أسرة هوتك

إمبراطورية هوتك
Hotak Empire

امپراتوری هوتکیانcode: fa is deprecated (فارسية)
د هوتکيانو ټولواکمنيcode: ps is deprecated (Pashto)
إمبراطورية هوتك; Hotak Empire; امپراتوری هوتکیان (فارسية); د هوتکيانو ټولواکمني (Pashto)
1709–1738
	العلم
	إمبراطورية هوتك في أقصى اتساعها (1722–1729)
العاصمة	قندهار; اصفهان
اللغات المشتركة	الپشتو; الفارسية
الدين	الإسلام السني
الحكومة	ملكية مطلقة
الأمير
• 1709–1715	هير ويس هوتك
• 1715–1717	عبد العزيز هوتك
• 1717–1725	محمود هوتك
• 1725–1730	أشرف هوتك
• 1725–1738	حسين هوتك
التاريخ
• ثورة مير ويس هوتك	أبريل 1709
• حصار قندهار	24 مارس 1738
سبقها	تلاها
	الأسرة الصفوية
	امبراطورية المغ
الأسرة الأفشرية
اليوم جزء من	أفغانستان; إيران; پاكستان; طاجيكستان; تركمنستان

أسرة هوتك (Pashto: د هوتکيانو ټولواکمنيcode: ps is deprecated )، كانت أسرة ملكية أفغانية من الپشتون الغلجيين،^[1]^[2] أسسها مير ويس هوتك في أبريل 1709 بعد قيادته ثورة ناجحة ضد أسيادهم الصفويين الفرس الذين كان حكمهم بدأ بالتراجع في منطقة لوي قندهار ("قندهار الكبرى") فيما يعرف اليوم بجنوب أفغانستان.^[1] استمرت الأسرة حتى عام 1739 عندما هزم نادر شاه أفشر، مؤسس الأسرة الأفشرية، حسين هوتك في حصار قندهار الطويل، وبدأ في اعادة تأسيس السيادة الإيرانية على جميع المناطق التي فُقدت منذ عقود وانتزعها من المنافس اللدود، الدولة العثمانية، والامبراطورية الروسية.^[3] عند ذروتها، حكمت الأسرة الهوتكية لفترة وجيزة المناطق التي تعرف اليوم بدولة أفغانستان، إيران وغرب پاكستان، وبعض مناطق من طاجيكستان وتركمنستان.

في عام 1715، توفي مير ويس هوتك لأسباب طبيعية وخلفه شقيقه عبد العزيز هوتك في الحكم. وخلفه بسرعة بعد قتله على يد ابن شقيقه محمود الذي حكم الإمبراطورية في أكبر أتساعها فقط لثلاث سنوات، أصيب بالجنون وتدهورت صحته، فتولى أشرف هوتك الحكم كرابع ملوك الأسرة، وحاكم فارس لكنه هزم ونفي في عام 1729 إلى ما هو الآن جنوب أفغانستان بعد معركة دامغان مع الدولة الصفوية بقيادة نادر شاه قبل تأسيسه الدولة الأفشارية. أصبح حسين هوتاكي الحاكم الخامس والأخير الذي حكم أفغانستان حتى هُزم أيضا في 1738 من قبل نادر شاه.

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ارتقاء السلطة

Decline of the Safavids

The Shi'a Safavids ruled Loy Kandahar as their easternmost territory from the 16th century until the early 18th century. At the same time, the native Afghan tribes living in the area were Sunni Muslims. Immediately to the east was the powerful Sunni Mughal Empire, who occasionally fought wars with the powerful Safavids over the territory of southern Afghanistan.^[4] The Khanate of Bukhara controlled the area to the north at the same time. By the late 17th century, the Safavids started to decline. With the death of Shah Abbas in 1629, succeeding Safavid rulers were less effective and caused the empire to decline. On 29 July 1694, Shah Suleiman died and Sultan Husayn took the throne.^[5] Under his reign the problems worsened. Husayn barely left the palace during his reign, not an uncommon aspect of many later Safavid Shahs. Later Safavid rulers were immobile and their courts were riddled with factionalism unlike their more mobile ancestors who spent more time on campaigns and had smaller courts.^[5] The government was weak and the army was ineffective. This power vacuum allowed tribal groups like the Turkmen, Baluch, Arabs, Kurds, Dagestanis, and Afghans to constantly raid frontier provinces.^[5]^[6]

Governorship of Gurgin Khan

In 1704, the Safavid Shah Husayn appointed his Georgian subject and king of Kartli George XI (Gurgīn Khān), a convert to Islam, as the governor of Kandahar.^[7]^[6] In early May 1704, George marched from Kerman and after a seven-week march; he crushed disturbances going on in the province at the time.^[8]^[5]^[6] He soon encountered Mirwais Hotak, the mayor (kalantar) of Kandahar and one of the richest and most influential people among the Ghilzais.^[8]^[6] At first Mirwais had good relations with the Georgians but it began to sour when Mirwais was removed from his position as mayor in 1706 and replaced by Alam Shah Afghan.^[5]

The Georgians were hated throughout the province. They ruled with brutality towards the local population.^[9] This would encourage the Ghilzais to revolt against Safavid rule, and Mirwais was involved in one of these revolts. Gurgin Khan found out and sent Mirwais to Isfahan.^[5]^[8]^[6] While there, he saw the weakness of the Safavid court and complained about the brutality of Gurgin Khan. He turned the shah and his court against Gurgin Khan, and then went on a pilgrimage to Mecca. He managed to get a fatwa from the religious authorities approving Mirwais's plan to overthrow tyrannical Safavid rule. In the summer of 1708 or January 1709^[10] he returned to Kandahar and waited for the opportunity to kill Gurgin Khan.^[9]^[8]^[6]

Rebellion

That opportunity came in April 1709. The Kakar tribe refused to pay taxes and revolted, so Gurgin Khan and his men went out to campaign against them. Protected by the Ghaznavid Nasher Khans,^[11] Mirwais and his men ambushed Gurgin Khan on April 21 and killed him.^[12]^[8]^[6]^[5]^[9] They expelled the Georgian garrison from Kandahar and the surviving Georgians fled to Gereshk and waited.^[8] When the Safavid court heard of this, they sent Kaikhosro Khan with 12,000 men to recapture Kandahar. He left Isfahan for Qandahar in November 1709,^[8] and were aided by members of the Abdali tribe.^[6]^[5]^[10] The army progressed slowly as the court was unwilling to help much, and they arrived at Farah in April–May^[10] or November 1710.^[8] In the summer of 1711 Kaikhosro marched to Kandahar and besieged it. The Ghilzais sued for peace but Kaikhosro refused to accept it, so they kept fighting. The Baluchis frequently harassed the Georgians and forced them to retreat on October 26.^[8]^[6]^[5] The defenders of Kandahar emerged and pursued the Georgians, resulting in the death of Kaikhosro. Another Persian army was sent to Kandahar in 1712 but they never made it there as their commander died in Herat, leaving the Hotaks to their own devices. With this, Mirwais was able to extend his control over the entire province of Kandahar. After his peaceful passing in November 1715 from natural causes, his brother Abdul Aziz succeeded him; the latter was murdered later by Mirwais' son Mahmud after having only ruled for eighteen months.^[8]

Invasion of Iran

In 1720, Mahmud's Afghan forces crossed the deserts of Sistan and captured Kerman.^[13] He planned to conquer the Persian capital, Isfahan.^[14] After defeating the Persian army at the Battle of Gulnabad on March 8, 1722, he proceeded to besiege Isfahan.^[15] The siege lasted about six months and the people of Isfahan were in such a state of hunger that they were forced to eat rats and dogs.^[16] On October 23, 1722, Sultan Husayn abdicated and acknowledged Mahmud as the new Shah of Persia.^[17] For the next seven years until 1729, the Hotaks were the de facto rulers of most of Persia, and the southern areas of Afghanistan remained under their control until 1738.

The Hotak dynasty was a troubled and violent one from the very start as an internecine conflict made it difficult to establish permanent control. The majority of Persians rejected the leaders as usurpers, and the dynasty lived under great turmoil due to bloody succession feuds that made their hold on power tenuous. After the massacre of thousands of civilians in Isfahan – including more than three thousand religious scholars, nobles, and members of the Safavid family – the Hotak dynasty was eventually removed from power in Persia.^[18]

التراجع

Ashraf Hotak took over the monarchy following Shah Mahmud's death in 1725. He had to deal with a Safavid loyalist movement in the south led by Sayyed Ahmad, who had taken over much of Fars, Hormozgan, and Kerman.^[19] Ashraf's army was defeated in the October 1729 at the Battle of Damghan by Nader Shah Afshar, an Iranian soldier of fortune from the Afshar tribe, and the founder of the Afsharid dynasty that replaced the Safavids in Persia. Nader Shah had driven out and banished the remaining Ghilji forces from Persia and began enlisting some of the Abdali Afghans of Farah and Kandahar in his military. Nader Shah's forces, among them Ahmad Shah Abdali and his 4,000 Abdali troops, went on to conquer Kandahar in 1738. They besieged and destroyed the last Hotak seat of power, which was held by Hussain Hotak (or Shah Hussain).^[14]^[20] Nader Shah then built a new town nearby, named "Naderabad" after himself. The Abdalis were then restored to the general area of Kandahar, with the Ghiljis being pushed back to their former stronghold of Kalat-i Ghilji. This arrangement lasts to the present day.

قائمة الحكام

الاسم	من	إلى
مير ويس هوتك ولس ما شهر	1709	1715
عبد العزيز هوتك أمير	1715	1717
محمود هوتك شاه	1717	1725
أشرف هوتك شاه	1725	1729
حسين هوتك أمير	1729	1738

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انظر أيضاً

المصادر

^ ^أ ^ب Malleson, George Bruce (1878). History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878. London: Elibron.com. p. 227. ISBN 1402172788. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
^ Ewans, Martin; Sir Martin Ewans (2002). Afghanistan: a short history of its people and politics. New York: Perennial. p. 30. ISBN 0060505087. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
^ "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward Granville Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 33. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
^ Romano, Amy (2003). A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 28. ISBN 9780823938636. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت ^ث ^ج ^ح ^خ ^د ^ذ Matthee, Rudi (2012). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan (in الإنجليزية). Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-84511-745-0.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت ^ث ^ج ^ح ^خ ^د ^ذ Axworthy, Michael (2010-03-24). Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant (in الإنجليزية). I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-347-4.
^ Nadir Shah and the Afsharid Legacy, The Cambridge history of Iran: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic, Ed. Peter Avery, William Bayne Fisher, Gavin Hambly and Charles Melville, (Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 11.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت ^ث ^ج ^ح ^خ ^د ^ذ ^ر Lockhart, Laurence (1958). The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty and the Afghan Occupation of Persia. Cambridge University Press.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت Otfinoski, Steven Bruce (2004). Afghanistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 9780816050567. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت Nejatie, Sajjad (November 2017). The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān (Thesis thesis) (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
^ Runion, Meredith L. (2007). The History of Afghanistan (in الإنجليزية). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33798-7.
^ Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries) (in الإنجليزية). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN 978-3-7001-7202-4.
^ "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward Granville Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 29. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
^ ^أ ^ب "Last Afghan empire". Louis Dupree, Nancy Hatch Dupree and others. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
^ "Account of British Trade across the Caspian Sea". Jonas Hanway. Centre for Military and Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
^ Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present, page 78
^ Axworthy pp.39-55
^ "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward Granville Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 31. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
^ Floor, Willem M. (1998). The Afghan Occupation of Safavid Persia, 1721-1729 (in الإنجليزية). Peeters Publishers & Booksellers. ISBN 978-2-910640-05-7.
^ "AFGHANISTAN x. Political History". D. Balland. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2020-05-26. Retrieved 2010-09-24.

وصلات خارجية

Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Last Afghan empire

الكلمات الدالة:

[Malleson-1] أ ^ب Malleson, George Bruce (1878). History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878. London: Elibron.com. p. 227. ISBN 1402172788. Retrieved 2010-09-27.

[Ewans-2] Ewans, Martin; Sir Martin Ewans (2002). Afghanistan: a short history of its people and politics. New York: Perennial. p. 30. ISBN 0060505087. Retrieved 2010-09-27.

[Browne33-3] "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward Granville Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 33. Retrieved 2010-09-24.

[Romano-4] Romano, Amy (2003). A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 28. ISBN 9780823938636. Retrieved 2010-10-17.

[:0-5] أ ^ب ^ت ^ث ^ج ^ح ^خ ^د ^ذ Matthee, Rudi (2012). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan (in الإنجليزية). Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-84511-745-0.

[:1-6] أ ^ب ^ت ^ث ^ج ^ح ^خ ^د ^ذ Axworthy, Michael (2010-03-24). Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant (in الإنجليزية). I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-347-4.

[7] Nadir Shah and the Afsharid Legacy, The Cambridge history of Iran: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic, Ed. Peter Avery, William Bayne Fisher, Gavin Hambly and Charles Melville, (Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 11.

[:2-8] أ ^ب ^ت ^ث ^ج ^ح ^خ ^د ^ذ ^ر Lockhart, Laurence (1958). The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty and the Afghan Occupation of Persia. Cambridge University Press.

[Otfinoski-9] أ ^ب ^ت Otfinoski, Steven Bruce (2004). Afghanistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 9780816050567. Retrieved 2010-09-27.

[:3-10] أ ^ب ^ت Nejatie, Sajjad (November 2017). The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān (Thesis thesis) (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2021-08-03.

[11] Runion, Meredith L. (2007). The History of Afghanistan (in الإنجليزية). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33798-7.

[12] Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries) (in الإنجليزية). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN 978-3-7001-7202-4.

[Browne29-13] "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward Granville Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 29. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2010-09-24.

[Britannica-14] أ ^ب "Last Afghan empire". Louis Dupree, Nancy Hatch Dupree and others. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-09-24.

[15] "Account of British Trade across the Caspian Sea". Jonas Hanway. Centre for Military and Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2010-09-27.

[16] Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present, page 78

[17] Axworthy pp.39-55

[Browne31-18] "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward Granville Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 31. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-09-24.

[19] Floor, Willem M. (1998). The Afghan Occupation of Safavid Persia, 1721-1729 (in الإنجليزية). Peeters Publishers & Booksellers. ISBN 978-2-910640-05-7.

[20] "AFGHANISTAN x. Political History". D. Balland. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2020-05-26. Retrieved 2010-09-24.

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v t e ملوك أفغانستان
امبراطورية هوتكي (1709–1738)	ميرويس هوتك عبد العزيز هوتك محمود هوتكي أشرف هوتكي حسين هوتكي
الامبراطورية الدرانية (1747–1823)	أحمد شاه دراني تيمور شاه دراني زمان شاه دراني محمود شاه دراني (فترة 1) شجاع شاه دراني (فترة 1) محمد شاه دراني (فترة 2) علي شاه دراني أيوب شاه دراني
الإمارة (أسرة بركزاي) (1823–1926)	دوست محمد خان (فترة 1) شجاع شاه دراني (فترة 2) أكبر خان دوست محمد خان (فترة 2) شير علي خان (فترة 1) محمد أفضل خان محمد أعظم خان شير علي خان (فترة 2) محمد يعقوب خان محمد أيوب خان عبد الرحمن خان حبيب الله خان نصر الله خان
المملكة (1926–1973)	أمان الله خان عناية الله خان حبيب الله قلاقاني محمد نادر شاه محمد ظاهر شاه

v t e موضوعات متعلقة بالپشتون
الأسر	الأسرة اللودهية الأسرة السورية الأسرة الهوتاكية الأسرة الدرانية الأسرة البركزاية للمزيد
شخصيات بارزة	بهلول اللودهي شير شاه سوري مير ويس هوتاك أحمد شاه خان أحمد شاه دراني دوست محمد خان ملالي من مايواند سيدو بابا عبد الرحمن خان محمود طرزي ثريا طرزي أمان الله خان محمد نادر شاه Mullah Powindah سارتور فاقر عمرة خان ميرزا علي خان باچا خان عبد الصمد خان أچاكزاي عبد الوالي خان زاهر شاه داود خان عبد الأحد محمد محمد نجيب الله غلام إسحاق خان محمد عمر حامد كرزاي Asfandyar Wali Khan زلماي خليل زاد محمد أشرف غني Abdur Rab Nishtar Abdul Waheed Kakar أيوب خان Karnal Sher Khan ملاله یوسف‌زاي
الثقافة	ثقافة الپشتون مطبخ الپشتون Pashtunwali پشتو Pashtunization زي پشتوني إعلام پشتوني مغنون پشتون قبائل الپشتون لويا جرگا Adam Khan and Durkhanai Yusuf Khan and Sherbano جرگا
الشعر	أمير كرور سوري Pir Roshan رحمن بابا Khushal Khattak Nazo Tokhi عبد الحميد بابا حسين هوتاك أحمد شاه دراني حمزة بابا أجمل هوتاك كبير ستوري غني خان
الجدل المعاصر	قومية پشتونية پشتونستان أفغان (قومية) خط دورند Bannu Resolution Khudai Khidmatgar Kalabagh Dam طالبان Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Anti-Pashtun sentiment
معارك ونزاعات	معركة باني‌پات الأولى معركة گولن‌أباد معركة باني‌پات الثالثة معركة أتوك معركة مولتان معركة شوپيان معركة جمرود معركة ملكاند الحروب الإنگليزية الأفغانية معركة مايواند Tirah Campaign Battle of Saragarhi الحرب السوڤيتية في أفغانستان الحرب في أفغانستن (2001–2014) حرب شمال غرب پاكستان الحرب في أفغانستان (2015–الحاضر)