarding human rights existed contrary to the law, often committed by local tribes, lawmakers and hardline clerics. Journalists in Afghanistan faced threat from both the security forces and insurgents.[90] The Afghan Journalists Safety Committee (AJSC) claimed in 2017 that the Afghan government accounted for 46% of the attacks on Afghans journalists, while insurgents were responsible for rest of the attacks.[91]

According to Global Rights, almost 90% of women in Afghanistan have experienced physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse or forced marriage. The perpetrators of these crimes are the families of the victim.[92] A 2009 proposal for a law against the violence of women could only be passed through a presidential decree.[92] In 2012, Afghanistan recorded 240 cases of honor killing, but the total number is believed to be much higher. Of the reported honor killings, 21% were committed by the victims' husbands, 7% by their brothers, 4% by their fathers, and the rest by other relatives.[93][94]

Homosexuality is taboo in Afghan society;[95] according to the Penal Code, homosexual intimacy was punishable by up to a year in prison.[96] With implementing Sharia law offenders can be punished by death.[97][98] However, an ancient tradition involving male homosexual acts between youngsters and older men (typically wealthy or elite people) called bacha bazi persisted. Despite being illegal, the people engaging in the act were not often punished.

On August 14, 2020, UN Human Rights Council experts issued a joint statement urging Afghanistan officials to prevent the killings of human rights defenders as there have been nine deaths of human rights defenders from January 2020 until the fall of the government.[99]

Infrastructure

In spite of the turbulent political situation and military conflict which defined the years of the republic an expansion in access to certain utilities and services also took place during this era.

Education

School children in Ghazni Province (2007) – the number of children attending school at primary level increased from 5% in 2000 to 57% in 2018

In 2020, there were over 16,000 schools in the country and roughly 9.5 million students. Of this, about 60% were males and 40% females. This was an increase from 900,000 exclusively male students in 2001. Over 174,000 students were enrolled in different universities around the country. About 21% of these were females.[100] However, former Education Minister Ghulam Farooq Wardak had stated that the construction of 8,000 schools was still required for the remaining children who were deprived of formal learning.[101]

As of 2018 the literacy rate of the population age 15 and older was 43.02% (males 55.48% and females 29.81%).[102] The Afghan National Security Forces received mandatory literacy courses as part of their training.[103]

Technology

المقالة الرئيسية: Energy in Afghanistan and Renewable energy in Afghanistan

According to the World Bank, 98% of the rural population had access to electricity by 2018, up from 28% in 2008.[104] Overall the figure stood at 98.7%.[105] As of 2016, Afghanistan produced 1,400 megawatts of power, but still imported the majority of the electricity it consumed via transmission lines from Iran and the Central Asian states.[106]

In 2001 following years of civil war, telecommunications was virtually a non-existent sector, but by 2016 it had grown to a $2 billion industry, with 22 million mobile phone subscribers and 5 million internet users. The sector employed at least 120,000 people nationwide.[107]

See also


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notes

  1. ^ Incorrect names that have been used as demonyms are Afghani[3] and Afghanistani.[4]

References

  1. ^ [[[:قالب:Geonameslink]] Islamic Republic of Afghanistan] in [[[:قالب:Geonamesabout]] Geonames.org (cc-by)]
  2. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة LoC-pdf
  3. ^ Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Reference.com (Retrieved 13 November 2007).
  4. ^ Dictionary.com. WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. Reference.com (Retrieved 13 November 2007). Archived 28 مارس 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "Constitution of Afghanistan". 2004. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  6. ^ Afghan | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary. the Cambridge English Dictionary. ISBN 9781107660151.
  7. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Factbook
  8. ^ "Afghan Population Estimates 1398" (PDF). Central Statistics Organization. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  9. ^ أ ب ت ث "Afghanistan". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  10. ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 11 May 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  11. ^ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  12. ^ أ ب https://twitter.com/AmrullahSaleh2/status/1427631191545589772
  13. ^ https://www.reuters.com/world/india/afghan-vice-president-says-he-is-caretaker-president-2021-08-17/
  14. ^ {{cite book|last1=Ladwig|first1=Walter C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdAoDwAAQBAJ%7Ctitle=The Forgotten Front: Patron-Client Relationships in Counter Insurgency|date=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107170773|page=302|quote=As with their Cold War counterparts, it was erroneous for American policymakers to believe that the governments of contemporary client states, such as Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, necessarily shared their desire to defeat radical Islamic insurgents by adhering to the prescriptions of U.S. counterinsurgency doctrine.|access-date=2018-05-15}}
  15. ^ https://www.reuters.com/world/india/afghan-vice-president-says-he-is-caretaker-president-2021-08-17/
  16. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1386 S-RES-1386(2001) on 31 May 2001 – (UNSCR 1386)
  17. ^ "United States Mission to Afghanistan". Nato.usmission.gov. Archived from the original on 21 October 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  18. ^ "Afghanistan's Refugee Crisis". MERIP. 24 September 2001.
  19. ^ "Afghanistan: Civilians at Risk". Doctors Without Borders – USA.
  20. ^ Makhmalbaf, Mohsen (1 November 2001). "Limbs of No Body: The World's Indifference to the Afghan Tragedy". Monthly Review.
  21. ^ "Rebuilding Afghanistan". Return to Hope.
  22. ^ "Japan aid offer to 'broke' Afghanistan". CNN. 15 January 2002.
  23. ^ "Rebuilding Afghanistan: The U.S. Role". Stanford University.
  24. ^ Fossler, Julie. "USAID Afghanistan". Afghanistan.usaid.gov. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  25. ^ "Canada's Engagement in Afghanistan: Backgrounder". Afghanistan.gc.ca. 9 July 2010. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  26. ^ "Pakistan Accused of Helping Taliban". ABC News. 31 July 2008. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  27. ^ Crilly, Rob; Spillius, Alex (26 July 2010). "Wikileaks: Pakistan accused of helping Taliban in Afghanistan attacks". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 29 January 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  28. ^ "Afghan President Karzai Receives Philadelphia Liberty Medal". Philanthropy News Digest (PND).
  29. ^ Howard Adelman (15 April 2016). Protracted Displacement in Asia: No Place to Call Home. Taylor & Francis. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-317-07407-6.
  30. ^ "The foreign troops left in Afghanistan". BBC News. 15 October 2015.
  31. ^ at 11:38 am, 18 May 2018. "How Many Troops Are Currently in Afghanistan?". Forces Network.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ "Huge security as Afghan presidential election looms". BBC. 4 April 2014. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  33. ^ "Afghanistan votes in historic presidential election". BBC. 5 April 2014. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  34. ^ Shalizi and Harooni, Hamid and Mirwais (4 April 2014). "Landmark Afghanistan Presidential Election Held Under Shadow of Violence". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  35. ^ "Afghanistan's Future: Who's Who in Pivotal Presidential Election". NBC News. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  36. ^ "Afghan president Ashraf Ghani inaugurated after bitter campaign". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  37. ^ "U.S. formally ends the war in Afghanistan". No. online. CBA News. Associated Press. 28 December 2014. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  38. ^ Sune Engel Rasmussen in Kabul (28 December 2014). "Nato ends combat operations in Afghanistan". The Guardian. Kabul. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  39. ^ "U.S. formally ends the war in Afghanistan". CBS News. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  40. ^ "TSG IntelBrief: Afghanistan 16.0". The Soufan Group. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  41. ^ "Afghan Civilians". Brown University. 2015. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  42. ^
  43. ^ "NATO to Cut Forces in Afghanistan, Match US Withdrawal". VOA News. 14 April 2021.
  44. ^ Robertson, Nic (24 June 2021). "Afghanistan is disintegrating fast as Biden's troop withdrawal continues". CNN.
  45. ^ "Afghanistan stunned by scale and speed of security forces' collapse". The Guardian. 13 July 2021.
  46. ^ "Afghan government could fall within six months of U.S. military withdrawal, new intelligence assessment says". The Washington Post (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 24 June 2021. ISSN 0190-8286.
  47. ^ Archive, View Author; feed, Get author RSS (2021-08-14). "Inside an Afghan city as it falls to the Taliban". New York Post (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2021-08-16. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  48. ^ "Afghanistan: Heavy fighting ongoing on the outskirts of Kabul as of early Aug. 15; a total blackout reported in the city". GardaWorld (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2021-08-16.
  49. ^ "Afghan President leaves country, Taliban directed to enter Kabul". The Khaama Press News Agency (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2021-08-15. Retrieved 2021-08-16.
  50. ^ Sanger, David E.; Cooper, Helene (2021-08-14). "Taliban Sweep in Afghanistan Follows Years of U.S. Miscalculations". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-08-16.
  51. ^ Latifi, Ali M. "Kabul near standstill on day one of the Taliban's Emirate". Al Jazeera (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2021-08-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  52. ^ "Panjshir flies flag of resistance". Tribune India.
  53. ^ "The Supreme Court Chief Justice Biography". supremecourt.gov.af. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015.
  54. ^ "Database". afghan-bios.info. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  55. ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2016 Results". Transparency International. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  56. ^ "Corruption widespread in Afghanistan, UNODC survey says". UNODC.org. 19 January 2010. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  57. ^ "Afghanistan president Ashraf Ghani and rival Abdullah Abdullah reach power-sharing deal". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  58. ^ "Afghan president and rival strike power-sharing deal after feuding for months". Reuters. Retrieved 17 May 2020..
  59. ^ "Q&A: What is a loya jirga?". BBC News. 1 July 2002. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  60. ^ أ ب ت Barfield 2012.
  61. ^ "Loya jirga approves U.S.-Afghan security deal; asks Karzai to sign". CNN. 17 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  62. ^ "Afghans defy deadly poll violence". BBC News. 21 October 2018. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  63. ^ "Afghanistan's "Lottery Effect"". Afghan 2010. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  64. ^ Cooper, Helene (2 November 2009). "Karzai Gets New Term as Afghan Runoff is Scrapped". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  65. ^ "2014 Afghanistan Election Results". Independent Election Commission of Afghanistan. Archived from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  66. ^ "RAWA Photo Gallery: They are Responsible for Afghanistan's Tragedy". RAWA. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  67. ^ Fleschenberg, Andrea (2009), Afghanistan's parliament in the making, Berlin: Heinreich Boll Stiftung, ISBN 978-3-86928-006-6, https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/Afghanistan_s_Parliament_in_the_Making-Endf.pdf 
  68. ^ "Women in Parliaments: World Classification". Ipu.org. 30 November 2009. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  69. ^ "Political Parties in Afghanistan". British Embassy Kabul. Archived from the original on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  70. ^ Zia Ur Rehman. "Afghanistan sees new political parties form". Central Asia Online. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
  71. ^ Anna Larson. "Political Parties in Afghanistan" (PDF). United States Institute of Peace. pp. 1–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  72. ^ "Afghanistan Provinces". Ariana News. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  73. ^ Ahmed, Azam (8 December 2012). "For Afghan Officials, Prospect of Death Comes With Territory". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
  74. ^ "Explaining Elections, Independent Election Commission of Afghanistan". Iec.org.af. 9 October 2004. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  75. ^ Jamie Boex; Grace Buencamino; Deborah Kimble. "An Assessment of Afghanistan's Municipal Governance Framework" (PDF). Urban Institute Center on International Development and Governance. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  76. ^ Dupree 1997.
  77. ^ "Hillary Clinton says Afghanistan 'major non-Nato ally'". BBC News. 7 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  78. ^ "Treaty of Friendship". www.mea.gov.in. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  79. ^ "Security Council endorses establishment of UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan for initial 12-month period". United Nations. 28 March 2002. Archived from the original on 21 July 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  80. ^ "Resolute Support Mission: Key Facts and Figures" (PDF). NATO. June 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  81. ^ Glasch, Mike. "USACE TAA employee named top engineer". Army.mil. US Army. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  82. ^ CJ Radin (November 2008). "Afghan National Security Forces Order of Battle" (PDF). The Long War Journal. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  83. ^ "Afghanistan's dysfunctional security agencies". BBC. 14 August 2011. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  84. ^ "Staggering Afghan death toll revealed". 25 January 2019. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  85. ^ "UNODC 2010 world drug report, page 43" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  86. ^ Vanda Felbab-Brown (1 December 2009). Shooting Up: Counterinsurgency and the War on Drugs. Brookings Institution Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8157-0450-8. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  87. ^ David Greene (host, Morning Edition), Hayatullah Hayat (Governor of Helmand Province, Afghanistan), Tom Bowman (reporter), Dianne Feinstein (U.S. Senator, Chair of the Caucus on International Narcotics Control) (6 July 2016). Afghan Governor Wants Government To Control Poppy Crop (Radio broadcast). NPR. Event occurs at 0:10. Archived from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016. Afghanistan's poppy production… accounts for more than 91 percent of the world's heroin.
  88. ^ "Afghanistan". Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  89. ^ "Afghanistan Descends 3 Points on Press Freedom Index". TOLOnews. 19 April 2019. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  90. ^ "Afghan journalists 'face increasing attacks and threats' – report". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  91. ^ "Violence Against Journalists Surges in Afghanistan in 2017". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  92. ^ أ ب "Afghanistan: No Country for Women | International Women's Day | Al Jazeera". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  93. ^ "240 cases of honor killing recorded in Afghanistan". khaama.com. 9 June 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  94. ^ "AIHRC: 400 rape, honor killings registered in Afghanistan in 2 years". latinbusinesstoday.com. 10 June 2013. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  95. ^ Ahmadzai, Aria (7 October 2016). "The LGBT community living under threat of death" – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  96. ^ "Afghanistan | Human Dignity Trust". www.humandignitytrust.org.
  97. ^ "'Fake Life': Being Gay in Afghanistan". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
  98. ^ "LGBT relationships are illegal in 74 countries, research finds". The Independent. 17 May 2016. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  99. ^ "Afghanistan: More action needed to stop killings of human rights defenders". UN News. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  100. ^ "Education". USAID. Archived from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  101. ^ "Wardak seeks $3b in aid for school buildings". Pajhwok Afghan News. 18 May 2013. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  102. ^ "UNESCO UIS: Afghanistan". UNESCO. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  103. ^ "Rising literacy in Afghanistan ensures transition". Army.mil. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  104. ^ "Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) – Afghanistan | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  105. ^ "Access to electricity (% of population) – Afghanistan". World Bank.
  106. ^ "Afghanistan Has Capacity To Produce 310,000MW Power". TOLOnews.
  107. ^ "Connecting Afghanistan: The rise of technology in governance and society – The Embassy of Afghanistan in London". afghanistanembassy.org.uk. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.

Bibliography

المقالة الرئيسية: Bibliography of Afghanistan

External links

Find more about Afghanistan at Wikipedia's sister projects
Search Wiktionary Definitions from Wiktionary
Search Commons Media from Commons
Search Wikiquote Quotations from Wikiquote
Search Wikisource Source texts from Wikisource
Search Wikibooks Textbooks from Wikibooks
Search Wikivoyage Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Search Wikiversity Learning resources from Wikiversity
معرفة المصادر بها نص من the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica مقالة Afghanistan.
سبقه
Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan 		Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
2004 – 2021 		تبعه
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

خطأ لوا في وحدة:Authority_control على السطر 278: attempt to call field '_showMessage' (a nil value).

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=جمهورية_أفغانستان_الإسلامية&oldid=2360082"